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qmm1月英语阅读(二)自考试题(1)

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2021-01-22 00:42
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2021年1月22日发(作者:candela)
2012

1
月英语阅读(二)自考试题

全国
2012

1
月自考

英语阅读
(

)
试题

课程代码:
00596

全部题目用英文作答
(
翻译题除 外
)
,请将答案填在答题纸相
应位置上


I. Reading Comprehension (50 points, 2 points for each)

Directions:
In
this
part
of
the
test,
there
are
five
passages.
Following
each
passage,
there
are
five
questions
with
four
choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and then
write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

Passage One

The
over-60
population
is
growing
faster
than
any
other
age
group. Between 1950 and 2050 it is expected to increase from
200
million
to
2
billion.
As
the
number
of
older
persons
increases,
so
will
the
need
to
ensure
their
social
inclusion,
based
on
an
income
from
decent
work
or
retirement
and
a
chance
to
participate
in
community
life
through
employment,
volunteer
work
or
other
activities.
According
to
the
International
Labour
Organization,
“decent
work”
is
work
that
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meets people’s basic aspirations, not only fo
r income, but also
for
security
for
themselves
and
their
families,
in
a
working
environment that is safe. Decent work treats men and women
equally,
without
discrimination
or
harassment.
Finally,
decent
work provides social security and is carried out in conditions of
freedom and human dignity.


But there are over 1.2 billion people in the world who live on
an income of less than $$1 a day, and another billion who live on
less than $$2 a day. They live hand to mouth, day to day, and do
not
have
enough
income
to
support
their
daily
existence


much
less
put
something
aside
for
retirement.
In
most
developing
countries
retirement
is
a
luxury
few
older
people
can
afford.
Even
in
developed
countries
some
hard
working
people
will
not
have
enough
to
live
on
retirement.
Many
women

paid less than men, working more at home than men,
and working more informally than men

may not be ready or
able to rest at 65.


By tradition, at least in developed countries, there is a change
in
roles
as
one
moves
from
active
middle
ye
ars
into
“gentle”
and
“enjoyable”
retirement.
This
change
in
roles
has
been
viewed
by
the
public,
by
government
and
by
business,
as
a
transition
from
a
productive
time
of
life
to
one
that
is
2



unproductive and dependent. But today more than ever, this is
not
true.
Most
older
people
do
not
withdraw
from
society.
Instead,
they
continue
to
contribute
to
their
households,
to
their
descendants
and
to
their
communities,
although
their
contribution may not be paid employment.


Instead
of
producing
goods
or
services


the
traditional
economic
model
“products”

older
persons
may
contribute
a
“product” that has value to society, such as caring for children,
caring
for
other
older
persons,
caring
for
the
oldest
old,
providing
community
leadership,
mentoring
or
being
an
effective role model. But in spite of their significant human and
economic
benefits,
such
contributions
have
not
been
figured
into
an
economy’s
gross
national
product.
And
they
have
not
been appropriately valued.


Over
the
past
several
decades,
most
industrialized
countries
have experienced a substantial drop in the average age at which
individuals
retire
from
the
labour
market.
Longer
life
expectancy
and
better
health
have
not
been
accompanied
by
longer
working
lives.
As
a
consequence,
these
countries
are
facing
serious
concerns
about
the
viability
of
social
security
systems. A key challenge for these countries is to mitigate the
effects
of
a
drop
in
the
working
age
population
by
increasing
3



and prolonging the participation of older people in the labour
market.

Questions 1-5 are based on Passage One.
1. The term “social inclusion” (in Para. 1) here means ______.


A. having decent workB. being equal in jobs


C. having decent income D. being productive in life

2. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that ______.

A. people in rich countries can enjoy luxury retirement


B. women if hard working can obtain decent retirement


C. women in informal work are free to choose when to retire


D. people in poor countries have no social security protection

3. The sentence “But today more than ever, this is not true.” (in
Para. 3) means ______.

A. elder people used to be dependent


B. elder people used to enjoy retirement


C. elder people now do not want to retire from their work


D. elder people now do not want to be cut off from society

4.
To
meet
the
challenge
of
financing
social
security,
the
government in developed countries needs to ______.

A. provide more flexible choice for retirement


B. persuade elder people to postpone retirement


C. promote unpaid employment

4




D. reform social security system

5. The writer in the passage mainly wants to express that elder
people would ______.

A.
have
an
enjoyable
retirement
B.
prolong
their
productive
life


(2. have a more healthy life D. prolong their work life

Passage Two

Because
speech
is
the
most
convenient
form
of
communication,
in
the
future
we
want
essentially
natural
conversations with computers. The primary point of contact will
be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. It
will have to be small enough to slip into your pocket, so there
will be a screen but no keyboard: you will simply talk to it. The
device will be permanently connected to the Internet and will
beep
relevant
information
up
to
you
as
it
comes
in.
Such
devices will evolve naturally in the next five to ten years.


Just
how
quickly
people
will
adapt
to
a
voice-based
Internet
world is uncertain. Many believe that, initially at least, we will
need
similar
conventions
for
the
voice
to
those
we
use
at
present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. But soon you
will
undoubtedly
be
able
to
interact
by
voice
with
all
those
IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet
5



by
means
of
a
keyboard.
This
will
help
the
Internet
serve
the
entire population, not just techno-freaks.


Changes
like
this
will
encompass
the
whole
world.
Because
English
is
the
language
of
science,
it
will
probably
remain
the
language to which the technology is most advanced, but most
speech-recognition
techniques
are
transferable
to
other
languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake
the work.


Of course, in any language there are still huge problems for us
to
solve.
Carefully
dictated,
clear
speech
can
now
be
understood
by
computers
with
only
a
4-5
percent
error
rate,
but even state-of-the-art technology still records 30-40 percent
errors with spontaneous speech. Within ten years we will have
computers that respond to goal-directed conversation, but for a
computer to have a conversation that takes into account human
social behavior is
probably 50 years off. We’re not going to be
chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.


In the past insufficient speed and memory have held us back,
but
these
days
they’re
less
of
an
issue.
However,
there
are
those in the IT community who believe that current techniques
will
eventually
hit
a
brick
wall.
Personally,
I
believe
that
incremental developments in performance are more likely. But
6



it’s true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will
need
to
become
highly
parallel
if
performance
is
to
keep
increasing.
Perhaps
that
will
inspire
some
radically
new
approaches
to
speech
understanding
that
will
supplant
the
methods we’re developing now.

Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.
6.
Having
natural
conversations
with
computers
implies
that
computers will be able to______.

A. make artificial speech


B. connect people onto the Internet


C. keep relevant information


D. interact with people on the screen

7. The word “conventions” in Paragraph 2 means ______.


A. ways B. traditions


C. customs D. solutions

8.
To
let
all
people
adapt
to
a
voice-based
world,
operation
procedures for conversing with computers should be ______.

A. language transferable B. error free


(2. techno compatible D. user friendly

9. The last sentence in Paragraph 4 means ______.

A. a goal-directed conversation is on the way to completion


B. people have no desire to talk to screens in the living room

7




C. natural conversation with computers is a long way to go


D. other goal-directed conversations seem to be impossible

10. The writer and those in IT community feel there will need a
(an)
______over
the
development
of
speech-recognition
techniques.

A. step-by-step improvement B. updated performance


C. rapid change in speed D. completely new innovation

Passage Three

When she returned home after a year in South America, Judith
Martin,
a
North
American
writer,
began
to
have
a
problem.
People kept interpreting her behavior as flirtatious, but she was
not flirting. Fairly soon she figured out what was happening.


When most South Americans talk to each other face-to-face,
they
stand
closer
together
than
do
North
Americans.
Martin
had
not
readjusted
to
North
American
distances.
Apparently,
she
had
forgotten
about
the
phenomenon
known
as
personal
space

the amount of physical distance people expect during
social
interaction.
Everyone
has
expectations
concerning
the
use of personal space, but accepted distances for that space are
determined by each person’s culture.


Observations about personal space began about twenty years
ago.
Anthropologist
Edward
T.
Hall
was
a
pioneer
in
the
field.
8



He
became
very
interested
in
how
interpersonal
distances
affected
communication
between
people.
In
his
book
The
Hidden
Dimension,
Hall
coined
the
word
“proxemics”
to
describe peo
ple’s
use of
space as a
means
of
communication.
As
Hall’s
book
title
indicates,
most
people
are
unaware
that
interpersonal
distances
exist
and
contribute
to
people’s
reactions to one another.


Personal
space
depends
on
invisible
boundaries.
Those
boundaries move with people as they interact. Personal space
gets
larger
or
smaller
depending
on
the
circumstances
of
the
social interaction at any moment. People do not like anyone to
trespass
on
their
personal
space.
As
Worchel
and
Cooper
explain,
invasions
of
personal
space
elicit
negative
reactions
that range from mild discomfort to retaliation to walking out on
the situation.


Researchers
working
with
Hall’s
data
found
that
accepted
interpersonal
distances
in
the
United
States
also
depend
on
other
factors.
For
example,
subcultures
help
determine
expectations concerning personal space. Fisher, Bell, and Baum
report
that
groups
of
Hispanic-Americans
generally
interact
more closely within their subculture than
Anglo-Americans do
within
theirs.
They
further
explain
that
in
general
subcultural
9



groups
tend
to
interact
at
closer
distances
with
members
of
their own subculture than with nonmembers.


Age also affects how people use personal space. Worchel and
Cooper report that North American children seem unaware of
boundaries for personal space until the age of four or five. As
the
children
get
older
they
become
more
aware
of
standards
for personal space. By the time they reach puberty, they have
completely
adapted
to
their
culture’s
standards
for
interpersonal distances.


Gender
also
influences
people’s
use
of
personal
space.
For
example,
North
American
males’
most
negative
reaction
is
reserved for anyone who enters their personal space directly in
front of them. Females, on the other hand, feel most negative
about
approaches
from
the
side.
Also,
females
have
smaller
interpersonal
distances
than
do
males,
although
pairs
of
the
same
sex
communicate
across
larger
spaces
than
do
pairs
of
males
and
females.
The
gender
factor
shifts,
however,
in
high-density situations such as crowded subways or elevators in
the United States. As Maines observes, when people have some
choice about where they stand or sit in crowded settings, they
gravitate to people of the same sex.


As
international
travel
and
commerce
increase,
intercultural
10



contact
is
becoming
commonplace.
Soon,
perhaps,
cultural
variations in expectations for personal space will be as familiar
to
everyone
as
are
cultural
variations
in
food
and
dress.
Until
then,
people
need
to
make
a
special
effort
to
learn
one
another’s
expectations concerning personal space. Once people
are
sensitive
to
such
matters,
they
can
stop
themselves
from
taking
the
wrong
step:
either
away
from
or
toward
a
person
from another culture.

Questions 11-15 are based on Passage Three.
11. Judith Marti
n’s experience tells that interpersonal distance
in social interaction is determined by ______.

A. personal preference B. cultural background


C. location

D. race

12.
According
to
Hall,
personal
space
in
social
interaction
is
used ______.
A. consciously B. favorably

C. unconsciously D. unfavorably

13. Being unaware of interpersonal distance in communication
may lead to the following EXCEPT ______.

A. discomfort B. retaliation


C. a breakdown D. an interaction

14. Accepted interpersonal distance in
the US is better shown
11



among ______.

A. subcultural groups B. age groups


C. subregional groups D. gender groups

15.
Knowledge
of
cultural
variations
in
personal
space
in
communication is most important now in ______.

A. cultural differences B. good communication


C. enjoying foreign food

D. interpersonal relationship

Passage Four

When
you
stop
and
think
about
your
high
school
or
college
alma mater, are your experiences more positive or negative? Do
your feelings of success or failure in that school have anything
to do with whether or not your school was single-sex or co-ed?
More and more Americans are electing to send their children to
single-sex
schools
because
they
feel
both
boys
and
girls
blossom
when
they
study
in
the
company
of
students
of
the
same sex. They tend to achieve more.


For years, only parents who could afford to send their children
to
private
schools,
or
who
had
strong
religious
or
cultural
reasons,
chose
single-sex
education
for
their
children.
Today,
however,
along
with
costly
private
schools,
public
schools
are
experimenting with the idea of separating the sexes. However,
because public schools are not allowed to discriminate on the
12



basis of sex, they have been denied federal support.


Girls
may
be
the
ones
who
benefit
most
from
single-sex
schooling. Studies have shown that many girls get shortchanged
in
co-ed
classrooms
because
teachers
sometimes
pay
more
attention
to
boys.
Girls’
positive,
exuberant
attitude
toward
their
studies
tends
to
disappear
as
they
begin
to
feel
less
successful.
They
start
to
watch
their
male
peers
outperform
them
in
math
and
science.
As
boys
begin
to
gain
confidence,
girls start to lose it. Moreover, adolescence is such a fragile time
for
girls.
As
they
experience
adolescent
changes,
some
girls
become
depressed,
develop
an
addiction,
or
suffer
from
an
obsession with weight.


In
the
early
1990s,
the
American
Association
of
University
Women
(AAUW)
concluded
that
being
in
single-sex
classes
could
raise
a
girl’s
self
-esteem.
Schools
across
the
country
began creating single-sex classrooms and schools. But in a later
report,
that
same
organization
could
no
longer
support
the
claim that girls performed better without boys in the classroom.
In
addition,
many
critics
claim
that
all-female
schools
may
actually be ha
rmful to a girl’s education because they “reinforce
regressive notions of sex differences.”


The
renewed
interest
in
single-sex
schooling
has
fostered
a
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