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时态:
【注】
构成时态的助动词
be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will
等需根据主语的变化来选择。
时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,
它表示不 同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发
生或存在的方式。
动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、
将来和过去将来四种形式
(即时)
,
动作发生的方式可分为一般、 完成、进行和完成进行四种形式(即体)。将时间形式和动
作方式结合起来,就构成了以下
一
般
现在一般时
do
完
成
现在完成时
have done
过去完成时
had done
将来完成时
will have done
进
行
现在进行时
is doing
过去进行时
was doing
将来进行时
will be doing
完
成
进
行
现在完成进行时
have been doing
过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来完成进行时
will have been
doing
现
在
过
去
过去一般时
did
将
来
将来一般时
will do
过去将
来
过去将来一般
时
would do
过去将来完成
时
would have
done
过去将来进行时
would be doing
过去将来完成进
行时
would have been
doing
英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。
英语中的时态共有十六种,
要
掌握英语的时态和语态,必须掌握好英语中的助动词
(do, be, have)
和时间状语这
两个核心问题。
可以看出“时”的变化体现在助动词上,“体”的变化体现在
助动词及动词上。
(
1
)一般现在时
基本形式(以
do
为例):
第三人称单数:
does
(主语为非第三人称单数);
肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;
He
works
for
us.
否定句:主语+
don‘t/doesn't
+动词原形+其他;
He
doesn't
work
for
us.
一般疑问句:
Do/Does
+主语+动词原形+其他。
肯定回答:
Yes
,(+
主语+
do/does
).
否定 回答:
No
,(+主语+
don't/doesn't.
)
特殊疑问句:疑问词
+
一般疑问句语
Does
he
work
for
us?
Yes,
he
does.
No,
he
doesn't
What
does
he
do
for
us?
He
works
for
us.
(
2
)一般过去时
be
动词+行为动词的过去式
否定句式:在行为动词前加
didn ‘t
,同时还原行为动词,
或
was
/
were
+
not
;
was
或
were
放于句首;用助动词
do
的过去式
did
提问,同时还
原行为动词
例如:
Did
he
work
for
us?
He
didn't
work
for
us.
He
worked
for
u
s.
(
3
)一般将来时
am
/
are
/
is
+
going
to
+
do
或
will
/
shall
+
do
am/is/are/about
to
+
do
am/is/are
to
+
do;
一般将来时的表达方法
be
going
to
+
动词原形
be
+
不定式
,be
to+
动词原形
,be
about
to
+动词原形
be
able
to
+
不定式
be
about
to+
动词原形
will
+
动词原形;
例如:
He
is
going
to
work
for
us.
He
will
work
for
us
;
He
is
coming.
这是特殊的用一般现在时
表达
将来时态
的例子!!
(4)
过去将来时
be
(
was
,
were
)
going
to+
动词原形
be
(
was
,
were
)
about
to+
动词原形
be
(
was
,
were
)
to+
动词原形
肯定句:主语
+be
(
was
,
were
)
going
to+
动词原形~
.
< br>否定句:主语
+be
(
was
,
were
)
not
going
to+
动词原形~
.
疑问句:
Be
(
Was
,
Were
)
+< br>主语
+going
to+
动词原形~?
肯定句:主语
+would
(
should
)
+
动词原形~
.
否定句:主语
+would
(
should
)
not+
动词原形~
.
疑问句:
Would
(
Should
)
+
主语
+
动词原形~?
He
would
work
for
us.
(5)
现在进行时
主语
+be+
〔 现在分词〕形式
(
其中
v
表示动词
)
表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。
例如:
I
am
buying
a
book.
第一人称
+am+doing+sth
第二人称
+are+doing
+sth
(
doing
是泛指所有的
v-ing
形式)
第三人称
+is+doing+sth
例:
He
is
working.
(6)
过去进行时
肯定句:主语
+was/were+doing+
其它
否定句:主语
+was/were+not+doing+
其它
一般疑问句及答语:
Was/Were+
主语
+doing+
其它
;答语:
Yes,I
主语
+was /were.
/No,I
主语
+wasn't/weren't.
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+was/were+
主语
+ doing+
其它
He
was
working
when
he
was
alive.
(7)
将来进行时
主语
+will
+
be
+
现在分词
He
will
be
working
for
us.=He
will
work
for
us.
(8)
过去将来进行时
should(would)+be+
现在分词
He
said
that
he
would
be
working
for
us.=He
said
that
he
would
work
for
u
s.
(9)
现在完成时
基本结构:主语
+have/has+
过去分词
(done)
①肯定句:主语
+have/has+
过去分词
+
其他
②否定句:主语
+have/has+not+
过去 分词
+
其他
③一般疑问句:
Ha ve/Has+
主语
+
过去分词
+
其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+
一般疑问句(
have/ has+
主语
+
过去分词
+
其他
He
has
worked
for
us
for
ten
years.
Has
he
worked
for
us
for
ten
years.
(10)
过去完成时
基本结构:主语
+had+
过去分词
(done)
①肯定句:主语
+had+
过去分词
+
其他
②否定句:主语
+had+not+
过去分词
+
其他
③一般疑问句:
Had+
主语
+
过 去分词
+
其他
肯定回答:
Yes,
主语
+had
否定回答:
No,
主语
+hadn't
< br>④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+
一般疑问句(
had+
主语
+< br>过去分词
+
其他)
语法判定
:
(
1
)
by
+
过去的时间点。如:
I
had
finished
reading
the
novel
by
nine
o'clock
last
night.
(
2
)
by
the
end
of
+
过去的时间点。如:
We
had
learnt
over
two
thousand
English
words
by
the
end
of
last
term.
(
3
)
before
+
过去的时间点。如:
They
had
planted
six
hundred
trees
before
last
Wednesday.
(11)
将来完成时
(
shall
)
will+have+
动词过去分词
before+
将来时间或
by+
将来时间
before
或
by
the
time
引导的现在时的从句
He
will
have
worked
for
us.=He
will
work
for
us.
(12)
过去将来完成时
should
/
would
have
done
sth.
He
said
that
he
would
have
worked
for
us.=He
said
that
he
would
work
for
us.
(13)
现在完成进行时
基本与现在完成时相同,但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念
have/has
been
+-ing
分词
He
has
been
working
for
us
for
ten
years.=He
has
worked
for
us
for
ten
yea
rs.
(14)
过去完成进行时
had
been
+-ing
分词
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