中秋节英语翻译托福阅读真题

2021年1月22日发(作者：cute什么意思)
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C

Question 1-8

Both the number and the percentage of people in the
United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded
rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,
with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the
domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and
distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph
systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century
led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and
regularity of shipments and communications, making possible
a fundamental transformation in the production and
distribution of goods.b5E2RGbCAP

In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the
emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the
warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so
many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast
conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the
transformation was marked by the emergence of a
factory system
and more systematically organized and managed. And in
distribution, the transformation was marked by the
emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass
retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of
work during the half century between 1870 and
1920.p1EanqFDPw

To be sure, there were still small workshops, where
skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from
newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the
sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women
in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a
piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations
such as metalwork where individual contractors presided
over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that
coexisted within a single buildings. But as the number of
wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880
to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number
of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in
Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average
plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000
in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.> By 1920, at least in the
northeastern United States where most of the nation's
manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-
quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100
employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than
1,000 9E3d

1.
The word
toRTCrpUDGiT

(A>
fields

(B>
locations

(C>
organizations

(D>
occupations

2.
What can be inferred from the passage about the
agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil
War?5PCzVD7HxA

(A>
New technological developments had little effect on
AILg

(B>
The percentage of the total population working in
agriculture 74J0X

(C>
Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the
yKfE

(D>
Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better
rural 6ZB2Ltk

3.
The word
todvzfvkwMI1

(A>
possible

(B>
basic

(C>
gradual

(D>
unique

4.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of
the

(A>
A change in the organization of factories.

(B>
A growth in the complexity of factories.

(C>
An increase in the size of factories.

(D>
An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial
tOco

5.
Which of the following statements about manufacturing
before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?SixE2yXPq5

(A>
Most manufacturing activity was highly
organized.6ewMyirQFL

(B>
Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small
42VRUs

(C>
The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton
presses.y6v3ALoS89

(D>
Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half
of the nation's economy.M2ub6vSTnP

6.
The word
to0YujCfmUCw

(A>
hardworking

(B>
expert

(C>
well-paid

(D>
industrial

7.
The word
meaning to eUts8ZQVRd

(A>
managed

(B>
led to

(C>
worked in

(D>
produced

8.
The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in
lines 23-24 because it wassQsAEJkW5T

(A>
a well-known metal-works

(B>
the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia

(C>
typical of the large factories that were becoming more
commonGMsIasNXkA

(D>
typical of factories that consisted of a single
buildingTIrRGchYzg

Question 9-19

Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is
spherical. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes:
round planets (some with rings>, tailed comets, wispy
cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped
spiral galaxies, and so on. But none of the shapes on this
list describes the largest single entities in the universe.
These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge
clouds of radio emission that dwarf the visible galaxies,
sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more. Stretching over
distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-
emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds,
typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible
galaxy (when it is visible> in the center.7EqZcWLZNX

These double radio sources present astronomers with a
puzzle. Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron
process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed
of light move through magnetic fields. However, in view of
the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they
should disappear in a few million years as their electrons
slow down and cease producing radiation. Somehow new
electrons must be continually accelerated to nearly the
speed of light, otherwise, by now almost none of the double
radio sources would be 7IGf02E

With the advent of high- resolution radio interferometers
during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear:
the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in
opposite directions from the center of galaxy. Remarkably
narrow and highly directional, the jets move outward at
speeds close to the speed of light. When the jets strike
the highly rarefied gas that permcales intergalactic space,
the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional
motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting
J1hk

Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of
astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive
to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy
eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets?
And why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way?NrpoJac3v1

9.
The word
by1nowfTG4KI

(A>
visible

(B>
astronomical

(C>
glowing

(D>
scientific

10.
The word
tofjnFLDa5Zo

(A>
factors

(B>
processes

(C>
objects

(D>
puzzles

11.
In the first paragraph, the author describes objects
in the universe in terms of theirtfnNhnE6e5

(A>
color

(B>
origin

(C>
location

(D>
shape

12.
Which of the following is the best representation of
the clouds of radio emission described in the first
paragraph?HbmVN777sL

(A> <
图）

(B> <
图）

(C> <
图）

(D> <
图）

13.
According to the passage, scientists do not fully
understand why double radio sourcesV7l4jRB8Hs

(A>
have not eventually disappeared

(B>
cannot be observed with a telescope

(C>
are beginning to slow down

(D>
are not as big as some planets and stars

14.
The word

(A>
speeds

(B>
directions

(C>
electrons

(D>
clouds

15.
According to the passage, what happens when electrons
and gas collide in space?83lcPA59W9

(A>
The gas becomes more condensed

(B>
The gas becomes less radiated

(C>
The electrons disperse

(D>
The electrons become negatively charged

16.
The author suggests that astronomers consider the
study of cosmic jets to bemZkklkzaaP

(A>
an obsolete scientific field

(B>
an unprofitable venture

(C>
an intriguing challenge

(D>
a subjective debate

17.
In what lines does the passage compare the size of
double radio sources with that of other
galaxies?AVktR43bpw

(A>
Lines 4-6

(B>
Lines 12-14

(C>
Lines 19-20

(D>
Lines 23-24

18.
Where in the passage does the author mention a
technology that aided in the understanding of double
radio sources?ORjBnOwcEd

(A>
Line 2

(B>
Line 7

(C>
Line 17

(D>
Line 21

19.
The paragraph following the passage most likely
discusses2MiJTy0dTT

(A>
specific double radio sources

(B>
an explanation of the synchrotron process

(C>
possible reasons for the presence of cosmic
jetsgIiSpiue7A

(D>
the discovery of the first double radio
0U1Yfmh

Questions 20-28

The sculptural legacy that the new United States
inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a
rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was
still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone
carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and
other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we
still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some
skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden
ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations,
while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads.
Although they often achieved expression and formal
excellence in their generally primitive style, they
remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and
constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of
as

On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was
desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the
1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South
Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make
marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead
equestrian image of King George III that was created in New
York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years
later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or
other decorations were produced in England and brought to
the colonies to be set in the walls of churches-as in
King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art,
practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of
their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the
various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and
carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among
Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the
United States had two groups from which to choose - either
the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European
VhPE

The eighteenth century was not one in which powered
sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the
timidity with which unschooled artisans - originally
trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers -
attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the
United States in the late eighteenth pi4k

20.
What is the main idea of the passage?

(A>
There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-
century Tjj1

(B>
Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States
in the 1770'nkxI

(C>
Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States
after 0sRlMo