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institute(完整版)四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

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2021-01-21 13:15
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2021年1月21日发(作者:轻如鸿毛)
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四种翻译方法

1.
直译和意译

所谓直译,
就是在译文语言条件许可时,
在译文中既保持原文的内
容,又保持 原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地
方色彩等。


每 一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、
句法结构和表达方法。
当原文
的思想内容与译文的表 达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,
就应采
用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文 的内容,
但可以不拘泥与原
文的形式。
(张培基)


应 当指出,
在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范
的条件下,直译有其可取之处, 一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一
方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation
refers to an
adequate
representation of
the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies
with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in
grammatical
structure
and
rhetorical
device,
literal
translation must be used.
Free translation is also called liberal translation, which
does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the
original.
(郭著章)


直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,
在英译文中完全保留汉语
词语的指称意义,求 得内容和形式相符的方法。

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意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,
不得不舍弃原文
的字面意义,
以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。


宏薇)


简单地说,
直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,
句子结构与原
句相似,但 也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。


意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅 同意等效的表达方法,
或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
(杨莉藜)

Literal translation may be defined as having the following
characteristics:
1,
literal
translation
takes
sentences
as
its
basic
units
and
the
whole
text
into
consideration
at
the
same
time
in
the
course
of translating.
2,
literal
translation
strives
to
reproduce
both
the
ideological content and style of the entire literary work and
retain as
much
as
possible
the
figures
of
speech
and
such main
sentence
structures
or
patterns
as
SV,SVO,
SVC,
SVA,
SVOO,
SVOC,
SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the
book
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
.
Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to
mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without
trying
to
reproduce
its
sentence
patterns
or
figures
of
speech.
And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible
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for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).


练习:

1.

He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every
now
and
then
wiped
his
crocodile
tears
with
a
big
handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。

2.

It

s an ill wind that blows nobody good.
对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。

3.

Every dog has his day.
人人皆有得意日。

4.

It means killing two birds with one stone.
这意味着一石二鸟。

这意味着一举两得。

这意味着一箭双雕。

5.

你不要班门弄斧。

Don

t display your axe at Lu Ban

s door.
Don

t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
Never offer to teach a fish to swim.
6.

Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.
尼克松满面春风,基辛格更是笑容可掬。

7.

在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也
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是枣树。

Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one
is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.
8.

油蛉在这里低唱,蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。

Here
field
crickets
droned
away
while
house
crickets
chirped
merrily.
9.

There
is
a
mixture
of
the
tiger
and
the
ape
in
the
character
of a French man.
法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。

法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。

虎恶狐狡,兼而有之,这就是法国人的性格。

10.

Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.
你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。

你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。

11.

The
first
time
I
saw
her,
half
of
my
life
ago,
she
nearly
took my breath away.
大半生前第一次见到她,她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。

大半生前第一次见到她,我就惊呆了。

12.

芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。

Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.
13.

Don

t cross the bridge till you get to it.
不必担心太早。

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不必自寻烦恼。

14.

Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我是好骗的吗?

15.

I
want
a
man
who
will
throw
his
hat
over
the
Chindwin
and
then lead his troops after it.
我要的是这样一个人,他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟,然后率领部队
前进。

16.

Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her
the door.
鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子,我把他撵了出去。

17.

The
operation
may
not
succeed;
it

s
a
gamble
whether
he
lives or dies.
手术不一定成功,能否保住他的性命,只能一赌。

18.

But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided
to end it.
六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,赛维决定结束这种婚姻。

19.

The
boxes,
being
museum
quality,
would
have
increased
in
worth over the years, and made people remember me

with
growing appreciation.


九只盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁 月流逝,它
们的价值还会越来越高,人们也会记住我,
“越来越感激”我。

20.

Smashing
a
mirror
is
no
way
to
make
an
ugly
person
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beautiful,
nor
is
it
a
way
to
make
social
problems
evaporate.
意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。

直译
:
砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云
散。

21.

.
He
had
about
as
much
chance
of
getting
a
job
as
of
being
chosen mayor of Chicago.
A.
他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多

B.
他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。

C.
他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。

22.

“你真是 不到黄河不死心。

她低声地说,
无可奈何地摇摇头。
(《寒夜》)


You
really
do
refuse
to
give
in
until
all
hope
is
gone.


she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.
23. It is a long lane that had no turning.
误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。

正:无论多长的巷也有弯的地方(路必有弯,事必有变)


24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
误:我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。

正:对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。

25.
At
the
door
to
the
restaurant,
a
stunning,
porcelain-faced
woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。

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在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉 、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十
分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。



通往餐 厅的门口有一位妇女,她身着和服,仪态优美,面庞陶瓷般光
洁白皙,叫我脱去鞋子。

26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift
amid
beige
concrete
skyscrapers
is
the
very
symbol
of
the
incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天 大楼之间的引人景
象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。


式样古 老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般,漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝
土摩天大楼之间,
这引人注目的景象象 征着旧传统和新发展之间的不
断斗争。


米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间 ,飘荡着小小的古老的日本,构成
了一道吸引人的风景,恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。

27.
千字比十字只多一小撇,不是差不多嘛?

The
character


differs
from


in
merely
having
one
additional short stroke. Aren

t they about the same?
28
,我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿,还没有顾得上呢。
(新儿女英雄传)

We
haven

t
had
time,
we

ve
been
too
busy
with
chicken
feather
and onion skin affairs, with light trivial matters!
29

“八字没有一撇呢



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Not even the first stroke of the character

is in sight.
30
、三个人品字式坐了,随便谈了几句(子夜)

The three men sat down facing each other and began casually
chatting. (
许孟雄、
A. C. Barnes

)


2


归化和异化


翻译的归化
/
异化(
domesticating translation and
foreignizing
translation
)是在
1995
年由美国学者
L.
Venuti
(文
努迪)所提出的,
Venuti
十分欣赏布朗绍 的名言:“翻译是纯粹的
差异游戏:翻译总得涉及差异,也掩饰差异,同时又偶尔显露差异,
甚 至经常突出差异。这样,翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他
看来,差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二 :首先,长久以来,翻译的讨
论被遮蔽了,
它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位,差异非
但没有活现,反而处于融化的过程之中。其次,英国和

英语
< br>的价值
标准,
在战后形成了全球性的优势,
从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。
这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的
外语文本。
正 是在这样一种背景下,
归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口
味,总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化 、意识形态的规范对译入文
本进行调整,
弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄,
成为殖民 者进行文
化殖民的工具。(参见
Venuti 1992





归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译,
在这
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类翻译中,翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖,译者为之隐形,不同< br>文化之间的差异也被掩盖,
目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化
价值观,原文的陌生 感已被淡化,译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理
论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的 殖民和征
服的共谋,是文化霸权主义的表现。所以,
Venuti
提倡异化的翻译策略。
根据这一策略,
译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自
强势文化的羁 绊。
异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译,
它并不能提高
译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson
认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻
译相关联,
只是没有直译那么极端 ,
因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守
原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义,但却坚持要保留原味。< br>(参见王
东风,
2002

26
)在异化翻译中,新的东西可 能会加进去,从而达到
凸现译者的身份,
提高翻译的地位,
并且对翻译的文化霸权进行 有力
的回击。



归化策略
(domesticating method)
归化是采用民族中心主义态度,是外语文本符合译语 的文化价值观,
把原作者带入译语文化。

译者在翻译的时候,
心中既要想着 原作及原作作者,
尽可能的把原文
的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;
同时,
译者还要想着译文的读
者,翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。

例如:

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Love me, love my dog.
a lion in the way
lick one

s boots
Diamond cuts diamond
A flash in a pan

爱屋及乌。


拦路虎

拍马屁


棋逢对手


昙花一现


风烛残年

雨后春笋

Have one foot in the grave
To grow like mushrooms
One boy is a boy

two boys half a boy

three boys nobody

一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。

练习:

请用“归化”的翻译方法,翻译下面几句话:


Lead a dog's life



Jack of all trades



A drowned rat

Let the cat out of the bag.

Every dog has his day.

Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really
glad that they're met with misfortune.

Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.

Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.

The gravy train is just not for me.

George
Washington
adopted
a
Fabian
policy
during
the
war
of
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Independence.

采取归化策略进行翻译时,以下几种汉语成语不宜使用:

映中华民族特殊习俗的

如:“拂袖而去”;“腰缠万贯”;“罄竹难书”等

有汉字特征的

如:“目不识丁”;“八字没一撇”等

含有中国地名的

如:“稳如泰山”;“黔驴技穷”;“夜郎自大”;“洛阳纸贵”等

含有中国人名的

如:“名落孙山”;“江郎才尽”;“事后诸葛亮”等.

异化策略
(foreignizing method)
异化是指对文化价值观的 偏离主义的压力下,
接受外语文本的语言及
文化差异,把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心, 就是尽量传译原
文的
“异质因素”

具体说来,
就是要尽量传达原作 的异域文化特色,
异语语言形式,以及作者的异常写作手法。



异化可以在语音层上出现。例如:

ballet
译作“芭蕾舞”

cigar
译作“雪茄”

laser
过去译成“莱塞”,现译作“镭射”、“激光”

目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉
OK
”等。



异化可以在词语层出现。例如:

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crocodile tears
”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”


an olive branch
”译作“橄榄枝”


sour grapes
”译作“酸葡萄”


the cold war
”译作“冷战”等等。



异化可以在句子结 构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公
认的佳译,其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”

例如:在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中,波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信
哈姆雷特时说:


You speak like a green girl

Ungifted in such perilous
circumstance
.”

朱生豪将其译为:
“你讲的话完全 像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不
懂事的女孩子。”

异化揭示了深层含义,
又再现了原文的表层形式,
一方面丰富和完善
了汉语的表达力,使表达意思的手段更准确,更 多样化;另一方面,
也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。

练习:

请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。


Armed to teeth

Meet one's Waterloo

Dark horse

Crocodile tears

Ivory tower
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He looked cool in his new clothes.

This is the last supper in our college life.

The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the
husband found a better job.

The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed
these Wall Streeters.

The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the
emperor's new clothes.


十种翻译技巧


了解完四种翻译方法后,我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技 巧,




(repetition)



(amplification)




(omission)
,词类转换法
(conversion)
,词序调整法
(inversion)

拆译法
(division)
,合译法(
combination

,正说反译和反说正译法
(negation)
,语态变换法
(voice
changes)
,引申法(
extensio n
)和
句子成分转译法。

1
重复法
(repetition)
重复法
(repetitio n)
是在翻译中,
为了使译文忠实于原文并且产
生意义明确,文字通顺、流畅,符合目 的语习惯的文字,而将某一部
分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。

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例子:

1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the
street,
the
ordinary
man
in
the
market
and
look
at
their
mouth,
how
they
speak,
and
translate
that
way;
then
they

ll
understand
and see that you

re speaking to them in German.
(重复谓语
动词)

你一定要问一问家庭主妇们,
问一问街头玩耍的 孩子,
问一问集
市上做买卖的百姓,听听他们说些什么,他们如何说,你就如何译;
这 样他们就会理解,就会明白:你是在用德语和他们讲话。

2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (
重复宾语
)
我们必须分析问题,解决问题。

3.
Ignorance
is
the
mother
of
fear
as
well
as
of
admiration.
(
重复省略的部分
)
无知是畏惧之源,羡慕之根。

4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (
指代内
容的重复
)
但我们仍有不足,而且是很大的不足。

5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which
is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (
指代内容的重复
)
那条狗在追着那只猫,
而猫又在追着 一只老鼠,
老鼠的嘴里衔着
一块奶酪。

6.
判断我们各方面工作的是非得失,归根到底,要以是否有利
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于发展社会主义的生产力,
是否有利于增强我国的综合国力,
是否有
利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。

In
the
final
analysis,
the
criterion
for
judging
the
success
or failure of
our work
in
various
fields
is
whether
it
helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society,
to
strengthen
the
overall
capacity
of
the
country
and
to
improve
the people

s living standards.
7.

I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都
出故障(重复名词)

8.

The
three
most
important
effects
of
an
electric
current
are
heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。

9.

Alternating
stress
not
only
varies
in
magnitude
but
also
in
direction.

交变应力不仅大小不同,而且方向不同。

10

But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness,
his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完,说他懒惰,说他粗
心,并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。

11,
Sleep is most graceful in an infant soundest ,in one who
has been tired in the open air; completest ,to the sea man
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after
a
hard
voyage
;
most
welcome
,to
the
mind
haunted
with
one idea most touching to look at ,in the parent that has
wept
;lightest
,in
the
playful
child
;
proudest
,in
the
bride
abored .

婴儿的睡眠,最为优美;经过一番户外劳作,疲惫不堪的人的睡
眠,最为酣畅;
在艰苦航程之后的水手的睡眠,最为圆满;为某
种意念所苦的人,对睡眠最为欢迎;哭泣后的母亲的 睡眠,最为
动人;一个顽皮小孩的睡眠,最为轻松;一个深受爱慕的新娘的
睡眠,最为骄傲。< br>


2
增词法
(amplification)

在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂,
或是为了行文生动,
更符合目的
与的语言习惯 而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括
性词语和代词的做法叫增词法
(ampl ification)



1. The subsequent generations of this family grew
impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too
many
gifts
to
opera
girls,
all
of
which
led
to
their
losing
face
and their property.
参考译文:在接下来的几代中,因为遭遇旱灾,被 人勒索,再加上
给优伶的封赏太多,这个家族便最终资财耗尽,风光不再了。

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2, The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the
ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.
参考译文:男人们穿着深色的袍裙,蹲坐在那里,嘴里总是叼着烟。

3,
His
consideration
of
the
Bible
with
the
language
of
ordinary
people and his consideration of translation in terms of
focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his
translation.
他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经,注重为目的语和目的语文本
的读者考虑,这两点在他的翻译 中很关键。


4,
This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be
one of the best.

尽管有种种不周全之处,
这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之
一。

5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花满院盛开。

6.
Reading
makes
a
full
man;
conference
a
ready
man;
writing
an exact man.

读书使人充实
,
讨论使人机智
,
写作使人严谨。

7.
不要重复叶公好龙那个故事,讲了多少年的社会主义,临到
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社会主义跑来找他,她又害怕起来了。(《毛泽东选集》,第五卷)

The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should
not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for
years
and
then
suddenly
turn
pale
when
socialism
comes
knocking
at the door.

8, Day after day he came to his work
——
sweeping, scrubbing,
cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地,擦桌椅,清理房间。

9,
一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三人帮。

A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an
able man needs the help of three other persons.
Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an
able man succeed.
10,
三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。

Three
cobblers
with
their
wits
combined
equal
Zhuge
liang
the master mind.

3
省略法
(omission)

省略法
(omissio n)
是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯,
将一
些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义 省去的翻译方法,
而原文的意义
并未因此受到任何损失。

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1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed.
Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or
to the doctor

s for a checkup, she felt relief.
她无法抉择,
心情压抑,
而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送 到诊所接
受检查,她就会有一种轻松感。

2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a
hunch-and- crouch pose in imitation of the natives.
鲁珀特年龄小,
双膝柔韧,
学着当地人的样子,
弓背缩身地跪坐着。

3.
Stainless
steel
possess
good
hardness
and
high
strength.

译文:不锈钢硬度大,强度高。

4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build
its cell wall.

青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。

5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud
of the ocean floor.

海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。

6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with
this year.
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今年,我们的装机容量增加了
30%


7.
在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。

We must avoid making mistakes in our work.
8,
质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。

A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative
charge, but a neutron has neither.
9. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his
shoulders.
他双手插进口袋,耸了耸肩。

10, Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

仓库重地,严禁吸烟。

11


匪军所至,杀戮人民,奸 淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所
不用其极。
Wherever
they
went,
they
massacred
and
raped,
burned
and looted, and stopped at nothing.
12,
前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。


Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind

will not
produce cadres.
13,
我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。

Our
Party
has
put
an
end
to
the
social
unrest
and
up
heaval
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of that time.
14,
这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。

《毛泽东选
集》三卷,
779
页)

What are
these people
after? They
are
after
fame and
position and want to be in the limelight.

4
词类转换法
(conversion)

词类转换法
(conversion)
是基于两种语言习惯的不同,
在翻译中
保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。

1.
Maya
Angelou
returned
to
America
in
1964,
with
the
intention of
helping Malcolm build his new Organization of
African American Unity.
玛雅

安琪露于
1964
年返回美国,
打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一
个非裔美籍人联合会。

2.
Shortly
after
her
arrival

in
the
United
States,
Malcolm
was
assassinated,
and
his
plans
for
a
new
organization
died
with
him.
马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀,他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭
亡。

3.
His
(Dr.
Martin
Luther
King,
Jr.)
assassination
,
falling
on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated
(蹂躏,破坏;使
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荒废)
.
1968
年她生日那天,小马丁路德金被人暗杀,她痛不欲生。

4.
There
is
a
popular
belief
among parents that
schools
are
no
longer interested in spelling.




译文:学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。


5. He was
popular
among young people.


译文:他在年轻人中很受欢迎。




6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those
patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of
its potential outcome.

译文:
给我们留下极深印象的是:
即便那些没有被告知其病情的
病人对其疾病的潜在后 果也非常清楚。

7.

学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and
physically.
(
名词转副词
)

8.

由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的
增强。

Thanks
to
the
introduction
of
our
reform
and
opening
policy,
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库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute


库仑力-institute



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