distinction(完整版)英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

2021年1月21日发(作者：giraffe)
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：

（一）句子成分

1
.
主语（
subject
）
:
句子说明的人或事物。


主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。

The sun rises in the east.
（名词）
He likes dancing.
（代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (
数词
)
Seeing is believing.
（动名词）

To see is to believe.
（不定式）
What he needs is a book.
（主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（
It
形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

找出下列句中的主语：

Jane is good at playing the piano.
（名词）
She went out in a hurry.
（代词）

Four plus four is eight.
（数词）
To see is to believe.
（不定式）

Smoking is bad for health.
（动名词）
The young should respect the old.
（名词化的形容词）

What he has said is true.
（句子）

2.
谓语（
predicate
）
:
说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

简单谓语
:
由动词或动词词组组成

I saw the flag on the top of the hill?
He looked after two orphans.
复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词
+
动词
;
He can speak English well.
She doesn
’
t seem to like dancing.
找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。
）
：

1. We love China.
2. We have finished reading this book.
3. He can speak English.
4. She seems tired.
3.
表语（
predicative
）
:
系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher.
（名词）
Seventy-
four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten.
（数词）
He is asleep.
（形容词）

His father is in.
（副词）
The picture is on the wall. (
介词短语
)
My watch is gone / missing / lost.
（形容词化的分词）

To
wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）

The question is whether they will come.
（表语从句）


★（常见的系动词有
: be, sound
（听起来）
, look
（看起来）
, feel(
摸起来，
smell
（闻起来）
,
taste
（尝、吃起来）
, remain
（保持，仍是）
, feel
（感觉）
...
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
找出下列句中的表语。

1. I am a teacher.
2. They are on the playground.
3. My job is teaching English.
4. It gets cold.
5. It sounds interesting.
4.
宾语：
1）动作的承受者
-----
及物动词或介词的宾语

I like China.
（名词）
He hates you.
（代词）

How many do you need? We need two.
（数词）

We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you.
（动名词）

I hope to see you again.
（不定式）
Did you write down what he said?
（宾语从句）

2
）

介词后的名词、代词和动名词
-----
介宾

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3
）

双宾 语
-----
间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语
.
直 接宾语指物或事
,
间接宾
语指人或动物
.
He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：

please pass me the book.
He bought his girlfriend some flowers.
找出下列句子的宾语部分：

1. We often help him.
2. He likes to play basketball.
3. We enjoy listening to the music.
4. She said that he felt sick.
5. They are talking about the new student.
5.
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了 有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补
足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义 完整。这类常用的及物动词有

：

We elected him monitor.
（名词）

We all think it a pity that she didn’t
come here.
（名）

We will make them happy.
（形容词）
We found nobody in. (
副词
)
Please make yourself at home.
介词短语）

Don’t let him do that. （省
to
不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
（带
to
不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）

I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

6.
主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。

He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
7.
定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.
（名词）
He is our friend.
（代词）

We belong to the third world.
（数词）

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(
副词
)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (
介词
)
The boys playing football are in Class 2.
（现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now.
（过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well.
（不定式）

You should do everything that I do.
（定语从句）

定语后置：

如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置

The girl in red is his sister.
We have a lot of work to do.
The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
8.
状语：用来修饰
v., adj., adv.,
或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

（以下例句按上述顺序排列）

I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
（二）

句子结构

简单句的五个基本句型

1.
主语

＋不及物动词
She came
．
/ My head aches.
2.
主语

＋及物动词＋宾语
She likes English.
3.
主语

＋

系动词

＋表语
She is happy
．

4.
主语

＋

双宾动词＋间接宾语

＋直接宾语
She gave John a book.
5.
主语

＋

宾补动词

＋

宾语

＋

宾语补语
She makes her mother angry
．

The teacher asked me to read the passage.
★ Ther
e +be
句型