pukka综合英语3(上外第二版)课文主要单词讲解

2021年1月22日发(作者：cars)
Unit 1 Fresh Start

（
1
）
distinct


a.

clearly seen, heard, felt, understood, etc.; noticeable
e.g.
Now that the boss was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude.

The children have distinct memories of their grandfather in his last days.

Comparison:


distinct & distinctive
distinctive: It means having a special quality, character, or appearance that is different
and easy to recognize.
e.g.
There is a distinct smell of beer in this room.

distinct: Something that is distinct can clearly be seen, heard, smelled, etc.
e.g.
Beer has a very distinctive smell; it’s quite distinct from the smell of wine.


（
2
）
clutch
vt. hold or grasp










vi. try to grasp or seize
e.g.
The frightened woman clutched her bags to her breast.
He clutched at the rope we had thrown to him but could not reach it.
Synonyms:
seize, grasp
e.g.
She seized my arm as she fell.
grasp the essence / main points

（
3
）
glimpse
n.

1. a quick look at sb. or sth.
e.g.
I caught a glimpse of our new neighbor.
2. a short experience of sth. that helps you begin to understand it
e.g.
Her worried face gave me a glimpse of her true feelings.
她的忧伤表情使我感受到她内心的真实感情。


（
4
）
reserve
n.

a quality in sb.’s character that make them not like expressing their
emotions or talking about their problems
e.g.
Being a man of reserve, Mr. Y
ork was never popular with his colleagues.
Judy has tried every means to break through the reserve of her stepson.
Derivation:
reserved a.
e.g.
The English have a reputation for being reserved.

（
5
）
whereabouts

n. approximate location
ad. used to ask in what general area sth. or sb. is
e.g.
The orphan’s whereabouts is / are still unknow
n.
The
police
have
appealed
for
information
concerning
the
whereabouts
of
the
stolen
car used in the robbery
.
Whereabouts did you grow up?

（
6
）
demeanor
n.

the way sb. behaves, dresses, speaks, etc. that shows what their
character is like
His demeanor was clam and steady
.
他的举止沉着、稳健。


The girl has a quiet, modest demeanor.
这个女孩子的态度娴静而谦逊。


（
7
）
scribble (down)
v
.

write sth. quickly and untidily
e.g.
I scribbled his phone number in my address book.

He scribbled down our names.

（
8
）
grope
v
.
1. try to find sth. that you cannot see by feeling with your hands
e.g.
Ginny groped for her glasses on the bedside table.
Collocations:
grope for
grope around
e.g.
We groped around in the darkness.
2. go somewhere by feeling the way with your hands





because you cannot see
e.g.
I was groping my way blindly through the trees.
Collocations:
grope your way along / across, etc.


（
9
）
tip off

give an advanced warning or hint to

e.g.
Somebody must have tipped the burglars off that the house would be empty
.

The police was tipped off about the robbery
.

（
10
）
goody
(pl. goodies) n.



1. sth. that is nice to eat
e.g.
We bought lots of goodies for the picnic.
V
ariant spelling:
(British English) goodie
2. sth. attractive, pleasant, or desirable
e.g.
The competition gives you the chance to win all sorts of goodies.

（
11
）
flail
v
.

(cause sth. to) wave or swing about wildly
e.g.
I flailed my arms to get her attention.
The baby’s feet flailed under the quilt.


（
12
）
rear end
(informal) the part of your body which you sit on

（
13
）
sneak
v
.

go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard
e.g.
They sneaked off without paying!
She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep.
Collocations:
sneak in / out / away / off
Synonym:

creep

（
14
）
crunchy-chewy-salty-sweet bite
Word formation:

The four adjectives are chained up with hyphens to form a new modifier placed before
a noun.
Here the
modifier
“crunchy
-chewy- salty-
sweet” describes
the texture and taste of
the
fast food, which is crunchy
, chewy
, salty and sweet.
e.g.
a red-hot news story
an all-round athlete

（
15
）
tiptoe
v
.

walk quietly and carefully on your toes, so that nobody hears you
e.g.
His mother tiptoed into the room.

I tiptoed along the corridor.
Collocation:
tiptoe
around
(sth.):
try
to
avoid
dealing
with
a
difficult
or
embarrassing
subject
or
problem
e.g.
They were tiptoeing around the delicate subject of money
.

（
16
）
poor (old) soul

used to show pity for sb.

e.g.
The poor old soul had fallen and broken her hip.

（
17
）
spaghetti
tagliatelle
意大利干面条

a type of pasta that is cut into very long thin flat pieces
spaghetti
意大利式细面条

a type of pasta in very long thin pieces, that is cooked in boiling water
macaroni
通心粉

a type of pasta in the shape of small tubes

（
18
）
go out to sb.


go out to sb. used to say that someone feels a lot of sympathy
towards another person

e.g.
His heart went out to Mrs. Bradshaw and her fatherless child.

（
19
）
grin v.

show that you are very happy or pleased by smiling widely

Collocation:
grin from ear to ear: grin very widely

（
20
）
slink v.

go or
move
in a quiet, stealthy
way;
move as
if
one
feels
guilty or
ashamed, or does not want to be seen

e.g.
She tried to slink (=sneak) out of the office so that nobody would see her.
The cat slunk (=sneaked) through the grass toward its prey
.

（
21
）
malicious a.


very unkind and cruel, and deliberately behaving in a way that
is likely to upset or hurt sb.

e.g.
a malicious remark
malicious gossip
Derivation
：

malice (n.): a desire to harm sb. because you hate them
e.g.
He did it through malice.
I am quite certain that
his
wife bears
malice
to /
towards / against (=feels continuing
dislike for) me.


（
22
）
run with the crowd
An independent man, Peter never goes with the tide.
彼得是个有主见的人，从不随
大流。

Y
ou can do what you want to do, but never follow the crowd.
你想做什么就做什么，
可别随大流。

Hait hasn’t got a mind of his own on any matter of importance; he just swims with the
tide.
海特在任何重要问题上都没有自己的主见，他只是随大流。

She is always falling into line with the majority
.
她总是随大流。


（
23
）
shackle n.
a metal fastening, usually one of a pair, for encircling and confining the ankle or wrist
of a prisoner or captive; (fig.) a restraint or check to action or progress, often used
in
the plural form
e.g.
It is hard to break through the shackles of habit.
The policeman placed shackles on the suspect’s hands.


Unit 2 the company man

（
1
）
to death
used after an adjective or a verb to emphasize the action, state, or feeling mentioned

e.g.
worried to death; frightened to death; bored to death; starve to death; put to death

（
2
）
obituary (infml obit) n.

printed
notice (e.g.
in
a newspaper) of a person’s death, often
with a short account of
his life and achievements

（
3
）
Comparison:
fat:

having too
much
flesh on
your body
. It
is
rude to
tell someone directly
that
they
are fat.

e.g.
She thinks she’s fat.

He looks the same, just a little fatter.

overweight:
weighing
more
than
you
should.
Many
diseases
are
caused
by
being
overweight.
She was several kilos overweight.
large:
used when saying that someone is tall and often fat.











“Large” is more common than “big” in written English.

My father was a large man.
two large ladies

obese:
extremely fat in a way that is unhealthy
e.g.
He went to a summer camp for obese teenagers.

chubby:
slightly fat in a nice-looking way (used especially about babies and children)
A chubby little baby was playing on the rug.

plump:
a woman or child who is plump is slightly fat, especially in a pleasant way
e.g.
Her mother was a plump cheerful woman.

flabby:
having soft loose flesh rather than strong muscles
e.g.
a flabby stomach
Her body was getting old and flabby
.

portly:
(literary) fat and round
—
used especially about an old man
e.g.
The bishop was a portly middle-aged gentleman.

（
4
）
survive v.


live longer than sb. else, usually sb. closely related to you

The old lady has survived all her children.
那老太太的子女都先她而去世了。


（
5
）
lineup n.


a line of people that is formed for inspection or identification

Unit 3

Out of step

（
1
）
eccentric a.

(of people or behavior) unconventional and slightly strange
e.g.
The
old
gentleman,
who
lived
alone
all
his
life,
was
said
to
have
some
eccentric
habits.
n. a person of unconventional and slightly strange views or behavior
e.g.
The old gentleman enjoyed a colorful reputation as an engaging eccentric.

Detailed Reading
（
2
）
curb n.

(British English: kerb) a line of raised stones separating the footpath from the road

v
. / n. (place) a control or limit on sth. undesirable

e.g.
Poor nutrition can curb a child’s development both physically and mentally.

There will be curbs on drunk- driving from next month.
（
3
）
habituate v.

accustom by frequent repetition or prolonged exposure
e.g.
Y
ou must habituate yourself to reading aloud.
By the end of the school term, the students had been habituated / accustomed / used to
rising at five o’clock.

（
4
）
contortion n.

a twisted position or movement that looks surprising or strange
e.g.
The spectators cannot but admire the contortions of the gymnasts.
Derivation:

contort (v
.) cause sth. to twist out of its natural shape and looks strange or unttractive

The
human
understanding
is
like
a
false
mirror,
which,
receiving
rays
irregularly
distorts and discolors the
nature of things by
mingling
its own
nature with
it. (Francis
Bacon).


Comparison:

distort, twist, deform, contort & warp
These verbs mean to change and spoil the form or character of sth.
distort:
To
distort
is
to
alter
in
shape,
as
by
torsion
or
wrenching;
the
term
also
applies
to

verbal or pictorial
misrepresentation and to alteration or perversion of the
meaning of
sth.


deform:

If
you
deform
sth.,
or
if
it
deforms,
its
usual
shape
changes
so
that
its
usefulness or appearance is spoiled.
e.g.
Great erosion deformed the landscape.

The earlier part of his discourse was deformed by pedantic divisions and subdivisions.


twist:
Twist applies to distortion of form or meaning.

e.g.
a mouth twisted with pain

He accused me of twisting his words to mean what I wanted them to.


contort:
If you contort sth., or if it contorts, it twists out of its normal shape and looks
strange or unattractive.
e.g.
a face contorted with rage
a contorted line of reasoning
warp:
Warp can refer to a turning or twisting from a flat or straight form.
Prejudice warps the judgment.
The floorboards had warped over the years.
（
5
）
bring sth. home to sb.


make sb. realize sth.
e.g.
The
professor
drove
home
to
them
that
they
must
finish
the
writing
assignment
by
Friday
.
Comparison:

drive
sth.
home
to
sb.:
make
sb.
realize
sth.,
esp.
by
saying
it
often,
loudly
,
angrily,
etc.
e.g.
The news report has brought home to us all the plight of the prisoners of war.


hit / strike home: (of remarks, etc.) have the intended (often painful) effect
e.g.
Y
ou could see from his expression that her sarcastic comments had hit / stricken home
（
6
）
entertain

v.

consider an idea, etc. or allow yourself to think that sth. might happen or be true
e.g.
He refused to entertain our proposal.





entertain ideas, doubts, etc.

（
7
）
negotiate v.

get
over
or
past
(an
obstacle,
etc.)
successfully;
manage
to
travel
along
a
difficult
route
e.g.
The only way to negotiate the path is on foot.
Frank Mariano negotiates the dessert terrain in his battered pickup.

The climber had to negotiate a steep rock face.


那攀登者得攀越一陡峭岩石。


The horse negotiated the fence with ease.
那马轻易跳过了栅栏。


（
8
）
coo v.

speak in a soft, gentle, and loving way
, esp. when expressing surprise
e.g.
“How wonderful to see you again, darling,” she cooed.

The little girl is always cooing over those parrots of hers.
（
9
）
anew

adv.

(fml.)

again or one more time, esp. in a different way
e.g.
The scientists started the experiment anew.
The film tells anew the story of her rise to stardom.


Unit 4 Fun, oh, boy, fun, you could die from it.

（
1
）
overshadow
v.

make
sb.
or
sth.
less
successful,
important,
or
impressive
by
comparison with others; dominate
e.g.
Ben overshadows all his colleagues with his extraordinary insight and quick wit.

She is overshadowed by her younger and more attractive sister.
（
2
）
flunk v.

fail, esp. (in) a course or an exam
e.g.
The boy was upset because he flunked (in) an English exam.
flunk out. expel or be expelled
from
a school or course because of work that does
not
meet the required standards
e.g.
We didn’t flunk out, but our records weren’t so good.

（
3
）
traipse v.


walk wearily
e.g.
She spent the day traipsing from one shop to another.
（
4
）
epitome n.

an ideal; a typical representation
e.g.
His father is the epitome of goodness.

epitomize v
.

be an epitome of sth.
e.g.
He epitomizes the loving father.
She epitomizes all the good qualities of her family.

In his eye, the cat is the epitome of laziness.
他认为猫是懒惰的化身。

This
handbook
is a
neat epitome of everyday
hygiene.
这本手册概括了日常卫生的
要点。

The bank
manager epitomizes
all the
good qualities of
his
family.
这位银行经理的
身上集中体现了他们家族的一切优秀品质。

（
5
）
damper n.

(inf.) sth. that stops an occasion from being as enjoyable as it was intended to be
e.g.
The bad news put / cast / threw a damper on the party
.
Will the snow put a bit of a damper on your hike plans?
（
6
）
blaspheme v.

show contempt or disrespect for (God, a divine being, or sacred things)

e.g.
The bank manager began to rage and blaspheme (against) God.
The spiritual leader charged that the film blasphemed Islam.

（
7
）
malted milk
a soluble powder
made of dried
milk,
malted barley
,
and wheat
flour
麦乳精（由牛
奶、大麦麦牙和面粉制成的可溶粉粒）


（
8
）
chunky a.

1. (of candy
, etc.) containing small, thick pieces
e.g.
chunky peanut butter; chunky soup

2. (of a man) short and strong; stocky
e.g.
A chunky man usually has a wide upper body and looks strong.
（
9
）
scan v.

examine sth. carefully, with the eyes or with a machine, in order to obtain information
e.g.
She
anxiously
scanned
the
faces
of
the
young
men
leaving
the
train
in
the
hope
of
finding her son.
To
scan
a
text
can
also
mean
look
through
it
quickly
in
order
to
find
a
piece
of
information that one wants or get a general idea of what the text contains.

e.g.
Now, scan the newspaper article quickly and make a note of the main points.


Unit 5 The real truth about lies.

（
1
）
profess v.

e.g.
James professed to know everything about sculpture.
He professed the greatest respect for the law.
Practice:
她自称对此事一无所知。

She professed total ignorance of the matter.

他声称对该阴谋毫不知情。

He professed that he knew nothing about the plot.

（
2
）
earth-shattering a.


of the greatest importance to the whole world

e.g.
After years of hard work, they finally made an earth-shattering discovery
.
The new invention is of earth-shattering importance.
（
3
）
feign v.

pretend to have or be, put on a false air of
e.g.
She feigned to be ill in order not to do the exercises.
He feigned surprise and they all believed him.
e.g.
“Oh really!” he said, trying to feign interest.

Sometimes it’s best just to feign ignorance (=pretend that you do not know anything).

Collocation:
feign interest / surprise / ignorance / illness

(formal) pretend that you are interested, surprised, etc.
e.g.
Mark closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep.

She shouted but he pretended that he hadn’t heard her.

Synonym:
pretend
v
.

deliberately behave as though something
is true when
you know
it
is
not,
either for fun or to deceive people

（
4
）
spare one’s feelings

avoid doing sth. that would upset sb.
e.g.
He simply wished to minimize the fuss and to spare her feelings.
We carefully avoided mentioning the news to spare his feelings.
（
5
）
preoccupation n.

a strong
interest
in sth.,
usually because
you are
worried about
it, with the result that
you do not pay attention to other things
e.g.
Because of his preoccupation with his books, he didn’t realiz
e we were already back.
Such preoccupation with your work isn’t healthy
.


the state of avoiding giving a direct answer or making a firm decision
e.g.
After months of prevarication, a decision was finally made.
When we questioned the authorities on the subject, we were met by prevarication.


（
6
）
devote … to

give all or a large part of one’s time or resources to (a person, activity, or cause)

e.g.
I want to devote more time to my family.
He devotes himself to philanthropy
.


（
7
）
profession
n.

a
form
of
employment,
esp.
one
that
is
possible
only
for
an
educated person and that is respected in society as honorable
e.g.
She intends to make teaching her profession.
According
to
the
report,
forty
percent
of
the
lawyers
entering
the
profession
are
women.

（
8
）
pundit n.

a person who is an authority on a particular subject; an expert

Mr. Johnson is a well-known political pundit.
We’ve invited a foreign
-policy pundit to give us a lecture.
（
9
）
shape or spin the truth

modify the truth

（
10
）
client n.

sb. who pays for services or advice from a person or an organization
e.g.
a solicitor and his client

（
11
）
ubiquitous a.

seeming to be everywhere
e.g.
By the end of last century
, the computer had become ubiquitous.

We are now confronted with the ubiquitous spread of English.
fib n.


a small unimportant lie
e.g. .
Have you ever told fibs?
She told innocent fibs like anyone else.

（
12
）
invariably ad.

always

e.g.
It’s invariably wet when I take my holidays.

She invariably forgets to take her keys.

（
13
）
blurt out v.

say sth. suddenly and without thinking, usually because one is nervous or excited
e.g.
To our surprise, he blurted his secret out at table.
John blurted out that he dreamed of becoming a computer programmer.
（
14
）
lubricant
n.


a
substance
such
as
oil
that
one
puts
on
surfaces
that
rub
together
e.g.
That all-important task acts as a social lubricant, minimizing frictions.

（
15
）
tangled a.



complicated or made up of many confusing parts
e.g.
After
listening
to
his
speech
I
thought
his
ideas
and
opinions
were
so
tangled
that
I
could not vote for him.
The floor of the forest was covered with tangled growth.

（
16
）
wear down


reduce or become weaker until useless
e.g.
My shoes have worn down at the heel.
Y
our back tyres are badly worn down; you should fit new ones.


（
17
）
warp v.




bend or twist and to be no longer in the correct shape
e.g.
Left in the garage where it was damp, the wooden frame had warped.

The door must be warped. It won’t close properly.