fly电气专业中英文翻译

2021年1月21日发(作者：mosh)

The report concludes





The report mainly collected from the

power transmission and power system requirements
related to the content of these two


areas, and analyze, to understand some of the relevant knowledge.

Page2 Electrical Energy Transmission
（电能输送）

1 English text


From reference 1

Growing
populations
and
industrializing
countries
create
huge
needs
for
electrical
energy.
Unfortunately, electricity is not always


used
in
the
same
place
that
it
is
produced,
meaning
long-distance
transmission
lines
and
distribution systems are necessary. But


transmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss.
So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce
resource consumption while


delivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver
electrical energy more efficiently


and change consumer habits.
Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which
create three types of energy loss:
the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example);
magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field;
the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material.
The
Joule
effect
in
transmission
cables
accounts
for
losses
of
about
2.5
%
while
the
losses
in
transformers range between 1 % and


2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical
energy produced by a power


plant
of
1
000
megawatts
means
transmitting
10
MW
more
to
consumers,
which
is
far
from
negligible: with the same energy we can


supply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes.
Changing
consumer
habits
involves
awareness-raising
programmers,
often
undertaken
by
governments or activist groups. Simple


things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not
just putting it into standby




mode),
or
setting
tasks
such
as
laundry
for
non-peak
hours
are
but
a
few
examples
among
the
myriad of possibilities.
On
the
energy
production
side,
building
more
efficient
transmission
and
distribution
systems
is
another way to go about it. High


efficiency transformers, superconducting transformers and high temperature superconductors are
new technologies which promise


much
in
terms
of
electrical
energy
efficiency
and
at
the
same
time,
new
techniques
are
being
studied. These include direct current


and ultra high voltage transmission in both alternating current and direct current modes.
Keywords: electrical energy

transmission
From reference 2
Disturbing loads like arc furnaces and thyristor rectifiers draw fluctuating and harmonic currents
from the utility grid. These non


sinusoidal currents cause a voltage drop across the finite internal grid impedance, and the voltage
waveform in the vicinity becomes


distorted. Hence, the normal operation of sensitive consumers is jeopardized.
Active filters are a means to improve the power quality in distribution networks. In order to reduce
the injection of non sinusoidal


load currents shunt active filters are connnected in parallel to disturbing loads (Fig. 1). The active
filter investigated in this project


consists of a PWM controlled three-level VSI with a DC link VSI is connected to
the point of common coupling via a


transformer. The configuration is identical with an advanced static var compensator.
The purpose of the active filter is to compensate transient and harmonic components of the load
current so that only fundamental


frequency components remain in the grid current. Additionally, the active filter may provide the
reactive power consumed by the


load.
The
control
principle
for
the
active
filter
is
rather
straightforward:
The
load
current
ismeasured, the fundamental active


component is removed from the measurement, and the result is used as the reference for the VSI
output current.
In
the
low
voltage
grid,
active
filters
may
use
inverters
based
on
IGBTs
with
switching
frequencies of 10 kHz or more. The harmonics




produced
by
those
inverters
are
easily
suppressed
with
small
passive
filters.
The
VSI
can
be
regarded nearly as an ideally controllable


voltage source. Inmedium voltage applications with power ratings of several MV
A, however, the
switching frequen
cy of today’s VSIs


is
limited
to
some
hundred
Hertz.
Modern
high
power
IGCTs
can
operate
at
around
1
kHz.
Therefore, large passive filters are needed


in order to remove the current ripple generated by the VSI. Furthermore, in fast control schemes
the VSI no longer represents an


ideal
voltage
source
because
the
PWM
modulator
produces
a
considerable
dead-time.
In
this
project a fast dead-beat algorithm for


PWM
operated
VSIs
is
developed
[1].This
algorithm
improves
the
load
current
tracking
performance and the stability of the active


filter. Normally, for a harmonics free current measurement the VSI current
would
be
sampled
synchronously
with
the
tips
of
the
triangular
carriers.
Here,
the
current
acquisition is shifted in order to minimize


the delays in the control loop. The harmonics now included in themeasurement can be calculated
and subtracted from the VSI


current. Thus, an instantaneous current estimation free of harmonics is obtained.
Keywords: active filters
From reference 3
This
report
provides
background
information
on
electric
power
transmission
and
related
policy
issues. Proposals for changing federal


transmission policy before the 111th Congress include S. 539, the Clean Renewable Energy and
Economic Development Act,


introduced on March 5, 2009; and the March 9, 2009, majority staff transmission siting draft of
the Senate Energy and Natural


Resources Committee. The policy issues identified and discussed in this report include:
Federal
Transmission
Planning:
several
current
proposals
call
for
the
federal
government
to
sponsor and supervise large scale, on-

going transmission planning programs. Issues for Congress to consider are the objectives of the
planning process (e.g., a focus on




supporting
the
development
of
renewable
power
or
on
a
broader
set
of
transmission
goals),
determining how much authority new


interconnection-wide
planning
entities
should
be
granted,
the
degree
to
which
transmission
planning needs to consider non-

transmission solutions to power market needs, what resources the
executive agencies will need to oversee the planning process, and whether the benefits for projects
included in the transmission


plans (e.g., a federal permitting option) will motivate developers to add unnecessary features and
costs to qualify proposals for the


plan.
Permitting of Transmission Lines:

a contentious issue is whether the federal government should
assume from the states the primary


role in permitting new transmission lines. Related issues include whether Congress should view
management and expansion of the


grid as primarily a state or national issue, whether national authority over grid reliability (which
Congress established in the Energy


Policy Act of 2005) can be effectively exercised without federal authority over permitting, if it is
important to accelerate the


construction of new transmission lines (which is one of the assumed benefits of federal permitting),
and whether the executive


agencies are equipped to take on the task of permitting transmission lines.
Transmission
Line
Funding
and Cost Allocation:
the
primary
issues
are
whether
the
the
federal
government should help pay for new


transmission lines, and if Congress should establish a national standard for allocating the costs of
interstate transmission lines to


ratepayers.
Transmission
Modernization
and
the
Smart
Grid:
issues
include
the
need
for
Congressional
oversight of existing federal smart grid


research, development, demonstration, and grant programs; and oversight over whether the smart
grid is actually proving to be a




good investment for taxpayers and ratepayers.
Transmission System Reliability: it is not clear whether Congress and the executive branch have
the information needed to evaluate


the reliability of the transmission system. Congress may also want to review whether the power
industry is striking the right balance


between modernization and new construction as a means of enhancing transmission reliability, and
whether the reliability standards


being developed for the transmission system are appropriate for a rapidly changing power system.
Keywords: electric power transmission

Page3 Requirements of an Electric Supply System(
供电系统需求
)
1 English text
From reference1
Connections to external 330 kV power grids are provided using an open 330 kV switchyard. The
plant is connected to the


Lithuanian
power
grid
using
two
transmission
lines
L-454
and
L-453,
330
kV
each,
to
the
Belorussian power grid using three


transmission lines L-450, L-452 and L-705, and to the Latvian power grid using one transmission
line L-451.
Connections to external power grids at 110 kV are provided using the first section of the open 110
kV switchyard. The plant is


connected to the Lithuanian power grid using one transmission line “Zarasai” 110 kV
, and to the
Latvian power grid using one


transmission line L-632.

Connections
between
the
open
switchyards
at
330
kV
and
110
kV
are
established
using
two
coupling autotransformers AT-1 and


AT-2, types ATDCTN- 200000/330. Power of each autotransformer is equal to 200 MV×
A. The
autotransformers have a device for


voltage regulation under load. The device type is RNOA-110/1000. 15 positions are provided to
regulate voltage in a range (115 ±



6) kV
.
The
open
330
kV
switchyard
is
designed
using

principle
(four
circuit
breakers
per
three
connections) and consists of two




sections. Circuit breakers are placed in two rows. The first section of the open switchyard 110 kV
is designed using “Double system


of buses with bypass” structure. The second section of open switchyard 110 kV is connected to the
first section through two


circuit
breakers
C101
and
C102.
The
second
section
has
the
same
design
as
the
first
one.
The
following transmission lines are


connected
to
the
second
section:
L-Vidzy,
L-Opsa,
L-Statyba,
LDuk
?tas.
These
transmission
lines are intended for district power


supplies, so they are not essential for electric power supply for the plant in-house operation.
Air circuit breakers of VNV-330/3150A type are used in the open 330 kV switchyard. Air circuit
breakers of VVBK-110B-50/3150U1


type are used in open switchyard 110 kV
. To supply power loads on voltage level 330 kV and 110
kV
, aerial transmission lines are


used. Electrical connections of external grids 110 and 330 kV are presented in Fig. 8.1.
Keywords: transmission lines
From reference 2
Abstract
This paper addresses sustainability criteria and the associated indicators allowing
operationalization of the sustainability concept in the context of electricity supply. The criteria and
indicators cover economic,


environmental
and
social
aspects.
Some
selected
results
from
environmental
analysis,
risk
assessment and economic studies are


shown.
These
studies
are
supported
by
the
extensive
databases
developed
in
this
work.
The
applications of multi- criteria analysis


demonstrate
the
use
of
a
framework
that
allows
decision-makers
to
simultaneously
address
the
often conflicting socio-economic and


ecological
criteria.
“EnergyGame”,
the
communication
-oriented
software
recently
developed
by
the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI),


provides
the
opportunity
to
integrate
the
central
knowledge- based
results
with
subjective
value
judgments. In this way a sensitivity


map
of
technology
choices
can
be
constructed
in
an
interactive
manner.
Accommodation
of
a
range of perspectives expressed in




the energy debate, including the concept of sustainable development, may lead to different internal
rankings of the options but


some patterns appear to be relatively robust.
Introduction
The public, opinion leaders and decision-makers ask for clear answers on issues concerning the
energy sector and electricity


generation in particular. Is it feasible to phase out nuclear power in countries extensively relying
on nuclear electricity supply and


simultaneously
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions?
What
are
the
environmental
and
economic
implications of enhanced uses of


cogeneration
systems,
renewable
sources
and
heat
pumps?
How
do
the
various
energy
carriers
compare with respect to accident


risks?
How
would
internalization
of
external
costs
affect
the
relative
competitiveness
of
the
various means of electricity production?


What can we expect from the prospective technological advancements during the next two or three
decades? Which systems or


energy mixes come closest to the ideal of being cheap, environmentally clean, reliable and at the
same time exhibit low accident


risks?
How can we evaluate and rank the current and future energy supply options with respect to their
performance on specific


sustainability criteria?
The Swiss GaBE Project on “Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Systems” provides answers to
many issues in the Swiss and


international
energy
arena.
A
systematic,
multidisciplinary,
bottom- up
methodology
for
the
assessment of energy systems, has been


established
and
implemented.
It
covers
environmental
analysis,
risk
assessment
and
economic
studies, which are supported by the


extensive databases developed in this work. One of the analysis products are aggregated indicators
associated with the various