彻夜不眠武汉大学博士英语结课考试复习过程

2021年1月22日发(作者：雇凶)




武
汉
大
学
博
士
英
语
结
课
考
试

一、

段落分析

Concept-defining
(
一
)

C
ontent
内容（
from paragraph level
）

1 Topic
话题（特点
general
笼统）

2 Aspect (supporting sentence)
from material to spiritual aspects
从物质到精神

from physical to psychological aspects
从身体到心理

from idea/mentality to behavior
从思想到行为

from technology to society
from individual to social aspects
从个体到社会

from oneself to others
从自身到他人

from direct to indirect aspects
从直接到间接

from physical environment to economic and social structure
从地理环境到社会经济结构

3 Perspective (point of view)
角度
+ Key words
=thesis
论点
+evidence
论据

=theme
主题（
main idea
）
+aspects
方面

4 Form/Function
形式（
passage level
）

Structure: the organization of the whole article
Introduction (what)
Body (why)
Conclusion (how)
(
二
)

P
aragraph development
1 Skill/Pattern
；
Fact/Detail
Statistics
统计

Examples
例证

Statements
阐述

Quotation
引言

2 Method
针对所选用的
skill
的方法

1)

topic order
2)

causal order = cause and effect
3)

spatial order = space order
4)

chronological order = time order
5)

problem and solution
6)

means and ends
7)

process and result
8)

classification
9)

hierarchical structure
分层次、等级的
(from least to most)
10)

antithesis
对偶、排比

11)

progression
递进
(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)
12)

comparison (
相似
) and contrast(
差异
)
对比

3 Logic relationship (from passage level)
(what, why, how)

1)Cause and effect
因果关系
=why & how
2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how
手段和目的；过程和目的

3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why
4)Problem and solution = what & how
5)Example = how
(
三
)

D
eveloping Paragraph/Body(
正文
/
主体
)
1

Unity (
一致性
)
—
topic sentence
切题，与开篇提出的论点相关

2

Development (
发展性
)
—
supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects
论据是否充分

Common Methods of Development
1)

exemplification
例证

2)

facts
事实

3)

citation
引证

4)

comparison and contrast
比较与对比

5)

analysis
分析

6)

classification
分类

3

Coherence
(
连贯性
):
主要指段落中的句子与句子之间 在逻辑上和结构上的相互连
贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然

1)transitions/signposts
过渡词
/
路标词

2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse
由重到轻，反之亦然

3)general principle by classification:
总原则（分类）

from material to spiritual aspects
从物质到精神

from physical to psychological aspects
从身体到心理

from individual to social aspects
从个体到社会

from oneself to others
从自身到他人

from direct to indirect aspects
从直接到间接

from physical environment to economic and social structure
从地理环境到社会经济结构


第一课的第三段：

Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect
people and organizations on a wide scale.
Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and
manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and
social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the
course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art
forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will
also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through
breakthroughs that are confidently awaited.
Human organizations from tiny companies to entire
national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.
Topic
Effect/Influence
Perspective
Human and organizations
Human: from physical to psychological
Aspect
Organization: from individual to social
Keywords

Skill(s)
By example
Method(s)
By classification
Question
What and How
(Logic Relationship)

第一课的第十二段：

The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts
—
the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand.
Once
they are integrated, they present a much greater power
—
t
he power to prevent an asthmatic from
dying in a remote town in Alaska,
to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at
a new form of work,
to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant
daughter
while also providing emotional and financial support.
These powers are far greater than
the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.
Topic
Power
Perspective
Physiology safety and Belongingness
Aspect
From material to spiritual
Keywords

Skill(s)
By example
Method(s)
Hierarchical structure
Question
What and How
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第一段：

Countless
cultures
around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.
In
Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan
monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-
like structures in central Africa.
Topic
culture
Perspective
world
Aspect
From material aspects
Culture, mythologies;
Mayan temples, Incan monuments, Celtic cairns,
Keywords
Khmer statues, Ziggurat-like structures
Skill(s)
By example
Method(s)
In spatial order
Question
What and How
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第四段：

It is likely that
changes
in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to
detect immediately.
An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking:
“
This year
we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.
”

Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been
silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to
retain their positions and privileges.
Topic
civilization
Perspective
Easter Islanders
Aspect
From idea to behavior
Keywords
Change
; Long term trend, warning, status quo
Skill(s)
By quotation and statement
Method(s)
By classification
Question
What and Why
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第六段：

Humanity
may not act in time to prevent the
decimation
of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable
land, and fisheries.
In only 40 years, Ethiopia
’
s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the
same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests.
Powerful decision-making groups
ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the
problem of disappearing natural resources.

Topic
decimation
Perspective
humanity
From idea to behavior or vice verse
Aspect
/from material to spiritual aspects
Keywords
Decimation
; (of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries)
Skill(s)
By statistics and statement
Method(s)
Cause and effect
Question
What-How-Why
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第八段：

If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders,
we must change the myths
that are
leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing
future
.
The old
myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum.
For transformation to
occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of
mythmaking
. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls
“
The Global Brain,
”
then this is an
individual as well a collective venture.
Topic
Myths
Perspective
Mythmaking
Aspect
Myths
Myth-changing
; oldmyths- collapsing, newmyths-emerging, future-
Keywords
shaping, mythmaking, venture, enterprise
Skill(s)
By statement
Method(s)
Problem and solution
Question
What- Why-How
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第十二段：

But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast
a
malignant shadow
.
The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left
overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop
production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful
insecticides
——
first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize
——
was followed by the
unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy
but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with
worldwide repercussions.
The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and
foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to
aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug
addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.
Topic
Shadow
Perspective
Science and society
Aspect
From technology to society
Shadow
; automobile, fertilizers, insecticides, nuclear power plants, waste
Keywords
products, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, spouse and child abuse
Skill(s)
By example
By classification:
Method(s)
macro: hierarchical structure (from least to most)
micro: antithesis (from positive to negative)
Question
What and How
(Logic Relationship)

第八课的第二十五段：

The third
principle
is to identify real-life
situations
in which antagonists can find common
ground.
With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that
groups
“
press beyond dialogue
.
”
For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can
generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from
conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and
cooperative research undertakings.
Topic
Principle
Perspective
Situations
Aspect
Press beyond dialogue (nonverbal communication)
Keywords
Real life situation, common ground;
press beyond dialogue
Skill(s)
By example
Method(s)
By antithesis: homogeneity(
同质
) and heterogeneity(
异质
)
Question
What and How
(Logic Relationship)


二、

文章结构分析

第八课
1-4
段


Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In
Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan
monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-
like structures in central Africa.
Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in
archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates
that some 1,600 years ago the island
’
s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a
pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They
multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy
and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the
stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and
wealth.
Eventually, as the island
’
s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly
than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and
ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoes
reduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing
populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its
human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local
resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by
warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each
other
’
s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was
barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations
earlier, were heirs to a once- greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and
cannibalism.
It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to
detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking:
“
This year
we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.
”

Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been
silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to
retain their positions and privileges.

Perspective
PARA
Key Word(s) (Document)
Structure (Function)
(point of view)
Disappearance (of vanished civilization)
—

What
1
World
(phenomena
Mayan temples, Incan monuments, Celtic cairns,
/situation)
Khmer statues, Ziggurat-like structures
Pristine paradise (of once-flourishing
How
civilization)
—
subtropical forests, wild bird
2
Easter islanders
(example)
species, no predators,
(sophisticated) economy, (complex) political
3
4

Easter islanders
Easter islanders
system
Barren and desolate island
—

violence, starvation, cannibalism
Long- term trend (islander
’
s thinking);
Warning, status quo (ruling class)
How
(example)
Why