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Part
II
Reading
Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions:
There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some
questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),
B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter
on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
For
years,
doctors
advised
their
patients
that
the
only
thing
taking
multivitamins
does
is
give
them
expensive
urine
(
尿
).
After
all,
true
vitamin
deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized countries. Now it seems those
doctors
may
have
been
wrong.
The
results
of
a
growing
number
of
studies
suggest
that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health. Although proof of
the
benefits
of
multivitamins
is
still
far
from
certain,
the
few
dollars
you
spend
on
them is probably a good investment.
Or
at
least
that's
the
argument
put
forward
in
the
New
England
Journal
of
Medicine.
Ideally,
say
Dr.
Walter
Willett
and
Dr.
Meir
Stampfer
of
Harvard,
all
vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But
those studies can take a long time and often raise more questions than they answer. At
some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies, it just makes
sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost.
The
best
evidence
to
date
concerns
folate,
one
of
the
B
vitamins.
It's
been
proved to limit the number of defects in embryos (
胚胎
), and a recent trial found that
folate
in
combination
with
vitamin
B
12
and
a
form
of
B6
also
decreases
the
re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair.
The
news
on
vitamin
E
has
been
more
mixed.
Healthy
folks
who
take
400
international units daily for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to develop
heart
disease.
But
when
doctors
give
vitamin
E
to
patients
who
already
have
heart
disease, the vitamin doesn't seem to help. It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in
prevention but cannot undo serious damage.
Despite vitamin C's great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has
not been positively linked to any great benefit. The body quickly becomes saturated
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with C and simply excretes (
排泄
) any excess.
The multivitamins question boils down to this: Do you need to wait until all
the
evidence
is
in
before
you
take
them,
or
are
you
willing
to
accept
that
there's
enough evidence that they don't hurt and could help?
If the latter, there's no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest horse pills or
the
most
expensive
bottles.
Large
doses
can
cause
trouble,
including
excessive
bleeding and nervous system problems.
Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As
long
as
you
understand
that
any
potential
benefit
is
modest
and
subject
to
further
refinement, taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense.
请根据上面给 出的内容，
来回答下面的单项选择题
（下列每小题备选答案中，
只
有一个符合 题意的正确答案。每小题
0
分，共
5
题。
）
21.
At
one
time
doctors
discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that multivitamins ____.
A
：
could not easily be absorbed by the human body
B
：
were potentially harmful to people's health
C
：
were too expensive for daily consumption
D
：
could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:22.
According
to
the
author,
clinical
trials
of
vitamin
supplements ____.
A
：
often result in misleading conclusions
B
：
take time and will not produce conclusive results
C
：
should be conducted by scientists on a larger scale
D
：
appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:23.
It has been found that vitamin E _____.
A
：
should be taken by patients regularly and persistently
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
B
：
can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart disease
C
：
has a preventive but not curative effect on heart disease
D
：
should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:24.
It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins _____.
A
：
may bring about serious side effects
B
：
may help prevent excessive bleeding
C
：
are likely to induce the blockage of arteries
D
：
are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:25.
The author concludes the passage with the advice that
_____.
A
：
the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced
diet
B
：
it's risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific function
C
：
the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimated
D
：
it's reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins daily
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge (
剧增
) of women in the
workforce
may
portend
a
rejection
of
marriage.
Many
women,
according
to
this
hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse (
反面
) of this concern is that
the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages. In
the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage
decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive
as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage
because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy
days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises.
Coincident
with
the
increase
in
women
working
outside
the
home
is
the
increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect
conclusions. The impact of a wife's work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact
on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase
the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage.
But
the
reverse
is
equally
plausible.
Tensions
grounded
in
financial
problems
often
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play
a
key
role
in
ending
a
marriage.
Given
high
unemployment,
inflationary
problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household
income
and
relieve
some
of
these
pressing
financial
burdens.
By
raising
a
family's
standard
of
living,
a
working
wife
may
strengthen
her
family's
financial
and
emotional stability.
Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked
from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only
choice
as
seeking
a
divorce.
On
the
other
hand,
if
she
can
find
fulfillment
through
work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and
more stable union.
Also, a major part of women's inequality in marriage has been due to the fact
that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning
capacity
and status
occupations outside of the home comes the
capacity to
exercise
power within file family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of
the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts
to
these new conditions,
it could
create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.
请根据上面给出的内容，
来回答下面的单项 选择题
（下列每小题备选答案中，
只
有一个符合题意的正确答案。
每小题0
分，
共
5
题。
）
26.
The word
2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to
“
_____
”
.
A
：
defy
B
：
signal
C
：
suffer from
D
：
result from
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:27.
It is said in the passage that when the economy slides,
_____.
A
：
men would choose working women as their marriage partners
B
：
more women would get married to seek financial security
C
：
even working women would worry about their marriages
D
：
more people would prefer to remain single for the time being
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:28.
If
women
find
fulfillment
through
work
outside
the
home, _____.
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
A
：
they are more likely to dominate their marriage partners
B
：
their husbands are expected to do more housework
C
：
their marriage ties can be strengthened
D
：
they tend to put their career before marriage
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:29.
One
reason
why
women
with
no
career
may
seek
a
divorce is that _____.
A
：
they feel that they have been robbed of their freedom
B
：
they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbands
C
：
they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectations
D
：
they tend to suspect their husbands' loyalty to their marriage
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:30.
Which of the following statements can best summarize
the author's view in the passage?
A
：
The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation
of the country.
B
：
Even
when
economically
independent,
most
women
have
to
struggle
for
real
equality in marriage.
C
：
In
order
to
secure
their
marriage
women
should
work
outside
the
home
and
remain independent
D
：
The
impact
of
the
growing
female
workforce
on
marriage
varies
from
case
to
case.
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage,
For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there
is
something
called
human
nature,
something
that
constitutes
the
essence
of
man.
There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such
an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is
man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can
make tools, or a symbol-making animal.
More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for
this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An
examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different
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from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age
have
had
in
common
something
that
can
be
called
nature.
The
historical
approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of
cultural anthropology (
人类学
). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a
diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived
at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes
its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed
human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which
the
most
inhuman
acts
are
committed.
In
the
name
of
human
nature,
for
example,
Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order
to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have
tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate (
天
生的
) human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to
inevitability
of
such
undesirable
human
behavior
as
greed,
murder,
cheating
and
lying.
Another
reason
for
skepticism
about
the
concept
of
human
nature
probably
lies
in
the
influence
of
evolutionary
thinking.
Once
man
came
to
be
seen
as
developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in
his
essence
seemed
untenable.
Yet
I
believe
it
is
precisely
from
an
evolutionary
standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.
请根据上面给出的内容，
来回答下面的单项选择题
（下列 每小题备选答案中，
只
有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题
0
分，共
5
题。
）
31.
The traditional view of
A
：
the emergence of the evolutionary theory
B
：
the historical approach to man
C
：
new insight into human behavior
D
：
the philosophical analysis of slavery
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:32.
According to the passage, anthropologists believe that
human beings _____.
A
：
have some traits in common
B
：
are born with diverse cultures
C
：
are born without a fixed nature
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
D
：
change their characters as they grow up
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:33.
The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker,
in order to _____.
A
：
emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of
B
：
show that the concept of
C
：
prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of
D
：
support the idea that some human traits are acquired
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:34.
The word
the passage most probably means _____.
A
：
invaluable
B
：
imaginable
C
：
changeable
D
：
indefensible
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:35.
Most philosophers believed that human nature _____.
A
：
is the quality distinguishing man from other animals
B
：
consists of competitiveness and selfishness
C
：
is something partly innate and partly acquired
D
：
consists of rationality and undesirable behavior
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Richard
Satava,
program
manager
for
advanced
medical
technologies,
has
been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a
从业
者
).
virtual
reality
we'll
be
able
to
put
a
surgeon
in
every
trench,
said
Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put
in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the
U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (
头盔
) that
contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide
robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.
Although
Satava's
vision
may
be
years
away
from
standard
operating
procedure,
scientists
are
progressing
toward
virtual
reality
surgery.
Engineers
at
an
international
organization
in
California
are
developing
a
tele-operating
device.
As
surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that
are
connected
to
a
computer,
which
passes
their
movements
to
robotic
instruments
that perform
the surgery. The computer provides, feedback to
the surgeon on force,
textures, and sound.
These technological wonders may not
yet be part of the community hospital
setting
but
increasingly
some
of
the
machinery
is
finding
its
way
into
civilian
medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes
images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce
a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map
the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the rumor (
肿瘤
). Zamorano is also using
technology
that
attaches
a
probe
to
surgical
instruments
so
that
she
can
track
their
positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of
her
surgical
tools
in
a
computer
graphics
image
of
the
patient's
brain
taken
before
surgery.
During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the
body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are
wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut
away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.
Satava
says,
are
in
the
midst
of
a
fundamental
change
in
the
field
of
medicine.
请根据上面给出的内容，
来回答下面的单项选择题
（下列每小题备选答案中，
只
有一个符合题意的正确 答案。每小题
0
分，共
5
题。
）
36.
According to Richard
Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _____.
A
：
will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield
B
：
can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield
C
：
will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield
免费？宅在家学英语？怎么报名？
D
：
can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:37.
Richard Satava has visions of _____.
A
：
using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas
B
：
wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the
battlefield
C
：
wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons
D
：
setting up mobile surgical units overseas
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:38.
How is virtual reality surgery performed?
A
：
It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.
B
：
Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.
C
：
Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.
D
：
A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:39.
During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have
a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.
A
：
he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen
B
：
the cuts can be examined from different angles
C
：
the cuts have been highly magnified
D
：
he is wearing 3-D glasses
请选择答案：
A:B:C:D:40.
Virtual
reality
operations
are
an
improvement
on
conventional surgery in that they _____.
A
：
cause less pain to the wounded
B
：
allow the patient to recover more quickly
C
：
will make human surgeons' work less tedious
D
：
are done by robot surgeons with greater precision
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