初亏欧洲文化史名词解释

2021年1月22日发(作者：对路)
本资料来自英语自考网

The Introduction of European Culture- English Terms
Division One

Greek Culture and Roman Culture
1. Iliad
（
《伊利亚特》
）
:
1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with
the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war
against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the
Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by
Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.
2
．
Herodotus
（希罗多德）
:
1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called
―
Father of History. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His history, full
of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable.5) His object in writing
was
―
that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.
‖


3
．

Socrates:
1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5
th
and 4
th
century. 2) He was
considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy
took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were
recorded in
Dialogues
by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.
4. Dialectical method
（辩证法）
:
1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is
a method of argument, by questions and answers.
5. Plato:
1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His
Dialogues
are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the
Dialogues
he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the
Apology
,
Symposium
and the
Republic
. 3)
Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. 4) His philosophy is called idealism.
6. Diogenes
（狄奥艮尼）
（
北京市
2002
年 自考真题名词解释）
:
He was one of the Cynic
’
s leaders
in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word
―
cynic
‖
means
―
dog
‖
in Greek. 3)
He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.

7
．
Stoics
（斯多咯派）
:
1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4
th

century B. C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was
―
duty
‖
. 3) It developed into the
theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno.

8
．
Doric Style
（陶立克柱）
:
1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also
called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of
proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style is monotonous and unadorned.
9
．
Pax Rom ana
（罗马和平）
（北京市
2001
年自考真题名词解释）
:

1
）
In the year 27 B.C.
Octavius
took
supreme
power
as
emperor
with
the
tile
of
Augustus.
2) Two centuries
later,
the
Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on
a strong army-the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4)
Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon
in the history is know as Pax Romana.

10. Virgil
（
维吉尔）
:
1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the
Aeneid
.
3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to
found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.
Division Two

The Bible and Christianity
1.
The
Bible:
1)
The
Bible
is
a
collection
of
religious
writings
comprising
two
parts:
the
Old
Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the
doctrine of Jesus Christ.

英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问 速度，为大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!
本资料来自英语自考网

2.
The
Old Testament:

1)The Bible
was
divided
into
two
sections:
the
Old Testament
and
the
New
Testament.
2)
The
Old
Testament
is
about
God
and
the
Laws
of
God.
3)The
word
―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖, the agreement between God and Man.

3. The New Testament:
1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the
New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine (
教义
) of Jesus Christ. 3)The word
―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖, the agreement between God and Man.

4. Pentateuch
（摩西五经）
:
1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first
five books, called Pentateuch.2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (
创世记
), Exodus (
出埃
及记
), Leviticus(
利未记
), Numbers (
民数记
), Deuteronomy (
申命记
).
5
．
Genesis
：

1
）

Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It
tells
about
a
religious
account
of
the
origin
of
the
Hebrews
people,
including
the
origin
of
the
world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
6. Exodus:
1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. 2) It
tells
about
a
religious
history
of
the
Hebrews
during
their
flight
from
Egypt
Led
by
Moses.
3)
During
the period they began to receive God’s Law.

7. Noah
’
s Ark
（挪亚方舟）
:
1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of
Eden, the family of
man multiplied and spread over
the earth, but they became
more and more
corrupt 2) Thus God decided to destroy all life on earth in a great flood. 3) Because Noah always
kept his faith in God, God spoke to him about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect
him and his kin from the waters. 4) .Noah followed God
’
s instructions. 5) For 40 days it rained,
the whole earth was covered with water, those sheltered in the ark being the only survivals.
8. The Prophets (
先知
)
：
1
）
For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a
class of people known as ―Prophets‖ or the spokesmen of God.
2
）

Earlier prophets lived in groups
as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. 3
）
The Prophets can be grouped
into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.
（分为大小先知）

9
．
The Book of Daniel
（
《但以理书》
）
：

1
）
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of
the
Bible.
2)
The
book
appeared
in
the
early
days
of
Jews’

revolt
against
the
Syrian
King
Antiochus
IV.
3)
It
is
a
story
mixed
with
vision,
describing
how
Daniel
and
his
friends
were
taken prisoner to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem and how they refused to compromise their
faith.

10
．
The Edict of Milan
（米兰赦令）
:
1) Roman emperor Constantine believed that God had
helped
him
in
winning
the
battle
for
the
throne,
so
he
issued
the
Edict
of
Milan
in
313.
2)
It
granted religious freedom to all, made Christianity legal.
11
．

The four accounts in the New Testament
（四福音书）
:
1) The four accounts are the first
four books in the New Testament. 2) They were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark,
Luke,
and
John,
four
of
Jesus
’

early
followers.
3)
They
tell
of
the
birth,
teaching,
death
and
Resurrection of Jesus.
12
．
King
James’
version of Bible
（钦定版本圣经）
:
1
）
As the most important and influential of
English
Bible,
it
is
also
called
the
―
Authorized
‖

version.

2)
It
was
produced
by
54
biblical
scholars at the command of King James, and was published in 1611. 3) With its simple, majestic
Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is know as the greatest book in the English language.


Division Three


The Middle Ages
英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度，为大家提供最新 自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!
本资料来自英语自考网

1
．
the Middle ages
（中世纪）
（北京市
2002
年自考真题名词解释）
:
1) In European history, the
thousand-year
period
from
the
5th
century
to
15th
century
following
the
fall
of
the
Western
Roman
Empire
in
the
fifth
century
is
called
the
Middle
Ages.2)The
middle
ages
is
so
called
because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was
no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was
the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of
years. It shaped people
’
s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the
―
Age of Faith
‖
.
2
．
Feudalism
（封建主义）
：
1
）
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding

—
a
system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2
）
The word ―feudalism‖ was derived
from the Latin ―feudum‖, a grant

of land.

3
．
Fiefs
（
封地，
采邑）
：
1
）
In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into
small
pieces
to
be
given
to
chancellors
or
soldiers
as
a
reward

for
their
service.
2
）
The
subdivisions were called fiefs.
4. vassals
（
诸侯）
:
1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small
pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were
called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.
5. Code of Chivalry (
骑士制度
):
1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were
pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of
noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good
manners developed.
6.
dubbing
(
骑士头衔加冕仪式
)
:

After
a
knight
was successful
in
his
trails
and
tournaments,
there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is
called dubbing.
7. The Manor (
庄园
)
：

1
）

The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2
）
Manors
were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3
）
By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone
and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
8
．
The
Catholic
Church(
天主教
):
1)
In
the
medieval
―

age
of
faith
‖
,
almost
all
Europeans
belonged
to
the
Catholic
Church.
2)
The
word
―
catholic
‖

meant
―universal‖

3)
The
Catholic
Church
was
highly
centralized
and
disciplined
international
organization
and
the
Pope
was
the
head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of
all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and
their
political
right.
4)
The
Church
even
set
up
a
church
court-the
Inquisition
to
stamp
out
so-called heresy. 5)
Latin was the accepted
official language in the Roman Catholic Church. 6)
This Church had great influence on people
’
s daily life and the western thinking.
9
．
Monasticism (
修道院制度
):
1
）
Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and
500
A.D.,
many
men
withdrew
from
worldly
contacts
to
deserts
and
lonely
places.
2)
This
movement developed into the establishment of monasteries
（
修道院）
and convents (
女修道院
) for
monks and nuns. 3
）
Some of the hermits were great scholars known as ―Father of the Church‖,
whose
work
is
generally
considered
orthodox..
4)
Three
representatives
were
St.
Jerome,
Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.
ctine Rule(
本尼迪克特教团
)
：

1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529
A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict
’
s rule promised to give up all their possession before
entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could
not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service
英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度，为大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!
本资料来自英语自考网

seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five
hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
11. holy communion
（圣餐）
:
1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind
people that Christ has died to redeem man.
12
．
The Crusades
（十字军东征）
（北京市
2001
年自考真题名词解释）
:
1) In 1071 Palestine
fell
to
the
armies
of
the
Turkish
Moslems
who
attacked
the Christian
pilgrims,
killing
many
of
them
and
sold
many
others
as
slaves.
2)
News
of
this
kink
roused
great
indignation
among
Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which
went on about 200 years.

4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a
symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6)
Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important
effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with
the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.

13. Carolingian Renaissance
（加洛林复兴）
：

1
）

In early medieval period, the Emperor of the
Romans,
Charlemagne,
encouraged
learning
by
setting
up
monastery
schools,
giving
support
to
scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed
their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The
result
of
Charlemagne
’
s
efforts
is
usually
called
the
―
Carolingian
Renaissance
‖
.
4)The
term
is
derived from
Charlemagne’s
name in
Latin, Carolus. 5) The most
interesting side of this
rather
minor
renaissance
is
the
spectacle
of
Frankish
or
Germanic
state
reaching
out
to
assimilate
the
riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.

14. Alfred the Great
（阿尔弗雷德大王）
（北京市
2003
年自考真题名词解释）
:
1) As the ruler
of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture.
2)
He
worried
about
the
disappearance
of
learning
and
made
Wessex
the
Anglo- Saxon
cultural
centre
by
introducing
teachers
and
scholars,
founding
new
monasteries,
and
promoting
translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo
Saxon Chronicles.

15
．
National Epic(
民族史诗
)
：
1
）
The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important
and
mostly
used
form
in
ancient
literature.2
）

―National
epic‖
refers
to
the
epic
written
in
vernacular languages
—
that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the
Middle Ages. 3
）
Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4
）

It was the starting point of
a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination
of a variety of national characteristics.
16
．
Beowul f
（
《贝奥武甫》
）
：
1) It is an Anglo- Saxon epic in 8
th
century. 2) It originates from the
collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the
hero, V
eowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel
’
s mother, a sea monster, but eventually
receives
his
own
death
in
fighting
with
a
fire
dragon.
4)
It
marks
the
beginning
of
English
literature.
17. Song of Roland
（
《罗兰之歌》
）
：

1
）
It is the most well-known of a group of French epics
known as
La Chanson de Gestes
. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne
’
s warriors, fights in
Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.

18. The Divine Comedy
（
《神曲》
）
：
1
）
It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is
one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a
profound
vision
of
the
medieval
Christian
world,
and
expresses
humanistic
ideas
which
英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度 ，为大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!
本资料来自英语自考网

foreshadowed
the
spirit
of
Renaissance.
4)
It
was
written
in
Italian
rather
than
in
Latin,
which
influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to
a new varied expression.
19.
The
Canterbury
Tales
（
《坎特伯雷故事集》
）
：

1)
The
Canterbury
Tales

was
written
by
English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their
journey
to
Canterbury.
3)
Most
of
the
tales
are
written
in
verse
which
reflects
Chaucer
’
s
innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(
头韵
).
4)
The Canterbury Tales
is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern
English.
20. Gothic
（哥特式建筑）
(
北京市
2001
自 考真题名词解释
)
：

1
）
The Gothic style started in
France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the
mid-12
th
to the end of 15
th
century and, in some areas, into the 16
th
. 3) More churches were built in
this manner tan in any other style in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque,
but
it
reflected
a
much
more
ordered
feudal
society
with
full
confidence.
5)
Gothic
cathedrals
soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against
the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures.

Division Four

Renaissance and Reformation
1
．
Renaissance
（文艺复兴）
：
1
）

As
a
period
in
western
civilization,
generally
speaking,
Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. 2 Renaissance started in
Florence
and
Venice
with
the
flowering
of
paintings,
sculpture
and
architecture.3)
The
word
―Renaissance‖ means revival, specifically
in this
period of history, revival of interest in ancient
Greek
and
Roman
culture.
4)Renaissance,
in
essence,
was
a
historical
period
in
which
the
European
humanist
thinkers
and
scholars
made
attempts
to
get
rid
of
conservatism
in
feudalist
Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the
restrictions
in
all
areas
placed
by
the
Roman
church
authorities.5.
During
the
period
of
Renaissance,
old
sciences
revived
and
new
sciences
emerge,
national
languages
and
national
cultures
free
from
the
absolute
control
of
the
Papal
authority
in
Rome
took
shape
and
art
and
literature flourished as never before.
2
．

Humanism
(
人文主义
)
：
1
）
Humanism
is
the
essence
of
Renaissance.
2)
Humanists
in
Renaissance
believed
that
human
beings
had
rights
to
pursue
wealth
and
pleasure
and
they
admired the beauty of human body. 3) This belief
ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of
poverty
and
stoics,,
and
shifted
man
’
s
interest
from
Christianity
to
humanity,
from
religion
to
philosophy,
fro heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joys,
senses and feelings. 4) Theologically, the humanists were religious. But they began to look at the
problems
of
God
and
Providence
with
a
view
to
understanding
man
’
s
work
and
man
’
s
earthly
happiness. 5) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature in Italy and the rest
of Europe, to pass down as the beginning of the history of
modern man
, who, instead of brooding
about death and the other world, lives and works for the present and future progress of mankind.

3. Leonard da Vinci
（北京市
2004
年自考真题名词解释）
:
1) He was a painter, a sculptor, an
architect, a musician, an engineer and a scientist, who was born in Florence in Italy. 2) He was a
Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. 3) He had profound understanding of art, which
exerted great influence among the painters of his own generation, and generations to follow.4
）

His major works are
Last Super
and
Mona Lisa
.
4. Michelangelo
（米开朗基罗）
:
1) Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and 英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度，为大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业< br>!
本资料来自英语自考网

poet. 2) he was a towering figure of the Renaissance. 3) By art, he expressed his vision of man,
man
’
s beauty,
man
’
s nobility, his own anguish and his own energy, a means by
which he made
inquiry into the reality.3) his major works are
David
,
Moses
and
Sistine Chapel
.

5. Raphael
（拉斐尔）
:
1) Raphael was one of major painters during the Renaissance. 2) In his
work, there is the exquisite harmony and balance of the High Renaissance. 3) Raphael was best
know for his Madonna(Virgin Mary). He painted his Madonnas in different postures. 4) Because
of his Madonnas with sweet expressions, he came to be known as the elegant Raphael.

6
．
High Renaissance
（文艺复兴全盛时期）
:
1) The Renaissance in Italy reached its height in the
16
th

century
with
its
center
moving
to
Milan,
then
to
Rome,
and
created
High
Renaissance(1490-1530). 2) meantime by the beginning of the 16
th
century, Venetian art had come
into being in full glory. 3) the representatives in this period were da Vinci, Michelangelo. Raphael
and Titian.

7．
Reformation
（宗教改革）
（北京市２００１年自考真题名词解释）
：
１）
The Reformation
was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio- political movement.
２）
It was led by
Martin
Luther
and
wept
over
the
whole
Europe.
3)
This
movement
was
aimed
at
opposing
the
absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of
the Bible. 3) The Reformists believed in direct communication between the individual and God,
engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have
institutional
reforms
and
were
interested
in
liberation
national
economy
and
politics
from
the
interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of peasants and
revolution
of
the
bourgeoisie.
4)
The
Reformation
dealt
the
feudal
theocracy
a
fatal
blow
and
shattered Medieval Church
’
s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.
８．
Martin Luther
（马丁?路德）
:
1
）
He was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.
2) His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. 3) His doctrines were:
men
are
redeemed
by
faith
and
not
by
the
purchase
of
indulgence;
Bible
was
the
supreme
authority and man was only bound to the law of the word of God, not the word of the clergy; all
believers were priests, and all occupations were holy.

9. John Calvin
（约翰?加尔文）
:
1) He was a French theologian who put his theological thoughts
in
his
Institues
of
the
Christian
Religion,
which
was
called
as
Calvinism.

2)
He
rejected
the
papal authorities and devoted himself to the work of reformation in Geneva, where he set himself
the task of constructing a government based on the subordination of the state to the church, a type
of government which later came to be know as the Presbyterian government. 3) Calvin
’
s influence
was widespread, particularly in England and Scotland, and the Netherlands.
10.
Calvinism
（加尔文主义）
（ 北京市２００３年自考真题名词解释）
:

1)Calvinism
was
established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. 2)Calvinism held that the absolute authority of
the God
’
s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved, and that any form of
sinfulness was a likely sigh of damnation whereas hard work and thrifty way of life could be a
sign of salvation. 3) This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path that many
historians have suggested that Calvinism was one of the main courses the capitalist spirit.

11. Counter- Reformation
（反宗教改革）
:
1)By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its
control over the church in Germany and the movement against the Roman Catholic Church had
swept over the whole of Europe, shaking the very foundation of the Roman Catholic Church. 2)
The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They gathered their forces to examine the Church
institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its life. 3) In time, the roman
英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度，为大家提供最新自考 信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!
本资料来自英语自考网

Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs. 4)

This recovery
of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.

12. Jesuits/The Society of Jesus
（耶酥会）
:
1) In the Counter-Reformation, a Spaniard Ignatius
and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus. 2) The Jesuits
went through strict spiritual training and organized their own colleges to train selected youth who
would be centre of their influence in the next generation.3) The Jesuits made it their life long work
to spread the orthodox faith.

13.
Don
Quixote
（
《堂吉珂德》
）
:
1)
Don
Quixote

is
the
greatest
work
by
Spanish
novelist
Cervanes..2)
The
novel
depicts
the
various
adventures
of
Don
Quixote
and
his
servant
Sancho
Panza and offers a picture of Spain in the 17
th
century with various characters and landscapes. 3) it
was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. 4)
This book is recognized as the father of the modern European novel.

14.
William
Shakespeare
（莎士比亚）
:
1)
Shakespeare
is
the
greatest
poet
and
dramatist
in
English
literature.
2)
He
was
a
man
of
the
late
Renaissance
who
gave
the
fullest
expression
to
humanist
ideals.
3)
He
produced
a
lot
of
works,
including
Hamlet,
O
thello,
King
Lear
and
Macbeth
, which exerted great impact on the world literature and was regarded as one of the two
reservoirs of modern English language.
15. Columbus
（哥伦布）
:
1) He was a Italian navigator. 2) Under the patronage of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain, He sailed west to reach the orient. 3) He left Palos in 3 August, 1492 with three
ships and reached the Bahamas on 12 October 1492, which was claimed to be the New World.

16. Copernicus
（
哥白尼）
:
1) He was a Polish astronomer who put forward revolutionary ideas in
astronomy in 17
th
century. 2) He believed that the earth and other planets orbit about the sun and
that earth is not at the centre of the universe. 3) He set forth his beliefs in the book
The Revolution
of the Heavenly Orbs
and came to be known as father of modern astronomy. 4) He was also the
forerunner of modern science.
Division Five


The Seventeenth Century
1.
Kepler’s Laws
（开普勒定律）
:

1) The first important astronomer after Copernicus to adopt
the heliocentric theory was the German scientist Kepler. 2)Kepler is best known for his discovery
of the three laws of planetary motion, the three laws being called Kepler
’
s Laws. 3) They may be
stated as follows each planet moves in an ellipse, with sun at one focus; each planet moves more
rapidly when near the sun than farther from it; the distance of each planet from the sun bears a
definite relation to the time period of its revolution around the sun. 4. :They formed the basis of all
modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
.
2. the laws of gravitation
（
万有引力定律）
：
1
）

The law of the universal gravitation is considered
to
be
one
of
the
most
important
discoveries
in
the
history
of
science.
2)
It
was
discovered
by
English scientist, Isaac Newton. 3) It states that the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all
the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is called
gravitation.4)
From
his
law
of
universal
gravitation
Newton
was
able
to
deduce
the
orbits
of
comets, the tides, and even the minute departures from elliptical orbits on the part of the planets.
3. the Great Instauration
（伟大的复兴）
: 1) To expect any great advancement in science, English
philosopher
Francis
Bacon
held,
we
must
begin
anew.
2)
The
fresh
start
required
the
mind
to
overcome
all
the
preconceptions,
all
the
prejudices,
all
the
assumptions,
sweep
away
all
the
fallacies
and
false
beliefs.
In
a
word
it
is
to
break
with
the
past,
and
to
restore
man
to
his
lost
mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.
英语自考网

以优质资料及高效的访问速度 ，为大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日毕业
!