烦躁英语高考英语阅读理解猜测词义类的解题技巧

2021年1月21日发(作者：两星期)
高考英语阅读理解猜测词义类的解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解中的猜测词义类题可以分 为两种类型，一种是推测某个生词的具体含
义，是生词含义题；另一种是推测某个代词或词组在文中的指 代意义，是代词指称题。这两
种情况在解题方法上还是有一定的相似性和规律性的。下面是我们遇到猜测 词义题时一般的
解题步骤。


对于考察某个单词或短语或句子实际含义的题 ，首先要着眼单词或短语本身，分析单词
或短语的构成，分析其构词法，词根词缀，派生关系等信息，推 测它的大概含义。对于猜测
句子的含义，有时可以直接分析句子结构推测它的意义。

有些单词我们虽然不认识它的具体含义，但是他们往往含有一些表示具体意义的词缀，
特别是前缀能够帮 助我们猜测这个词的一部分含义，而后缀通常能够帮助我们理解词的派生
关系。高考英语中常见的前缀总 结如下：


前缀

含义

例子

anti-
反对，排斥

anti-war
ex-
之前的

ex-wife, ex-president
ex-
外面的

external, export
mis-
差的，坏的

misunderstand, mislead
over-
太多，过于

oversleep, overeat
re-
重复，回复

repeat, return, rewrite
under-
不足，不够

underestimate, undercooked
sub-
下面的

subway
in-,un-,dis-
不，没有

incorrect, disagree, unlike

根据构词法


阅读中常会 遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，
可利用构词法知识来推测其意
思。《教学大纲》已 经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应
被认定为生词。

1. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80
ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
分析：
anti-poison
是由
poison
加前缀
a nti-
构成的，
anti-
意思是
“
反对、排斥、抵抗

”
，由
此可猜出
anti- poison
是
“
解毒、抗毒
”
的意思。

2. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that
more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.
分析：
simplified
跟
simple
是同根词，带有
-ed
显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我< br>们采用了什么跟
“
简单
”
有关的汉字呢？不难想到是
“
简化的
”
汉字。


利用上下文语境线索

任何 一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，
都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。
利用上下文 提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一
大关键，这也是近年来高 考考查的热点。例如：

1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for
years-
since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was be
fore the Euro, so
we put pesetas
in.”

The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.

A. story


B. collection




C. inspiration



D. foreign coin
分析：本题正确答案为
D
。由原文中的
Euro
（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种
在欧元发行前使用的钱币。

2. In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the
world’s greatest mathematical 17
th
century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest
mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out
the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole
Polytechnique.
Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?

A. To encourage people to raise questions.

B. To cause difficulty in understanding.
C. To provide a person with an explanation.
D. To limit people’s imagination.

分析：
本题正确答案为
B
。

从短文中对
Fermat’s Last Theorem
一书的介绍中有
the theorem
had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds
一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词
baffled
和
beaten ,
意义相同，
加强语气，
从
beat
的本意就可以猜测出
b affled
为
“
使
（某人）
困惑，
难倒
”
。

3. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us
of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive.
Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could
depend on his own work.

42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______.

A. invitation to give a speech


B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers

D. chances to be a hero
分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的
“donation”
，他说他很感 谢人
们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出
donation
和后文的
offer
，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选
B
。

利用定义和解释性线索

阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生 词，往往在其后有对该词进行
解释方明性的短语或句子，如
to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other
words
等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示 。留心阅读就
可以断定它们的意思。例如：

1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of
the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
分析：根据句意，
maladies of the institutionalized< br>应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后面的
内容可得知其意为：
“
（老年）综合症< br>”
。

2. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (
军用物资
),while others
carried only passengers.
分析：
such as
后所列举物品均属
“货物
”
，由此推断
cargo
的意思与之相同，和后句中的
pa ssengers
形成对比。

3. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (
霉菌
)so that they can get penicillin (
青
霉素
)from it in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs.

分析：从
that is
后的解释可看出
antibiotics
是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。

4. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the
efficient development of fisheries.
分析：从
marine biology
后的同位语可知，
marine biology
是一门研究海洋动植物及其关
系的学科。

5.
－
Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter,
who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.
分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，
shoplifter
为在
“
商店里偷东西的人
”
。

利用因果关系

因果关系的语境，通常由
because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that…
等连词体现。

1. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.