aunt是什么意思计算机专业英语阅读材料

2021年1月21日发(作者：prominent)
计算机专业英语阅读材料

计算机英语（
1
）



Desktop Pattern
In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop
(the background
be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel.

桌面图案

在
Microsoft Windows 98
的图形用户界面中
,
一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸
(Wallpaper )
的图形图案
(
窗口、图标和对
话框后面的背景
),
屏幕背 景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时
,
从控制面板上选择显示方式。


计算机英语（
2
）



Federated Database
In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and
discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges
——
problems that are so complex
that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them
independently.



联合式数据库

在科学联网中
,
科 学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库
(
合作的一部分
)
。
联合 数据库是对种种重大挑战问题
(Grand Challenges)
的一种建议性的解决方案 ——这些问题太复杂
,
以致于超出单个科学家的能力
,
甚至单个研究所
都无法来单独解决它们。


计算机英语（
3
）



Collapse
When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the
outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory.

折叠

当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树
(
如在
Windo ws
资源管理器中
)
时
,
在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲
层或子目录的过程

。


计算机英语（
4
）


Collision
In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same
network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions.

冲突

在局域网
(LANs)
中
,
当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送
(
数据
)
时产生的错乱传输。网络拥
有防止冲突的方法。


计算机英语（
5
）



Shift key
A key that ,when pressed in combination with another key ,gives the other key an alternative meaning for
example ,producing an uppercase character when a letter key is pressed .The Shift key is also used in various key
combinations to create nonstandard characters and to perform special operations .Early IBM keyboards labeled the Shift
key only with a white arrow .Later keyboards label this key with the word Shift.

上档键
(
又译为换档键
)
当一个键与另一个键组合使用时
,
它可改变另一个键的含义
,
例如，在按下某个字母键时产生大写字母。上档键也可用在各种键组合中，以生成非标准字符和执行特殊操作。早期
IBM
键盘仅用一个白色箭 头标明换档键
,
后来的
键盘用
Shift
标明这个键。


计算机英语（
6
）



Shortcut
In Microsoft Windows 98,an icon that provides fast access to a program .A fter you create the shortcut ,you see the
program's icon on the desktop ,where you can start it quickly by double-clicking the icon.

快捷方式

在
Microsoft Windows 98
中提供的 对程序进行快速访问的图标。当你建立了快捷方式后
,
你在桌面上就看到了该
程序的图 标
,
通过双击图标你就可以迅速地启动该程序。


计算机英语（
7
）



Shortcut Key
A key combination that provides one-stroke access directly to a command or dialog box ,bypassing any intermediate
menus.

快捷键

是一组提供直接对命令或对话框一次敲击访问的键组合
,
绕过任何中间菜单。


计算机英语（
8
）



Signature
In electronic mail and UseNet newsgroups ,a brief file (of approximately t hree or four lines )that contains the message
sender's name ,organization ,address ,e-mail address ,and (optionally )telephone numbers .You can configure most s
ystems to add this file automatically at the end of each message you send .Ne tiquette advises against long ,complicated
signatures ,especially when posting to UseNet .In virus-protection utilities ,program code identifiable as belongi ng to a
known virus.

签名

在电子邮件和
UseNet
新闻组中
,< br>包括消息发送者的姓名、机构、地址、
e-mail
地址和
(
任选的< br>)
电话号码的简要文
件
(
大约
3
或
4
行
)
。你可将多数系统配置成在你所发送的每一条消息的最后自动加上这个文件。网上礼仪建 议不
要有太长太复杂的签名
,
特别是当邮送到
UseNet
时更是这 样。在病毒保护实用程序中
,
当病毒已知时
,
程序码是可
以识别的。


计算机英语（
9
）



Wait state
A microprocessor clock cycle in which nothing occurs .A wait state is programmed into a computer system to allow
other components ,such as random-access memory (RAM) ,to catch up with the central processing unit (CPU) .The
number of wait states depends on the speed of the processor in relation to the speed of memory .Wait states can be
eliminated
—
resulting in a
—
by using fast (but expensive )cache memory ,interleaved
memory ,page-mode RAM ,or static RAM chips.

等待状态

微处理器不执行任何动作的时钟周期。 等待状态编入计算机系统中
,
以使其他部件
(
如随机
RAM)
跟上
CPU
的速
度。等待状态的次数取决于与存储器速度相关的处理器速度。通过使 用快速
(
但昂贵
)
的高速缓冲存储器、交错存
取存储器、页面式RAM
或静态
RAM
芯片
,
等待状态可消除
,
从而产生“零等待状态”机。


计算机英语（
10
）



Portal
A Web site that serves as a gateway to the Internet .A portal which may be a search engine or a directory web page is a
collection of links ,content , and services designed to guide users to information they are likely to find interesting
—
news , weather , entertainment , commerce sites , chat rooms , and so on .
Yahoo! ,Excite , ,Infoseek ,AOL ,Lycos and Netscape NetCenter are examples of portals .A web page is the
starting point for web surfing .

门户

一种
Web
站点< br>,
其作用是相当于
Internet
入网的网关。门户可能是一种搜索引擎或目 录网页
,
是链路、内容和服务
的总称
,
旨在将用户引导到他们很可能 感兴趣的信息——消息、天气、娱乐、商业站点、聊天室等等。
Yahoo!
、
Exi cte
、

、
Infoseek
、
AOL
、
Lycos
以及
Netscape NetCenter
等即为门户的实例。一个网 页是
Web
浏览
的起始点。

计算机英语（
11
）



Packet Internet Groper (PING)
A program used to test whether a particular network destination is online ,by sending an Internet control message
protocol (ICMP) echo request and waiting for a response .(Also called packet internet gopher).

包因特网查询工具
(PING)
用于通过发送一个
Intern et
控制消息协议
(ICMP)
回送请求并等待应答来测试一个特定网络目的地是否联 机的一
种程序。也称作包因特网
gopher
工具。


计算机英语（
12
）



Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
A style sheet mechanism that has been specifically developed for Web page designers and users .Style sheets describe
how documents are presented on screens ,in print ,and even in spoken voice. Style sheets allow the user to change the
appearance of hundreds of Web pages by changing just one file .A style sheet is made up of rules that tell a browser how
to present a document .Numerous properties may be defined for an element each property is given a value.

层叠样式表
(CSS)
专门为
Web
网 页设计者和用户开发的一种样式表机制。样式表描述了文件怎样显示在屏幕上
,
怎样被打印出来
,
甚至怎样用语言说出来。样式表允许用户通过仅更改一个文件来改变数百个
Web< br>页的外观。一个样式表由许多
告诉浏览器怎样表示一个文件的规则组成。可以为一个元素确定许多 特性
;
每个特性给出一个值。

计算机英语（
13
）



Y2K
The year that many computers may develop problems because of lack of foresight on the part of programmers .In the
1980s and before ,most computer programs were designed to store only the last two digits of the years on all
dates .When the Year 2000 comes ,these programs will show dates of 00,which maybe interpreted the same as
discrepancy may cause widespread problems ,especially in the large computer systems used in government and big
industries.

两千年问题

由于程序员方面缺乏预见性而造成许多计算机可能出现问题的一年。在
80
年代以及之前
,
大多数计算机程序被设
计成在所有日期上 只存储年份的最后两位数字。
当
2000
年到来时
,
这些程序将显示 日期
00,
这可能得到与
1900
年
相同的解释。这种不一致性可能 会引起普遍的问题
,
特别是在政府和大工业部门使用的大型计算机系统中。


计算机英语（
14
）



Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
HTML documents with dynamic content the three components of DHTML pages are HTML ,JavaScript ,and cascading
style sheets .The three components are tied together with DOM ,the Document Object Model.

动态
HTML
文件

(DHTML)
含有动态内容的HTML
文档
;DHTML
页面的三个组成部分为
HTML
、< br>JavaScript
和层叠样式表。这三个部分与
DOM(
文档对象模型)
联结在一起。


计算机英语（
15
）



Gopher
A document retrieval system from the University of Minnesota .Through Gopher ,a user can access files from many
different computers by looking through hierarchical menus to find specific topics .A document may be a
text ,sound ,image ,or other type file .A program called Jughead can be used to search for topics found within Gopher
files .Gopher sites can now be accessed through the World Wide Web.

Gopher
工具

明尼苏达 大学的一个文档检索系统。
通过
Gopher
工具软件
,
用户可通过 浏览分级菜单查找具体主题而从许多不同
的计算机中访问文件。文档可以是文本、声音、图像或其它类型 文件。可用一种称为
Jughead (Jonzy's Universal
Gopher Hierarchy Excavation and Display
的缩写
)
的程 序来检索在
Gopher
文件内发现的主题。
现在
Gopher
网址 可
通过
WWW
访问。


计算机英语（
16
）



Quality Assurance
A system of procedures carried out to ensure that a product or a system adheres or conforms to established
standards .Also called quality control.
质量保证

是为了确保一种产品或一种系统依附 或符合已建立的标准而实施的一种系统过程
,
也称为质量控制。


计算机英语（
17
）



Quality of Service
Generally ,the handling capacity of a system or service the time interval between request and delivery of a product or
service to the client or customer .In computer technology ,the guaranteed throughput (data transter rate) level.
服务质量
(QoS)

通常
,
指一个系统 或服务的处理能力。从提出请求到向用户或客户提交一种产品或服务之间的时间间隔。在计算
机技术中< br>,
指所保证的吞吐
(
数据传输率
)
水平。


计算机英语（
18
）



Query
In database management ,a search question that tells the program what kind of data should be retrieved from the
database .An effective database management system lets you retrieve only the information you need for a specific
purpose .A query specifies the characteristics (criteria) used to guide the computer to the required information.
查询

在数据库管理中
,< br>告诉程序应从数据库检索何种数据的一种检索问题。一个有效的数据库管理系统使你仅检索特
定目 标的信息。查询规定了用来引导计算机至所需要信息的特征
(
条件
)
。


计算机英语（
19
）


Query By Example (QBE)
In database management programs ,a query technique ,developed by IBM for use in the QBE program ,that prompts you
to type the search criteria into a template resembling the data record .The advantage of query-by-example retrieval is that
you don
’
t need to learn a query language to frame a query .When you start the search ,the program presents a screen that
lists all the data fields that appear on every data record enter information that restricts the search to just the specified
criteria .The fields lift bland ,however ,will match anything.
按例查询


在数据库管理程序中
,
由
IBM
开发的用于
QBE
程序的一种查询技术
,提示你将检索条件键入一个类似的数据记录
的模板中。按例查询检索的优点在于你不需要学习查询语 言来构建查询。当你开始检索时
,
程序便展示出一个屏
幕
,
列出出现 在每个数据记录中的数据段
;
输入将检索限制在仅为规定条件的信息。然而剩下的空白字段将可 匹配
任何内容。


计算机英语（
20
）


Query Language
In database management programs ,a retrieval and data-editing language you use to specify what information to retrieve
and how to arrange the retrieved information on-screen or when printing .The dot-prompt language of dBASE is a
full-fledged query language ,as is Structured Query Language (SQL) ,which is used for minicomputer and mainframe
databases and is growing in popularity in the world of personal computers .The ideal query language is a natural
language ,such as English.
查询语言

在数据库管理程序中
,
用来规定检索 何种信息以及屏幕上如何安排检索信息或何时打印的一种检索和数据编辑语
言。
dBASE的点提示符语言是非常成熟的查询语言
,
如结构化查询语言
(SQL),
这种语言用于小型机和大型机数据
库
,
并且正在个人机领域普及。理想的查询语言是自 然语言
,
如英语。

计算机英语（
21
）


ARPAnet
A wide area network (WAN) .A network that connected Department of Defense research sites across America. Created
in 1969 with funding from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) .Undergoing constant research and
development in the early-to mid-1970s,ARPAnet served as the test bed for the development of TCP/IP( the protocols
that make the Internet possible ).A Major goal of the ARPAnet project was to increase the military's command and
control capability by enabling communication across a variety of physically dissimilar media ,including satellites .An
allied goal was to create a robust network capable of withstanding outages ,such as those that might result from a nuclear
exchange .ARPAnet met these objectives ,but it also surprised its creators :It was found in short order that most
ARPAnet users preferred to use the network for communication ,such as electronic mail and discussion
groups .Initially ,the ARPAnet was available only to government research institutes and to universities holding
Department of Defense (DoD) research contracts .In 1983,ARPAnet was divided into a high-security military network
(Milnet )and an ARPAnet that was recast as a research and development network .Although it formed the foundation of
the Internet ,it was decommissioned in 1990.


ARPA
网
;
阿帕网

ARPAnet
系一种广域 网
(WAN),
一种连接整个美国的国防部研究机构的网络。
它是由美国高级研究规划 署
(ARPA)
提供资金
,
于
1969
年创建的。
ARPA
网作为开发
TCP/IP(
一种使互连网成为可能的协议
)
的试验台
,
在
70
年代的早
期到中期就进行了不断的研究和开发。< br>ARPA
网项目的主要目标是通过能够在各种实际不相似的媒介
(
包括卫星)
上进行通信来提高军事指挥与控制的能力。一个相关联的目标是建立一种能够耐受故障
(
诸如那些可能由核交换
导致的故障
)
的健壮网络。
ARPA
网满足了这些要求
,
但也令其创建者惊奇的是
,
立即就发现大多数
A RPA
网用户更
愿意将该网用于通信
,
如电子邮件和讨论组。最初
, ARPA
网仅用于政府研究机构和持有国防部研究合同的大学。
1983
年
, ARPA
网被分成高安全性军事网
(Milnet)
和作为一个研究和开发网络而重建 的
ARPA
网。尽管
ARPA
网
构成了因特网的基础
,但它最终于
1990
年退役。


计算机英语（
22
）

Artifact
An unwanted graphic ,usually small ,that remains on a screen after an image is distorted by a mistake ,omission ,or
limitation in graphics software or hardware .Artifacts may cause pixels to be dropped or to clump together .Other types
of artifacts occur when the quality of a videotape is poor (if metal particles flake off the tape ,for example )or when
decompression is faulty.



假象

由于错误、删除或图形软硬件中的局限性
,而使图像失真以后留存在屏幕上的一种不想要的图形
,
通常很小。假象
可能会造成 像素丢失或组合到一起。当录像带质量低劣
(
例如
,
如果金属粒子从磁带上脱 落
)
或当解压缩出现故障
时
,
就会出现其他类型的假象。


计算机英语（
23
）


Access Site
Location on a network where users can find data or programs .Each site has a unique name .For example ,at Washington
University State Library ,there is an archive database stored on a particular computer .It can be accessed by someone
who has logged onto the Internet and entered the name
can each retrieve the files they need from the database .A site
’
s address generally says something about what kind of
organization is offering the data.



访问站点

网络上的位置
,
用户可从那里找到数据或程序 。每个站点都有一个唯一的名称。例如
,
华盛顿大学州立图书馆有一
个存储在特殊计算 机上的档案数据库
,
它可由登录到因特网上访问并输入

这个域名的某个
人访问。佛罗里达州的一位女士或北京的一位先生可各自从该数据库中检索他们所需要的文件。一个站点的地< br>址一般告诉什么机构在提供这些数据。


计算机英语（
24
）


Artificial Life
A scientific research area devoted to the creation and study of computer simulations of living organisms .Computer
viruses have forced a renewal of the debate on the definition of life .Besides forcing us to re-examine our definition of
life ,artificial life research may create more effective technology .By applying artificial life concepts to real-life
problems ,we can program computer-generated solutions to compete for survival based on their capability to perform a
desired task well.



人工生命

致力于建立和研究计算机模拟生命组织
(
有机体
)
的一种科研领域。
计算机病毒已迫使关于生命定义的辩论重新展
开。除了迫使我们重 新检查生命定义之外
,
人工生命研究可能会创造更有效的技术。通过将人工生命概念应用于现实生活问题
,
我们可以对计算机生成的解决方案编程
,
以在其有能力很 好地完成所要求任务的基础上为生存而
竞争。


计算机英语（
25
）


Alias
An alternative name for software ,hardware ,or user that points to the real name .For example ,on your computer ,you
can name your hard drive Thelma instead of the insipid manufacturer identification ,like alias applied to a
software program will allow it to be opened via different names or icons in different windows .Most E-mail providers
allow you to choose an alias in place of your real user name on the network ,so a message addressed to
joesmith@ will get to a user registered as mjsmith .Alias is a secondary or symbolic name for a file ,a
collection of data ,or a computer device .In a spreadsheet ,a range name ,such as Income ,is an alias for a range ,such as
A3.. networks ,group aliases provide a handy way to send electronic mail to two or more people simultaneously.



别名

指对软件

、硬件或有真实名称的用户的替换名称。例如
,
在你的计 算机上
,
你可对硬盘驱动器命名为
Thelma,
而不
是命名为枯燥 无味的厂商标志
,
如
Q540
。
软件程序的别名将使软件通过不同窗 口中的不同名称或图标打开。
大多
数
E-mail
提供者允许你在网络上选择 一个别名来代替真实用户名。因此
,
发送给

joesmith@
的一条消
息将被送到以
mjsmith
注册的用户。别名是一个文件、一组数据或一台 计算机设备的第二个名字或符号名。在电
子数据表中
,
像
Income
这样的区域名是一个区域的别名
,
如
A3..K3
。在网络中
,< br>组别名提供了同时向两个或多个人
发送电子邮件的便利方法。


计算机英语（
26
）


Video Wall
A wall of multiple rack-mounted video monitors or rearprojection displays that together produce a very large image or
combinations of images .Video walls can be dramatic attention-grabbing devices for advertising or art ,when a single
image is spread across many adjacent monitors .Video walls can be fed from computer output or from real time
television signals .Software divides the image and routes the pieces to each monitor ,and can create special effects .



视频墙

是由多个安装在机架上的视频监视器或后投影式显示器 组成的大屏幕
,
一起生成一幅非常大的图像或图像组合。
当单幅图像分散在许多相邻监 视器上时
,
视频壁可成为用于广告或艺术的引人注目的装置。视频壁可由计算机输
出或 实时电视信号传送信号。软件将图像分割并向每个监视器传送图像片断
,
而且可产生特殊的效果 。


计算机英语（
27
）


Whois
A Unix utility ,run by a whois server ,that enables users to locate the electronic mail address ,and often the telephone
number and other information ,of people who have an account on the same computer system .In Novell networks ,a
command that displays a list of all users logged on the network.



Whois
由
whois
服务器运行的一种
Unix< br>实用程序
,
它可使用户对那些在相同计算机系统上有一个账号的人们对电子邮件
地址
(
常常是电话号码或其他信息
)
定位。在
Novell
网络中
,
是显示登录在该网络上的所有用户清单的一个命令。


计算机英语（
28
）


Wild Card
Characters, such as asterisks and question marks, that stand for any other character that may appear in the same
place .Microsoft Windows 95 uses two wild cards :the asterisk(*) which stands for any character or characters, and the
question mark(?), which stands for any single character.



通配符

诸如星号和问号这样的字符
,
它们代表可能出现在同一地方的任何其他字符

。
Microsoft Windows 95
使用两种通
配符
:< br>星号
(*)
──代表任何一个或多个字符
;
问号
(?)
──代表任何单个字符。

IT
新词集锦



Firewalking



A technique for testing the vulnerability of a firewall and mapping the routers of a network that sits behind a
firewall. Firewalking is a method of disguising port scans. In practical applications, firewalking is similar to tracerouting
and works by sending into the firewall TCP or UDP packets that have a TTL set at one hop greater than the targeted
firewall. If the packet makes it through the gateway, it is forwarded to the next hop where the TTL equals zero and
elicits a TTL
“
exceeded in transit
”

message, at which point the packet is discarded. Using this method, access
information on the firewall can be determined if successive probe packets are sent.



Typosquatting



slang. Registering a domain name that is a variation on a popular domain name with the expectation that the site
will get traffic off of the popular site because of a user's misspelling of the name. For example, registering the domain
names or in the hopes that someone making a typo will get to that site unexpectedly.

防火墙




一项测试防火墙弱点和绘制防火墙后面网络上的路由器分布的技术。趟火墙是一种伪装端口扫 描的方法。
在实际应用中，
趟火墙与路由跟踪技术类似，
工作时把一跳的生存时间字段 设定大于目标防火墙的

TCP
或
UDP
包送进防火墙。如果该包通 过了网关，它就转到下一跳，这时生存时间为零并得出生存时间“传输超时”的信
息，在此情况下该包被 废弃。利用此法，如果发送连续的探测包，就能确定防火墙上的接入信息。


注册近似域名




（俚语）注册流行域名的变种，希望 如果用户把该流行网站的名字拼错时，能从该流行网站拉些流量过来。
例如，注册


或

域名，希望有人打字出错而意想不到地进入这些网站。




Cybersquatting



Cybersquatting is the act of registering a popular Internet address
——
usually a company name
——
with the intent
of selling it to its rightful owner.



Inode



Data structures that contain information about files in Unix file systems that are created when a file system is
created. Each file has an inode and is identified by an inode number (i-number) in the file system where it resides. inodes
provide important information on files such as user and group ownership, access mode (read, write, execute permissions)
and type. A file's inode number can be found using the ls -i command, while the ls -l command will retrieve inode
information.

（域名）抢注




（域名）抢注是指注册一 个流行的因特网地址（通常是公司的名字）的行为，意图是把它卖给合法的拥有
者。


信息点




这是一种数据结构，它包含了
< br>Unix
文件系统中文件的信息，它是在生成系统时生成的。每个文件有一信息
点，在其 所在的文件系统中，它用信息点编号（
i-number
）来识别。信息点提供了文件的重要信 息，如用户和用
户组的拥有权、访问方式（允许读、写、还是执行）和类型。文件的信息点编号可以用“
ls -i
”命令找到，用“
ls
-l
”命令能检索信息点的信息。




Bloatware



Software that has lots of features and requires considerable disk space and RAM. As the cost of RAM and disk
storage has decreased, there has been a growing trend among software developers to disregard the size of applications.
Some people refer to this trend as creeping featuritis. If creeping featuritis is the symptom, bloatware is the disease.



Enterprise Search Platforms



ESPs (enterprise search platforms) is the collection of some technologyies, these new, comprehensive bundles of
search and integration technologies unlock information tucked away in data stores across the enterprise. The goal of
ESPs is deceptively simple: to take fairly simple queries and return the most relevant results possible, all in one place.
But under the hood, ESPs aggregate a host of emerging technologies such as autocategorization, entity extraction, and
NLP (natural language processing). With an ESP as a foundation, businesses can build customized search applications
while automating the process of preparing documents for archiving and indexing.

超大件




拥有大量特色和需要很多磁盘和

RAM
空间的软件。
随着
RAM
和磁盘存储设备成本的下降，
出现了开发人
员不管应用软件大小的趋势。有些人 称这种趋势为爬行特性主义。如果说爬行特性主义是征兆的话，超大件就
是疾病。


企业搜索平台




ESPs
（企业搜索平台） 是一组新的、综合性的搜索和集成技术的总和，它们能把那些深藏在企业内部的数
据显露出来。
ESP
的目标是让事情看起来非常简单
:
提交一个简单的请求，返回一个最可能相关 的结果，这些结
果集中在一起。但是在简单的外表背后，
ESPs
综合了多种技术，如 自动分类、内容抽取和自然语言处理等。以
ESP
为基础，企业能定制自己的应用，为文档的归 档和索引自动做好准备。




Topic maps



Topic maps are a way to represent knowledge structures and their relationships to information resources. Based on
XML, topic maps are related in concept to but more powerful and inclusive than book indexes. Topic maps are a
promising approach, still in its infancy.



softlifting



This is the most common form of piracy. Sharing a program with a friend or associate is softlifting. To stop this
kind of piracy in businesses and institutions, software publishers offer multi-user licenses, which are cheaper than
buying single copies for every machine.

主题图




主题图是一种表示知识结构以及它们与信息资源关系的方法。主题图是基于

XML< br>的，在概念上，它与书
籍索引有关，但比后者更强大、更广泛。主题图是一种有前途的方法，现尚 处于起步阶段。


软

偷




这是最常见的软件盗版形式。与朋友或同伴分享程序就是软偷。为了阻止在公司和机构中的这 种盗版行为，
软件商提供多用户许可证，它比为每台机器购买单用户拷贝便宜。


启

示




本栏目内容经作者精心编 辑，
已集结成
《
IT
新概念时文精解》
一书，
由世界图书出 版公司出版，
定价
38
元。
如果读者要购买，可以与边枫小姐联系。电话：（
010
）
68130909-8097
。

Web Services Description

Language(WSDL)



WSDL is an XML-based language used to describe the services a business offers and to provide a way for
individuals and other businesses to access those services electronically. WSDL is the cornerstone of UDDI initiative
spearheaded by Microsoft, IBM, and Ariba. UDDI is an XML-based registry for businesses worldwide, which enables
businesses to list themselves and their services on the Internet. WSDL is the language used to do this.



WSDL is derived from Microsoft's Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and IBM's Network Accessible Service
Specification Language (NASSL). WSDL replaces both NASSL and SOAP as the means of expressing business services
in the UDDI registry.

Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)



SOAP is a way for a program running in one kind of operating system to communicate with a program in the same
or another kind of an operating system by using HTTP and XML as the mechanisms for information exchange. Since
Web protocols are installed and available for use by all major operating system platforms, HTTP and XML provide an
already at-hand solution to the problem of how programs running under different operating systems in a network can
communicate with each other. SOAP specifies exactly how to encode an HTTP header and an XML file so that a
program in one computer can call a program in another computer and pass it information. It also specifies how the called
program can return a response.



SOAP was developed by Microsoft, DevelopMentor, and Userland Software and has been proposed as a standard
interface to the Internet Engineering Task Force. An advantage of SOAP is that program calls are much more likely to
get through firewall servers that screen out requests other than those for known applications (through the designated port
mechanism). Since HTTP requests are usually allowed through firewalls, programs using SOAP to communicate can be
sure that they can communicate with programs anywhere.

Web
服务描述语言（
WSDL
）




WSDL
是一种基于
XML
的语言，
用于描述公司提供的服务以及为 个人和其他公司用电子的方法访问这些服
务提供的方法。
WSDL
是微软、
I BM
和
Ariba
公司率先提出的
UDDI
倡议的基石。
U DDI
是供世界范围内的公司
用的、基于
XML
的注册，让各公司将他们自己 及其提供的服务在因特网上列出来。
WSDL
就是做此事的语言。




WSDL
源于微软的简单对象访问协议（
SOAP
）和
IBM
的网络可访问服务规范语言（
NASSL
）。
WSDL
替
代了
NASSL
和
SOAP
，作为在
UDDI
注册中表达商业服务的手段。


简单对象访问协议（

SOAP
）




SOAP
是在一种操 作系统下运行的程序如何与在同一种或另一种操作系统下运行的程序进行通信的方法，
它
们利用
HTTP
和
XML
语言作为信息交换的机制。自从所有主要的操作系统都安装 和能利用各种
Web
协议后，
HTTP
和
XML
为同一网络 中在不同操作系统下运行的程序之间如何通信这一问题提供了一个有效的解决方案。
SOAP
对

HTTP
的报头和
XML
文件如何编写做出了精确的规定，
因而一台计算机中的程序能调用另一台计算机
中的程序和向它传送信息。它也规定了调用的程序如何返 回响应。




SOAP
是由微软、

DevelopMentor
和

Userland
软件公司开发的，已经向因特网工程任务组提议将它作为
一种标准接口。

SOAP
的优点是程序调用更有可能通过防火墙服务器得到，该服务器（通过指定的端口机制 ）
可以滤掉对已知应用程序调用以外的请求。由于

HTTP
请求一般是通过防火墙实现的，所以利用

SOAP
进行
通信的程序能得到保证，它们能与任何地方的程序进行通信。

Mammoth



Mammoth is a magnetic tape and drive system used for computer data storage and archiving. The tapes measure
eight millimeters (8 mm) across. A helical scanning technique is used to optimize the data transfer and storage rates.
Mammoth is one of several high-volume, high-speed tape drives developed in recent years. Some examples of
competing devices include the linear tape open (LTO) drive, the advanced intelligent tape (AIT) drive, and the DLT
drive.

Panther



Panther is the code name for version 10.3 of OS X of the Apple Macintosh operating system. The first Mac OS X
release had the code name Cheetah. Mac OS X 10.1 was called Puma, and Mac OS X 10.2 was called Jaguar.

Python



Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language similar to Perl, that has gained popularity because
of its clear syntax and readability. Python is said to be relatively easy to learn and portable, meaning its statements can
be interpreted in a number of operating systems, including Unix-based systems, and various versions of Microsoft
Windows 98. Python was created by Guido van Rossum, a former resident of the Netherlands, whose favorite comedy
group at the time was Monty Python's Flying Circus. The source code is freely available and open for modification and
reuse. Python has a significant number of users.

Sheep, Goats, Lambs and Wolves



The terms come from a research paper on speech recognition published in 1998 by George L. Doddington. The
paper,
“
Sheep, Goats, Lambs and Wolves -An Analysis of Individual Differences in Speaker Recognition Performance
”

used a menagerie analogy to explain the differences in speech recognition. Sheep were speakers whose voice patterns
were easily accepted by the system, goats were speakers who were exceptionally unsuccessful at being accepted, lambs
were speakers who were exceptionally vulnerable to impersonation, and wolves were speakers who were exceptionally
successful at impersonation. Because false rejection rates are often high when testing a biometric verification system,
goats are probably better known than the other animals in Doddington's menagerie.

猛犸象磁带系统




猛犸象磁带和驱动系统是供计算机存储数据和归档用的。该磁带的宽度为

8
毫米。为优化数据传输和存储
速度采用了螺旋扫描技术。它是近年来开发的几种大容 量、高速度磁带驱动器之一。与之相竞争的设备有线性
磁带开放（
LTO
）驱动器、高 智能磁带（
AIT
）驱动器和数字线性磁带（
DLT
）驱动器。


黑豹版本




黑豹是苹果公司

Macintosh
机操作系统
OS X 10.3
版的代号。
Mac OS X
的第一个版本的代号叫印度豹。
Mac
OS X 10.1
版叫美洲豹，而
Mac OS X 10.2
版叫美洲虎。


Python
编程语言




Python
（原意为蟒蛇）是类似于
Perl的解释型、面向对象的编程语言，由于它的语法清晰、可读性强，所以
十分流行。据称，
P ython
比较容易学习，可移植，这意味着它能被多种操作系统解释，包括基于
Unix的系统和
微软
Windows 98
的各种版本。
Python
是由原来居住在荷兰的
Guido van Rossum
创造的，
当时他最喜欢的喜剧团
体是
Monty Python
的飞人马戏团。其源码能免费获得，并开放供修改和复用。
Python
拥有大量使用 者。


绵羊、山羊、羊羔和狼型用户




这些名称来源于

George L. Doddington
在
1 998
年发表的一篇有关语音识别的论文。
这篇题为
“绵羊、
山羊、
羊羔和狼——说话者识别性能中个体差异性分析”的论文，利用动物来比喻语音识别中的差异性。绵羊是那些声音容易被系统接受的说话者，山羊是非常不容易被接受的说话者，羊羔是声音容易被别人模仿的说话者，而
狼是模仿别人说话很成功的人。由于测试生物统计验证系统时虚假拒绝率常常很高，所以在
Do ddington
的“动
物园”里山羊最出名。

SQUID



SQUID is a program that caches Web and other Internet content in a Unix-based proxy server closer to the user
than the content- originating site. SQUID is provided as open source software and can be used under the GNU license of
the Free Software Foundation.

Spider



A spider is a program that visits Web sites and reads their pages and other information in order to create entries for
a search engine index. The major search engines on the Web all have such a program, which is also known as a
“
crawler
”

or a
“
bot
”
. Spiders are called spiders because they usually visit many sites in parallel at the same time, their
“
legs
”

spanning a large area of the
“
web
”
. Spiders can crawl through a site's pages in several ways. One way is to
follow all the hypertext links in each page until all the pages have been read.

Web Clipping



(v.) Extracting static information from a Web site in order to display the data on a Web-enabled PDA. The idea
behind Web clipping is to conserve the PDA's resources by extracting once any static data, such as graphics, logos,
photos or even unnecessary text and storing that data on the PDA. The PDA will then make a wireless connection to a
Web server in order to retrieve any dynamic content.



(n.) An excerpt of data taken from a Web server.

WCA



Short for Web clipping application, an application that allows users to extract static information from a Web server
and load the data onto a Web- enabled PDA. WCAs are also called query applications.

鱿鱼程序




鱿鱼程序能在基于

Unix
的代理服务中缓存
Web
和其 他因特网内容，使之比内容出处的网站更靠近用户。
鱿鱼程序是作为开放源码软件提供的，能按自由软件 基金会的
GNU
许可方式使用。

蜘蛛程序




蜘蛛是一个程序，能访问网站、阅读其页面，以便为搜索引擎生成索引。万维网上的主要搜索 引擎都有这
样的程序，它也叫

“爬行程序”或“机器人程序”。蜘蛛程序之所以被叫 做这个名字，是因为它同时能并行地
访问多个网站，其“腿”可以跨在“网”上很大一片区域。蜘蛛程序 可以用多种方法在页面上爬行。其中一个
方法就是追踪每个页面中的所有超文本链接，直至所有的页面读 完为止。


Web
剪辑




（作动词）为了在有

Web
功能的
PDA
上显示数据，从 网站提取静态内容。
Web
剪辑背后的思想是通过一
次性提取静态数据（如图形、标记 、照片、甚至不必要的文本）并把它们储存在
PDA
上，从而节省
PDA
的资