calm中国文化五十话题--中英翻译

2021年1月21日发(作者：vet)
Topic 1
文化概述

在中国五千年的文明史上，
中国人有无 数的发明和创造，
如汉字、
中医、
丝绸、
瓷器
(porcelain )
、
指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药
(gunpowder)
。这些独特的发 明和创造是中国人对世界文明
的伟大贡献，
证明中华民族是一个富于原创性的民族。
与 此同时，
中国人又有一种开放的胸
怀，
欢迎远方来的朋友，
并以极高的热情吸 收和包容外来的文化。
大唐盛世和明代郑和七下
西洋都表明，中华文明具有开放性和包容性。< br>
Over a history of 5 000 years, Chinese people have produced numerous inventions. These unique
inventions, including Chinese characters, traditional Chinese medicine, silk, porcelain, compass,
papermaking,
printing
and gunpowder,
are
significant contributions
Chinese
made
to
the
global
civilization, proving that the Chinese nation is full of creativity.

In the meanwhile, the Chinese
people have always kept an open mind toward foreign friends and absorbed foreign cultures with
great enthusiasm. Both the prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Zheng He
’
s seven long voyages to the
West Seas in Ming Dynasty demonstrate the openness and inclusiveness of Chinese culture.


Topic 2
四大发明

说到中国古代的科技文明，
就不能不说四大发明
（
the Four Great Inventions
）
。
人们普遍认为，
指南针、火药
(gunpowder)
、造纸术和印刷术的发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展
产生 了巨大的推动作用；
并且，
这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，
也影响着世界的文明进程 。
从历史发展的角度来看，
中国古代的四大发明是为人类社会生活带来革命性变化的科学发明，
这是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献。
中国的四大发明在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页，< br>推动了人类历史的前进。

When it comes to science and technology in ancient China,

the Four Great Inventions, including
compass,
gunpowder,
papermaking
and
printing,
should
always
be
discussed.
It
is
commonly
believed that the Four Great Inventions have promoted the development of politics, economy and
culture
of
ancient
China
dramatically;
moreover,
these
inventions
have
a
great
impact
on
the
civilization of the world since they have been introduced into the Western world in various ways.
From the perspective of historical development, the
Four Great Inventions of ancient China are
scientific inventions that bring revolutionary changes to the social life of human beings, which are
great contributions Chinese made to the civilization of the world. The Four Great Inventions of
ancient China are brilliant in the history of human science and culture and promote the progress of
human history.


Topic 3

长


城

说到中国文化，
不得不提到长城。
从公元前

7
世纪到公元

16
世纪，
在大约
2 200 < br>年的时间
里，
先后有
19
个朝代修建过长城，
所修的长城累计 有
10
万千米以上。
主要的长城修建工程
是在秦代、
汉代和明代。< br>现今存有遗迹的主要是明长城，
从东边人海口的山海关
( Shanhai Pass)
开始，一直到沙漠深处的嘉峪关
(Jiayu Pass)
，全长
6 700
千米。长城是世界历史上最伟大的
工程，其建 造时间之长、参与人数之多、工程难度之大，在世界上无出其右。

When
it
comes
to
Chinese culture,
the Great
Wall
is
the
one
that
will
be
definitely
referred
to.

From the 7
th
century BC to the 16
th
century, through about 2 200 years, the Great Wall was built in
19
dynasties
and
reached
a
length
of
more
than
100
000
kilometers.

Major
construction
was
carried
out
in
Qin,
Han
and
Ming
Dynasties.
The
Great
Wall
we
visit
nowadays
is
mainly
the
Great
Wall
of
Ming
Dynasty,
stretching
6
700
kilometers
from
Shanhai
Pass
on
the
eastern
seashore to Jiayu Pass in the depth of desert. The Great Wall is the greatest project in the history
of the world for its unparalleled span of construction, number of labors and difficulty.



Topic 4
移民现象

现在，
很多人选择在国外生活，
这引起了人们极大的关注。越来越多的人，
特别是大量知识
分子

(intellectual)
，移民到美国、英国和加拿大等发达国家。并且 ，很多在国外学习和工作
的人都在为
“绿卡”
而奋斗。
造成这种现象的原因有 很多，
其中，
追求高质量的生活是关键。
再者，
这些人中大多数人移居国外是 想让孩子在那儿接受良好的教育。
此外，
一些人只是想
体验他们所喜欢的异域文化。以 上这些就是造成他们决定移居他国的原因。



Nowadays
many
people
choose
to
live
in
a
foreign
country,
which
has
aroused
great
concern.
More
and
more
people,
especially
plenty
of
intellectuals,
migrate
to
some
developed
countries,
such
as
America,
Britain
and
Canada.
In
addition,
there
are
still
many
people
studying
and
working in foreign countries struggling for green cards.

There are many reasons accounting for
this
phenomenon.
Among
all
these
factors,
pursuing
high-quality
life
plays
a
critical
role.
Moreover, most of them migrate to some foreign countries with a view to making their children
Receive good education there. Besides, some people just want to experience the foreign culture
they like. All these above factors contribute to their choice to migrate to another country.



Topic 5
中国汉字

近年来，随着经济的快速增长，中国的国际影响 力提升了，世界上学汉字的人也多了起来。
这套独特的符号系统积淀了丰富的历史文化内容，
西 方人在学汉字的过程中甚至能体会到这
个东方民族的微妙心灵。
如今在中国，汉字也越来越受到 人们的重视。
人们发现，
这一文字
符号包含着丰富的文化内涵和审美意蕴，
在 科技飞速发展的今天，
反而越来越显示出它的光
彩。古老的文字在现代的文化生活中焕发出新的 魅力。

With its rapid economic development in recent years, China
’
s international influence has greatly
increased, so the number of Chinese character learners across the world has been on the rise. This
unique
symbol
system
accumulates
the
rich
historical
and
cultural
content
in
it.
When
Western
people learn Chinese characters, they may even understand the delicate thoughts of this oriental
nation.

Nowadays, great importance is attached to Chinese characters in China.

It is found that
the
glamour
of
these
character
symbols
with
rich
cultural
and
aesthetic
connotation
is
greatly
shown especially in the current society with rapid scientific development. These ancient characters
are revitalized in modern civilization.


Topic 6
郑和下西洋

公元

1405
年

7< br>月
11
日，
地球蓝色的海洋上出现了一支庞大的船队，
前后有
208
艘船，
这
是有史以来最大的一支船队，船上所载的各类人员有
27
500
多人，也是有史以来最多的航
海人员。船队由一位叫郑和的人统帅。船队带着中 国这个古老国家的瓷器、
丝绸、
茶叶等数
不尽的珍奇，穿越南海、马六甲海峡
( the Strait of Malacca)
，横跨印度洋，到达亚洲、非洲
的很多国家。在此后的
28
年间，郑和一共六次下西洋，随船人员共计
10
万多人，访问了
30
多个国 家。


On July 11, 1405, a huge fleet consisting of 208 ships appeared on the blue sea of the earth. It was
the greatest fleet with more than 27 500 crews that the world had ever seen. The Commander of
this fleet was Zheng He.

Carrying porcelain, silk, tea and other numerous Treasures from China,
a
country
with
a
long
history,
the
fleet
passed
through
the
South
China
Sea
and
the
Strait
of
Malacca, traversed the Indian Ocean and arrived at many countries in Asia and Africa. Over the
next 28 years, Zheng He led six more fleets with crew members adding up to more than 100 000
people, and visited more than 30 countries.


Topic 7
中国艺术

中国人创造了很多独特的艺术形式，如纯净的瓷器，千古传诵的唐诗
(Tang poetry )
，以演员
表演为中心的京剧等。这些艺术形式呈现了中国人的心灵世界，显现了中国人独特的 美感，
成为展示中国人生命力和创造力的窗口，
具有永恒的魅力。
中国人将艺术当作提 升生活品质、
慰藉
( soothe)
心灵的媒介，艺术是中国人人生哲学的延伸。中 国的艺术传统是一部记载着中
国人生活品位和美感世界的活的图画，反映出中国人的优雅心态。



The Chinese have created many unique forms of art, such as pure porcelain, enduring Tang poetry
and actor-centered Peking Opera, etc.

These art forms with eternal charm reveal the inner world
of the Chinese people, demonstrate their unique sense of aesthetics and become the windows that
show the vitality and creativity of Chinese people. The Chinese regard art as a way to enhance the
quality
of
life
and
to
soothe
the
mind.

Art
is
an
extension
of
the
Chinese
philosophy
of
life.
Chinese
art
tradition
is
a
vivid
picture
of
Chinese
people
’
s
lifestyle
and
aesthetics,
reflecting
Chinese elegance.


Topic 8
中国园林

中国人建造园林有两干多年的历史，
主要有皇家园林
(imperial garde n)
、
寺院园林和私家园林。
现存的皇家园林，
如北京颐和园，
都是 举世闻名的园林。
中国的佛教和道教寺院也多建有园
林，如杭州灵隐寺。在这中间，私家园林独 具风味。今天，在江南
(South
“
the Yangtze River)
和长江沿岸的苏州、
扬州等地所见的私家园林，
多是明清两代留下的，
它们如同一幅 幅山水
画
( the landscape painting)
，展现出独特的魅力 。中国园林艺术有丰富独特的创造，是理解中
华民族美感特点的一个重要领域
.

Chinese people started to build gardens more than 2 000 years ago, mainly including three styles
of garden: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden.

The extant imperial
gardens today, such as the Summer Palace in Beijing, are world-famous gardens. Many gardens
were also built in China
’
s Buddhist and Taoist temples, such as the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou.
While among the Chinese gardens, the private gardens have a unique ambience. Scattered in South
of the Yangtze River and Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places along the Yangtze River, the private
gardens
are
mostly
legacies
from
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties.
They
resemble
the
landscape
paintings with distinctive charm. Rich and unique creativity could be found in Chinese gardens,
which is an important field to understand Chinese aesthetics.


Topic 9
中国诗歌

中国是诗的国度。
尤其到了唐代，
中国古典诗歌进人了全盛时期
( heyd ay)
。
唐代近三百年间，
涌现出了大批优秀诗人和杰出的诗歌作品。唐代诗歌数量极 大，题材广泛，意象

(image)
和
风格多样化，
出现了大量思 想性和艺术性完美结合的作品。
唐诗是中国人的千古绝唱。
唐代
的伟大诗人不胜枚举，
其中李白、
杜甫、
王维因其诗歌所蕴含的中国文化的意味和情趣而最
具代表性 。


China is a country of poetry.

Especially in Tang Dynasty, Chinese classical poetry reached its
Heyday. During the nearly three-hundred-year reign of Tang Dynasty, large numbers of excellent
poets and outstanding poems mushroomed. Poetry of Tang Dynasty featured large quantities, wide
themes
and
diversified
images
and
styles,
and
many
masterpieces
with
perfect
combination
of
great thoughts and artistry emerged. Poetry of Tang Dynasty is Chinese eternal legacies. Li Bai,
Du Fu and Wang Wei are the representatives of great
poets of Tang Dynasty due
to the unique
meaning and temperament of Chinese culture in their poems.

Topic 10
茶馆文化

中国很多地区依然保留着传统的茶馆文化，
尤其是在四川省的省会 成都，
茶馆遍布城市的各
个角落：路边、桥下、公园里，甚至寺院和其他历史景点。泡茶馆（< br>relaxing
in
teahouse
）
是当地市民最喜欢的消 遣方式之一。
工作日的下午三点钟，
茶馆里往往人满为患。
当地人坐
在古色古 香的竹椅里，
所用的茶具本身可能也是古董。
服务人员托着一大堆茶具急匆匆地跑
来跑 去，将长嘴壶（
long-spout kettle
）里倒出来的水注满茶杯，为顾客冲泡最优质的茶叶。

Traditional teahouse culture still exists in many parts of China, especially in Chengdu, the capital
of
Sichuan
Province.

Teahouses
are
everywhere:
on
the
sides
of
roads,
under
bridges,
in
the
parks
and
even
inside
temples
and
other
historical
sites.

Relaxing
in
teahouse
is
one
of
the
favorite
pastimes
of
the
locals
in
Chengdu.
A
teahouse
full
to
the
brim-at
three
o
’
clock
on
a
workday afternoon-is nothing out of the ordinary. Locals sit on quaint bamboo chairs and drink
from traditional tea sets
that could well be antiques in their own right. Teahouse waiters scurry
around with trays of tea sets, and top up tea cups with hot water poured from long-spout kettles to
brew up the high-quality tea for tea drinkers.

Topic 11

京剧角色

“生、旦、净、丑”是京剧中的角色分类。
“生”是男性正面角色，
“旦”是女性正面 角色，
“净”是性格鲜明的男性配角
(supporting
role)
，
“丑”是幽默滑稽或反面角色。每种角色又
有表明身份的险谱
( facial make-up)
、扮相
(costume)
等，只要演员一上场，你一看便知。在人
的脸上涂上某种颜色以象征这个人的性格和品质、
角色和命运，
是京剧的一大特点，< br>也是理
解剧情的关键。简单地讲，红脸含有褒义，代表忠勇

(valor)< br>；黑脸为中性，代表猛
(vigor)
智；黄脸和白脸含贬义，代表凶诈。

Sheng, dan, jing, chou refer to different types of roles in Peking Opera. Sheng is the positive male
role,
dan
is
the
positive
female
role,
while
jing
is
a
supporting
male
role
with
a
distinctive
character
and
chou
is
the
clown
or
a
negative
character.
Each
type
of
role
has
its
own
facial
make-up and costume that expose its identity as soon as he/she appears on the stage.

One major
characteristic of Peking Opera is the color painted on the face of a character that shows personality,
quality,
role
and
fate.
It
is
also
the
key
to
understanding
the
plot.
To
put
it
simply,
red
is
appreciative, standing for loyalty and valor; black represents a neutral role, representing vigor and
wisdom; yellow and white both suggest cunning, negative characters.


Topic 12
羊

羊是一种本性温顺（
docile
）
、易于管理的动物。从岩画（
rock
painting
）上原始人镌刻 的形
态各异的羊形象中，
我们可以看出人类与羊的亲善、
和谐关系。
羊为人们 的生活或祭祀而牺
牲，是“有义

personal loyalty
之物”
。羔羊似乎懂得母亲的艰辛与不易，所以吃奶时是跪着
的。羔羊的“跪乳”被人们赋予了“孝顺 ”和“懂礼”的意义。据文献记载，人们很早就把
羊的美德视为人的道德准则和榜样，
这反映了 人们对羊的精神感受和对羊的秉性的人格化概
括。


The sheep is an animal that is docile in nature and easy to manage.

From the sheep images of
various
shapes
on
the
rock
paintings
carved
by
primitive
men,
we
can
see
the
good
and
harmonious relationship between human beings and sheep. Sheep sacrifice their lives for people
’
s
living
or
worship,
and
therefore
are
deemed
as
embracing
personal
loyalty.
The
lamb
seems
to
know the hardship of its mother, sucking the breast on bent knees.

Such behavior is considered
by
people
to
have
symbolic
meanings
of
filial
piety
and
courtesy.
According
to
the
documents,
people have long regarded this morality of sheep as a moral code and example for human beings,
which
is
a
reflection
of
people
’
s
feeling
toward
sheep
and
a
personalized
summary
of
sheep
’
s
nature.

Topic 13
联合国中文日

联合国中文日是联合国语言日的一部分。根据传说，仓颉
( Cang Jie)
创造了中国最原始的象
形文字
( hieroglyph)
。
上苍因仓颉造字而感动，
为其降下一场谷子雨，
这就是
“谷雨”
(the Grain
Rain)
的由来。
中文日因此被定在每年中国农历的
“谷雨”
，
以纪念汉字始祖仓颉。
从
2010
年
开始，
联 合国每年都在中文日前后举行多种形式的庆祝活动。
例如：

2014
年，纽约联合国
总部以书画展、
茶艺表演
( tea-making performance)
、
歌曲演唱和书法讲座等形式庆祝中文日。

The Chinese Language Day is part of the UN Language Days.

According to legend, Cang Jie
created the original hieroglyph used in China.

The Heaven was moved and rained grain in praise
of him, which is the origin of the Grain Rain.

As a result, the Chinese Language Day is set on
the rain Rain according to the Chinese lunar calendar in memory of Cang Jie, the ancestor of the
Chinese characters. Since 2010, the UN has been holding all kinds of celebrating activities around
this day every year.

For example, in 2014, the UN Headquarters in New York celebrated this day
with
painting
and
calligraphy
exhibitions,
tea-making
performances,
singing
performances,
calligraphy lectures, etc.

Topic 14
筷子

筷子由两根长短相同的木棍组成，是中国的传统餐具
(
eating
ut ensil)
。筷子出现在三千多年
前，它的出现不仅是中国烹饪文化的变革，也是人类文明的 标志。
此外，筷子在烹饪技巧的
发展过程中也起着推动作用。如今，
筷子不仅是一种餐 具，还成为一种独特的文化形式，对
于我们来说，筷子可以作为艺术品来欣赏、研究和收藏。
筷 子虽小，但仍被世界上许多人所
推崇。一项有趣的实验表明，当你在使用筷子的时候，许多关节和肌肉都 会得到锻炼。

Chopsticks, the traditional eating utensils in China, are a pair of equal length sticks.
Chopsticks
appeared
more
than
three
thousand
years
ago.
The
appearance
of
chopsticks
is
not
only
a
revolution
of
Chinese
cuisine
culture,
but
also
a
symbol
of
human
civilization.
Besides,
chopsticks have promoted the development of cooking techniques. Today, chopsticks not only area
kind of tableware,

but also have become a unique culture form,

coming in front of us as a work
of art for appreciation, research and collection. Chopsticks are small, but they are adored by many
people
in
the
world.
An
interesting
experiment
shows
that
many
joints
and
muscles
can
be
exercised when you use chopsticks.


Topic 15
风


筝

风筝起源于中国，在这个国家，
制作风筝的理想材料一应俱全 ：丝织品用来做帆，
极具韧性
的
(high-tensile-strength)< br>丝线可以制作风筝线，轻盈的骨架则由韧性十足的竹子制成。据说，
风筝是墨子和鲁班在公元前< br>
5
世纪时发明的。在
13
世纪末期，马可·波罗首次将与风筝有关的故事介绍到欧洲。
尽管风筝最初只被看作是珍奇物品
( curiosity)
，
但自
18
世纪开始，
风
筝被用作科研工具。
现在，风筝节已经成为一种流行的娱乐形式，
最为著名的就是中国的潍
坊风筝节。


Kites
originated
in
China,
where
ideal
materials
for
making
kites
were
readily
available:
silk
fabric for the sail; high-tensile-strength silk thread for the flying string; and resilient bamboo for
the light framework.

It is said that kites were invented by Mo Zi and Lu Ban in the 5
th
century
BC.
Stories
of
kites
were
first
introduced
to
Europe
by
Marco
Polo
in
the
late
13
th

century.
Although kites were initially regarded as curiosities, since the 18
th
century they have been used as
a vehicle for scientific research. Now, kite festivals have become a popular form of entertainment,
and the most famous one is China
’
s Weifang Kite Festival.

Topic 16
铜


鼓

铜鼓（
bronze
drum
）文化是远古时代在长 江以南及东南亚的广大地区流行的一种典型文化
代表。
在古代，
铜鼓多用于祭神、征战和节日活动。
在祭神时，
它是神圣的法器
（
artifact
）

；
征战时，它是号令军队振作士气的军乐

器；在节日里，它又成为最激动人心的打击乐器
（

percussion instrument
）
。
铜鼓给人们带来的不仅是精神层面的东西，
它还有 重要的实用价
值。许多少数民族依然保留着在传统节日及婚娶和丧葬等场合使用铜鼓的习俗，

The
bronze
drum
was
a
kind
of
typical
culture
popularized
in
the
wide
area
of
South
of
the
Yangtze River in China and Southeast Asia in ancient times. More often than not, it was used on
such
occasions
as
sacrifice
ceremonies
to
gods,
launching
ceremonies
for
the
war
and
festival
activities.

It
was
sacred
artifact
on
the
sacrifice
ceremonies,
military
musical
instrument
transmitting orders to soldiers and reviving the morale in the war, exciting percussion instrument
in
festivals.
In
addition
to
its
spiritual
content,
the
bronze
drum
also
benefits
people
with
its
important
value
of
practical
use.
Many
minority
groups
still
adopt
the
tradition
of
playing
the
bronze drums on the occasions of traditional festivals, wedding ceremony, funeral ceremony, etc.


Topic 17
十二生肖之鼠

鼠相貌猥 琐，鬼鬼祟祟，破坏力强，落得个“老鼠过街，人人喊打”的千古骂名。但它居于
中国

三生肖
(the
twelve
symbolic
animal s)
之首，自古以来就令人不可思议。一个较为合理的解释
是：鼠常在夜里
23
时至凌晨

1
时四处活动，这是一天当中最黑暗的时候，老鼠此时出没便
于 隐藏行迹。由此看来，鼠昼伏夜出的（
nocturnal
）习性是使它能够在十二生肖中独占 鳌头
的主要原因，与其口碑不佳及相貌可鄙没有关系。

Rat
looks
mean
and
stealthy,
and
always
causes
mass
destruction,
winning
it
the
notorious
reputation for
“
A rat crossing the street is chased by all.
”
However, it ranks first among the twelve
symbolic
animals,
which
has
always
been
a
wonder
since
ancient
times.
A
more
reasonable
explanation is; Rats often move around from 11 pm to 1 am,
the darkest hours in a day that
is
convenient for the rats to hide themselves.

Judging from this, the habit of being nocturnal is the
main reason why rat is put in the first place in the twelve symbolic animals, which has nothing to
do with its bad reputation or contemptible looks.


Topic 18
中国寄宿幼儿园

20
世纪
90
年代，中国寄宿幼儿园
(boarding kin dergarten)
的孩子数量达到顶峰，在当时送孩
子去这样的学校是一种地位的象征。< br>不过最近，
这一体系不再像当初那样流行。
一些私立和
公立的
(sta te-run)
寄宿幼儿园都陆续关门，其他的幼儿园正在从寄宿变为日托。位于上海的
中国福 利协会幼儿园
(The China Welfare Institute Kindergarte n)
以前是寄宿幼儿园，但现在
22
个班里只有
3
个寄宿班。中国家 长现在开始意识到，孩子很小的时候要多花时间陪陪他们，
这点很重要，因为孩子们正处于学习的阶段， 这是成长过程中一个很重要的阶段。


The number of kids sent to boarding kindergartens in China peaked in the 1990s, when sending a
young child to such schools was a symbol of status. Recently, however, the system has
become
less
popular.
Some
boarding
kindergartens,
both
private
and
state-run,
are
closing
one
after
another.
Others
are
switching
from
boarding
classes
to
day
care.
The
China
Welfare
Institute
Kindergarten in Shanghai used to be a boarding kindergarten, but now in the 22 classes, only 3
classes
for
young
children
are
residential.
Chinese
parents
are
now
starting
to
realize
that
it
’
s
important to spend more time with their kids when they are very young, because they are learning
in this period and it
’
s a very important stage of growth.


Topic 19

家庭观念

中国人重团圆、
重亲情、
讲孝道
（
filial piety
）
，
并强调家庭的和睦。
中国人最期望的就是
“家
和万事兴”。当家庭中出现矛盾的时候，中国人最忌讳把这些矛盾暴露在外人面前，所以中
国人常说“家丑不可 外扬”
。中国人在家庭中还特别重视父母、长辈的意见，
“不听老人言，
吃亏在眼前”
便是强调长辈的经验对年轻人具有重要的作用。
中国人还强调家庭教育对孩子
人格形成 的重要影响，常说“子不教，父之过”
。

Chinese
people
attach
great
importance
to
reunion,
family
love,
filial
piety
and
a
harmonious
relationship among the family members.

What they expect most is
“
the family being in harmony
and all affairs prosperous
”
.

When there emerges a conflict in the family, it is a taboo for Chinese
people to expose the problem to others. Therefore it is often said by Chinese people,
“You’re your

dirty
linen
at
home.
”

In
a
Chinese
family,
the
opinions
of
parents
and
the
elders
are
greatly
respected. It is often quoted,
“
You will suffer losses if you close your ears to the elders
”
, which
reflects that the elders
’
experience is of great importance to the younger generation. And Chinese
people place emphasis on family education which is believed to have great influence on children
’
s
character building, and this can be demonstrated by the proverb
“
Failing to educate the children is
the fault of the father.
“


Topic 20
科举考试

科举考试（
Keju
）是中国 古代人才选拔的一种方式。由于采用分科目选举人才的办法，所以
叫作科举。隋炀帝于公元

605
年开设进士科，用考试的办法来选拔人才，这标志着科举制
度的开始。
它把读书、
考试和做官三者紧密结合起来，
揭开了中国人才选拔史上崭新的一页。
唐 朝承袭了隋朝的人才选拔制度，并进行了进一步的完善。因此，科举制度逐渐完备起来。
科举考试实行了
1 000
多年，
在实践中逐渐形成的一些较好的制度至今仍在我们的社会生活
中发挥着作用。

Keju, or the imperial examination, is a means to select talents held in ancient China.

It got
its
name since it adopted the method of selecting talents through a range of different subjects. In605
AD,
Emperor
Yang
of
Sui
established
the
imperial
examination
system
to
select
talents,
which
symbolized
the
official
formation
of
Keju.

The
system
interconnected
learning,
examination,
and
the
selection
of
officials
closely,
opening
up
a
new
page
in
the
annals
of
talents
selection
system. The Tang Dynasty followed and further improved the talents selection system of the Sui
Dynasty.
Consequently,
the
imperial
examination
system
gradually
became
perfect.
During
the
over 1 000 years
’
implementation of the imperial examination, some good systems have been set
up in practice, exerting an influence on our social life till today.



Topic 21
造纸术

东汉
(Eastern Han Dynasty)
末年，蔡伦的造纸术被广泛应用。到了公元

3
至
5
世纪的两晋时
期
(period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties)
，人们开始在纸上写字，并 由此发展出写在纸
上的书法艺术。中国的造纸术先后传到了现在的越南、朝鲜和日本。公元
< br>7
世纪左右，又
传到了印度。造纸术还通过陆上丝绸之路传到了西亚和欧洲。欧洲的造纸 业大致从公元
12
世纪开始，在之前，欧洲人主要使用羊皮等来书写，据说书写一本《圣经》需 要
300
多张羊
皮，可见其昂贵程度。造纸业的兴盛开创了人类文明的新纪元。


In the late of Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun
’
s papermaking technology widely came into use. In
the period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties (the 3
rd
to 5
th
century AD), people began to write
on
paper
and
calligraphy
on
paper
was
developed
correspondingly.

Chinese
papermaking
technology
was
introduced
to
Vietnam,
Democratic People
’
s
Republic
of
Korea
and
Japan,
and
around the 7
th
century was introduced into India.

Papermaking technology was also introduced
to West Asia and Europe through the Silk Road.

The papermaking industry in Europe started in
about the 12
th
century.

Before that,

the Europeans mainly wrote on sheepskin.

It is said that
writing a Bible needed more than 300 sheepskins, indicating the expensiveness of it. The rise of
papermaking industry started a new era of human civilization.


Topic 22
中国经济发展势头

当前我国经济发展势头良好，经济增长的内在机制（
the internal mechan ism
）不断增强，基
本做到了速度、
质量和效益的统一。
但是，我们也要清 醒地看到，
世界上没有一个国家的经
济发展可以长盛不衰，
永远保持高速度。
中国也不例外。
改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的，
但是新的矛盾和问题也出现了，如国企（< br>state-owned enterprise
）改革问题、贫富分化问题、
腐败问题 、
金融风险问题、生态环境破坏问题等。
这些问题都需要我们高度重视，
尽快找到有效的解决办法。


At present our economy enjoys good momentum of growth. The internal mechanism for economic
growth has been increasingly strengthened.

We have, to a large extent, struck the right balance
among speed, quality and economic benefit. But we must keep a clear mind and realize that there
are
no
countries
in
the
world
that
can
keep
an
economic
boom
with
high-speed
growth.
China
won
’
t
be
an
exception.
The
achievements
of
the
reform
and
opening-up
are
obvious
to
all. But
now
there
are
also
some
new
problems.

These
include
the
problems.
In
the
reform
of
state-owned enterprises, the enormous gap between the rich and the poor, corruption, risks in the
financial sector as well as ecological and environmental damage.

We need to pay high attention
to the problems mentioned above and find effective solutions in the shortest time.

Topic 23
上海自由贸易试验区

发展中国
（上海）
自由

贸易试验区
(China(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zon e)
是国家战略，
是深
化改革、扩大开放的重大举措，
意义深远。这项重大改 革以制度创新为着力点，重在提升软
实力
(soft
power)
，各项工作影响大、难度高。建设中国（上海）自由

贸易试验 区是顺应全
球经贸发展新趋势，
实行更加积极主动开放战略的一项重大举措。
建设自由 贸易试验区的主
要任务是探索中国对外开放的新路径和新模式，推动加快转变政府职能和行政体制改革< br>( reform of administrative System)
，促进转变经济增长方式和优化经济结构。


Developing
the
China
(Shanghai)
Pilot
Free
Trade
Zone
is
a
national
strategy,
and
a
major
initiative
for
deepening
the
reform
and
expanding
opening-up,
which
has
a
profound
and
important influence. This major initiative focuses on institutional innovation and emphasizes on
promoting
soft
power.
All
the
work
is
significant
but
in
great
difficulty.
Building
the
China
(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is a major move to conform to the new trend of global economic
and trade development and implement a more proactive opening-up strategy. The main task of this
action is to explore the new path and pattern of Chinese opening-up, speed up the transformation
of government function and the reform of administrative system, foster the transformation of the
economic growth pattern and optimize the economic structure.

Topic 24
科技园区建设

在经济增速放缓的大背景下，作为推动新型城镇化建设的重要载体，科技园区
(
high-tech
Zone)
的建设至关重要。在创新成为重要经济驱动力的今天 ，科技园区作为全球知识经济中
企业和研究机构的创新、创业最佳栖息地，不仅承载着推动技术创新、加 速知识转移
（
knowledge
Transfer)
、加快经济发展的使命，也是城市经济发展与竞争力的重要来源。科