什么无什么什么语用学总结

2021年1月21日发(作者：备忘录英文)























Summary of chapter 4




Presupposition is another kind of pragmatic inference which based more closely
on
the
actual
linguistic
structure
of
sentences.
There
are
two
things
we
should
pay
attention to. The first is that there is more literature on presupposition and the second
concerns the distinction between the ordinary usage of the word
its technical usage within linguistics.



About
the
nature
of
reference
and
referring
expression,
lots
of
scholars
put
forward their opinion. In elliptical discussion Frege raised maky issues that were later
to
become
central
to
discussion
of
presupposition.
Russell
argued
that
Frege's
view
led to anomalies, and he proposed instead his well-know theory of descriptions. Then
Strawson called the relation presupposition, and he held that it was a special species
of
pragmatic
inference,
distinct
from
logical
implication
or
entailment,
a
species
which
derives
from
conventions
about
the
use
of
referring
expressions.
Up
till
this
point
linguists
had
been
operating
with
one
crucial
semantic
relation
in
particular,
namely
entailment
or
logical
consequence.
In
1971,
Keenan
held
his
view
from
an
independent
and
distinct
class
of
pragmatic
inference
which
he
called
pragmatic
presuppositions,
which
are
best
described
as
a
relation
between
a
speaker
and
the
appropriateness of a sentence in a context.



Frege's
and
Strawson's
claim
that
presuppositions
are
preserved
in
negative
sentences or statements. And, presupposition seem
to
be tied to
particular words
or
aspects of surface structure in general. This presupposition- generating linguistic items
is called presupposition-trigger. We shall use this set of core phenomena to investigate
some further basic properties that presupposition exhibit.



If
we
examine
the
core
phenomena
listed
above
we
soon
find
that
actually
presupposition
do
exhibit
a
further
set
of
distinguishing
characteristics.
They
have
defeasibility
which
turns
out
to
be
one
of
the
crucial
properties
of
presuppositional
behavior
and
they
are
apparently
tied
to
particular
aspects
of
surface
structure.
In
addition,
there
is
another
problematic
property
known
as
the
projection
problem,
namely,
the
behavior
of
presuppositions
in
complex
sentence.
One
of
the
peculiar
things
about
presuppositions
is
that
they
are
liable
to
evaporate
in
certain
contexts