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crowd英语句法结构介绍

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2021-01-21 12:08
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2021年1月21日发(作者:节能器)
英文的句法结构





英语是一门结构 性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识,即词形变化
意识,
时态和语态意识和 句子结构意识。
如果我们具备以上三意识,
在平时有意识地进行必
要的训练,在短短几 个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。





英文的句子结构可分两大类:基本结构和特殊结构。


英文句子的基本结构

1
.简单句的五大基本句型。

英文 句子是以简单句为主体。
并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句;
主从复合句是
由一 个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。



英文简单句的五种基本句型。


1
)主语

+
谓语






此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词,常带状语。

例如:
The fruit shop has closed.

They have been singing and dancing for two hours.

The plane will take off soon.

They will fly to London.

2
)主语

+
系动词

+
表语。




此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词,
后接表语

常用的系动词除< br>be
外,
还有
become, look,
seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay
(保持)
,smell, sound,
taste
等等。

例如:
The motor is out of order.

Her mother has fallen ill.

The weather is getting quite hot.

The roses smell sweet.

Silk feels soft and smooth.

The plan sound perfect.

3
)主语

+
谓语

+
宾语



此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,后面跟宾语。

例如:
He studies English.

The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.


We should help the disabled.

4
)主语
+
谓语

+
间接宾语

+
直接宾语。

例如:
This new way saved us much time.

Could you do me a favor please?

I paid him fifty yuan.

He ordered (
要,订购
)himself a soft drink.

Mr Smith lent me his car.

I found him a new textbook.

Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?

The president awarded
(授予)
hime the first prize.

5
)主语

+
谓语

+
宾语

+
宾语补足语。

例如:
We elected him monitor of our class.

We found her rather difficult to work with.

I warned him not to be late again.

My father saw him steal the money.

I found the galss broken.

The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.

The woman caught her husband reading her diary.

2
.并列句结构



并列句是由
并列连接词
连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。

常用的并列连接词有:


1
)表示并列,递进关系
and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…


2
)表示转折
/
对比关系
but, while, (and) yet, when

3
)表示选择关系
or, either…or…, otherwise


4
)表示结果关系
so, (and) therefore, (and) thus

5
)表示原因关系
for

3
.主从复合句结构。


英语中,从句主要有三大类:名词性从句 、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介
绍。



一、名词性从句



1
、名词性从句的构成及句法特点

名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质 出现的从句成分,
主要包括主语从句、
表语从
句、

同位语从句和宾语从句。

其连接代词非为三类:
1)

that,
whether, if

whoewver

引出的陈述句;
2)
what
引出的疑问句;
3)

wh-
等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引
出主语从句时可以用形式主语
it
来代替。




2
、主语从句



That the earth goes around the sun is well- known to everybody.


地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。



(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)


Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (
此时不能用
if )


他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。



(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)


Whoever says so is a liar.
谁这样说使就在撒谎。



What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.


学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。



What you have said is convincing.
你所说的令人信服。



Where we shall stay for the night is a problem.
我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。



(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)


When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.


2008
年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。



(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)








How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.
古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。

(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)
同时,需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如:

It is reported that…
椐报道



It must be pointed out that …
必须指出的是



It is likely that …
很可能的是

..;.

It is a good thing that…
很好的是



It h
appens that …
碰巧的是






3
、表语从句



that
引出的表语从句里,
that
可以省略;
whether
有时也可用来引出表语从句,
而 一般不

if
,但
as if


可以。如:




My idea is (that) we need more hands.
我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。



The question is whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们是否能帮我们。



All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有这一切过去
20
多年了,但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。




4
、同位语从句:名词性从句考查的重点



同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词
+that
从句构成,
引导词一般是that,
而且
that
在从
句中不充当任何成分。
这些抽象 名词有:
news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope,
truth, belief, message
等,同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。



The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.


我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。



The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (
比较
-
定语从句
)


令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。



There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.


有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。

Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of
light.
爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。




5
、名词性从句的考点



1
、考生要明确下列四个概念



1)
名词从句通常由连接代词
(who,
whom,
whose,
which,
what,
whoever,
whichever,
w
h
atever)
、连接副词
(when, where, how, why)
和连接词
(that, if, whether)
引出。




2)
连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句,而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。




3)
用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加
that



4)
名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序,不能用疑问句语序。





2
、同位语从句与定语从句的区别



(1)
定语从句中的
that
既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作 某个成分
(
主语或宾语
)
,而同
位语从句中的
that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。



(2)
定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述先行词的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:











The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(
他告诉我的消息是汤姆明
年将出国。
)(
第一个that
引导的从句是定语从句,
that
在从句中作宾语
)


The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(
汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。
)(
同位语
从句,
t hat
在句中不作任何成分
)


3

what

that
引导名词性从句的差别



___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.


A. What D. Where



【答案】

A




【解析】很显然,本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了
what

t hat
的实际含义及引导名词
性从句时的用法差异而设定。那
what

that
在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢?



1)

what
用作连接代词,引导名词性从句时,可引导主语从句、表语 从句和宾语从句
(
不可引导同位语从句
)
;它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表 语。



(1) what
表示

所以
……

(

)”
的意思,
相当于
“the thing(s) that……”

“all that……”

“that
which……”

“everything that……”
等。例如:



Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what
引导宾语从句,并作
do
的宾语。
)


把它留给我,我来看看怎么做。



What you have done might do harm to other people. (what
引导主语从句,并在从句中作宾
语。
)
你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。



What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what
引导主语从句,并在从句
中作宾语。
)
他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。



What is most important in lif
e isn’t money. (what
引导主语从句,并在从句中作主语。
)


生活中最重要的不是钱。



But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what
引导宾语从句,
并在从句中作宾语。
)
你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。



What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what
引导主语从句,
并在
从句中作宾语。
)
他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。



(2) what
表示


……

(

)”
的意思 ,相当于
“the person that……”
等。例如:



He is not what he used to be. (what
引导表语从句,并在从句中作表语。
)


他已经不是过去的他了。



She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what
引导表语从句,并在从句中作表语。
)
她不是
5
年前的她了。




2) that




that
用作连接词,
引导名 词性从句时,
可引导主语从句、表语从句、
宾语从句和同位
语从句,
that
在从句中既不充当任何成分,也无实际意义,仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不
可省略
(
宾语从句除外
)
。若从句置于句子后面,代词
it
作形式主语。例如 :



It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that
引导主语从句
)




令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。



Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that

导宾语从句
)
在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人,你相信吗?



We heard the news that our team had won. (that
引导同位语从句
)


我听到我们队获胜的消息。



Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that
引导表语从句
)


另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。



But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government.
(that
引导表语从句
)

一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人,而不是体贴政府。




二、定语从句



1
、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词:



用来修 饰主句中某一名词或代词
(
有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分
)
而起定语 作
用的句子叫作定语从句。



关系代词:
who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词:
when, where, why




2
、关系代词的用法



(1)
如果先行词是
all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none
等不定代
词,关系代 词一般只用
that
,不用
which
。例如:



All the people that are present burst into tears.
所有在场的人都哭了。



(2)
如果先等词被形容词最高级以及
first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very
等词修
饰,关系代词常用
that,
不用
which, who
,或
whom
。例如:



He is the last person that could have done such a thing.
他绝不是做这种事的人。



(3)
非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词
that, ,
作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例
如:



There
are
about
seven
million
people
taking
part
in
the
election,
most
of
whom
are
well
educated.

700
万人参加了这次竞选,其中大部分都受过良好教育。



(4)
非限制性定语从句中只能用
which
,可以指代前面的 一个词,也可以引导从句修饰
前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,
which
可以作主
语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与
and this
相似,并可以指人。例如:



He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.


他比赛获胜,令他父母十分欣慰。



(5)
如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用
which;
若是指集体中的
各个成员,则用
who




(6)
先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用
that
。例如:



The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.


(7)
如果先行词是
anyone,
anybody,
everyone,
everybody,
someone,
somebody,
关系代词
应该用

who

whom
,不用

which
。例如:

Is there anyone here who will go with you?



3
、关系副词引导的定语从句



关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、
地点或原因。
关系副词
when
在 从句中充当时间状语,
where
充当地点状语,
why
充当原因状语。



He came at a time when we needed him most.
他在我们最需要的时候来了。



We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.



我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。



I know the reason why she studies so well.
我知道她学习好的原因。



This is the room where he put up for the night.
这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。



另外,
that
可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。



that
有时可以代替关系副词

when,
where
或者
why
引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原
因。在< br>that
引导的这种定语从句中,
that
也可以省去。



Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.



His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世
了。



He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。




4
、限制性和非限制性定语从句



1)
定语 从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去
掉它主句意思往往不明确;
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,
去掉了也不会影响主句
的意思,它与主句之间 通常用逗号分开,例如:



This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
(
限制性
)


The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.


这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。
(
非限制性
)


2)
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词
,
对其进行修饰
,
这时从句谓语动词
要用第三人称单数,例如:



He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.



他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。



Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。




5

As
在定语从句中的用法



1)
引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句



(1)as
多与
such

the same
连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。



(2)as
也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于
which
。例如:



The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.



2)As
引导的非限制性定语从句的位置




as
引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面
.
中间或后面,一般用逗 号
与主句隔开,但
which
所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:< br>


As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.



6
、介词
+
关系代词的用法




介词+关系代词

是一个普遍使用的结构
:


(1) “
介词+关系代词

可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性 定语从句。

介词
+关系代词结构中的介词可以是

in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without
等,关系代词
只可用
whom


which,
不可用

that




This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.



这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。



This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.


这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。



(2) from where



介词+关系副词

结构,但也可以引导定语从句。例如:



We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.


(3)

listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of
等固定短语动词,在定语
从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:



This is the boy whom she has taken care of.


He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。


三、状语从句



1
、概述

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。 一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、
原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多 ,但由于状语从句与汉语结构
和用法相似,
所以理解和掌握它并不难。
状语从句的关键 是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用
连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。




2
、状语从句分类及常用连词:



















时间状语从句

when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.



地点状语从句

where, wherever



原因状语从句

because, since, as, for, now that, etc.



目的状语从句

in order that, so that, that, etc.



结果状语从句

so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.



条件状语从句

if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.



让步状语从句

though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.



比较状语从句

as…as, so…as, than, etc.

方式状语从句

as, as if, as though, etc.



3
、状语从句的句法功能及考点



1)
时间状语从句



常用引导词:
when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until



特殊引导词:
the
minute,
the
moment,
the
second,
every
time,
the
day

the
instant,
immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when



I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.



直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。



While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.


当约翰在看电视的时候,他妻子在煮饭。



The children ran away from the orchard (
果园
) the moment they saw the guard.


孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。



No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.


他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。



Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。




2)
地点状语从句



常用引导词:
where



特殊引导词:
wherever, anywhere, everywhere


Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.


一般说来,工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。

Wherever you go, you should work hard.
无论你到哪去,都应该好好工作。




3)
原因状语从句



常用引导词:
because, since, as, since



特殊引导词:
seeing
that,
now
that,
in
that,
considering
that,
given
that,
considering
that,
inasmuch as, insomuch as



My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.



我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊,事业有成。



Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.



既然大家都到齐了,咱们就开会吧。



The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.


高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。



Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考虑到他还不到
12
岁,
180
公分的个子算是惊人。




4)
目的状语从句



常用引导词:
so that, in order that


特殊引导词:
lest, in case, for fear that

in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that


The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.


老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。



The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。




5)
结果状语从句



常用引导词:
so … that, so… that, such … that,



特殊引导词:
such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,



He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。



It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
这是一个好机会,我们不能让它溜走。



To such a degree was he excited that h
e couldn’t sleep last night.

他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。




6)
条件状语从句



常用引导词:
if, unless,



特殊引导词:
as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on
condition that



We’ll start our project if the president agrees.



如果总裁同意了,我们将立刻实施我们的计划。



You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
只要努力,你一定会成功。



Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没人反对,我们就在那里举行会议。




7)
让步状语从句



常用引导词:
though, although, even if, even though


特殊引导词:
as(
用在让步状语从句中必须要 倒装
)

while (
一般用在句首

)

no matter …,
in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever


Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.



尽管我很尊敬他,

我却不同意他的建议。



The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.


即使天气很恶劣,那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。



No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.


不管他如何努力,她就是不改决心。

He won’t listen whatever you may say.
无论你说什么他都不听。




8)
比较状语从句



常用引导词:
as (
同级比较
), than (
不同程度的比较
)


特殊引导词:
the more … the more … just as …


so
…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no …
more than; not A so much as B



She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。



The house is three times as big as ours.
这房子是我们房子的三倍大。



The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
你越锻炼,身体就越健康。

Food is to men what oil is to machine.
食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。




9)
方式状语从句



常用引导词:
as, as if, how


特殊引导词:
the way


When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
入乡随俗。



She behaved as if she were the boss.
她的举止像是个老板。



Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.


有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。


陈述句结构。

肯定式和否定式(各种时态和语态)
。特别注意否定句结构。


疑问句结构。

英文疑问句有四种:一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

一般疑问句(
General Questions
)也称
“Yes
-
no Questions” )


一般疑问句是要求用
Yes

No
来回答的问句形式。

一般疑问句的构成方式是将
be
动词,助动词和情态动词提至句首。

1. be
动词有
am, is, are , was, were
形式。

2

助动词有
do, does
(一般现在时)

did
(一般过去时)

am, is, are
(现在进行时)

was,were
(过去进行时)

shall / will
(一般将来时)

should / would
(过去将来时)

have / has
(现

在完成时)

had
(过去完成时)


am, is, are, was, were
(被动语态)

3
.情态动词有
can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought
(to)



使用一般疑问句时须注意以下几点:

noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd


noel-crowd



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