右手边Consideration 对价(约因)

2021年1月22日发(作者：giulietta)
Consideration
对价


Something
bargained
for
and
received
by
a
promisor
from
a
promisee. Common types of consideration include real or personal
property,
a
return
promise,
some
act,
or
a
forbearance.
Consideration or a valid substitute is required to have a contract.
Consideration
is
one
of
the
three
basic
elements
of
contract
formation in common law, the other two being offer and acceptance.
it is not present in other legal systems.

立诺人从承 诺人那里讨价还价并得到的东西。
常见的对价类型包
括不动产或动产、回报承诺、某种作为或不 作为。合同要求有对价或
者有效的替代物。
在英美法中，
对价是合同形成的三个基本要 素之一，
其他两个要素是要约和承诺。这在其他法律体系中是不存在的。

1. Definition of Consideration




对价的定义

There are various definitions to consideration,like
Consideration is some benefit received by a party who gives a
promise or performs an act, or some detriment suffered by a party
who receives a promise.
“
A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist
either in some right, interest, profit of benefit accruing to one party
or
some
forbearance,detriment,
loss
or
responsibility
given,
suffered or undertaken by the other.
”

对价有多种定义，比如：

对价是指承诺人或者行为人获得的利益，
或者承诺人受到的损害。

从法律意 义上讲，有价值的对价可以包括一方获得的某种权利、
利益、利益收益，也可以包括另一方给予、遭受或 承担的某种宽容、
损害、损失或责任。

Consideration means something which is of some value in the
eye of the law, moving from the plaintiff; it may be some detriment
to the plaintiff or some benefit to the defendant, but at all events it
must be moving from the plaintiff.
Accordingly,
consideration
is
either
some
detriment
to
the
promisee
or
some
benefit
to
the
promisor.
A
valid
consideration
must be executory or executed; it cannot be past.
对价是指 在法律看来具有一定价值的、从原告转移而来的东西
;
它可能对原告不利，也可能对被告有利， 但无论如何，它必须是从原
告那里转移来的。

因此，
对价要么是对被承诺人 的一种损害，
要么是对承诺人的一
种利益。有效的对价必须是可执行的或正在执行的
;
它不可能是过去
的。

Executory -- a promise to do something in the future (e. g. A
promises
to
deliver
goods
to
B
and
B
promises
to
pay
for
the
goods);

Executed
--
an
act
constituting
the
consideration
is
wholly
performed (e. g. the payment of money for goods; the return of a
lost dog, for which a reward has been offered).
可执行的——承诺在未来做某事
(
例如，
A
承 诺向
B
交付货物，
B
承诺支付货款
);
已执行的——构成 对价的行为已全部执行
(
例如，支付货款
;
归还
一只丢失的狗，对此 已给予酬谢）
。

Consideration
is
something
bargained
for
and
given
in
exchange
for
a
promise.
That
‘
something
may
be
an
act,
a
forbearance, or a return promise. It may either be a benefit to the
promisor
or
a
detriment
to
the
promisee.
To
be
constitute
consideration, there must be a detriment to the promisee.
Consideration is some benefit received by a party who gives a
promise or performs an act, or some detriment suffered by a party
who receives a promise. A valid consideration must be executory or
executed; it cannot be past.
对价是一种以承诺为交换条件而讨价还价的东西。那个“东西 ”可
能是一种行为、
一种忍耐，
或者一种回报承诺。
它要么对承诺人有利，< br>要么对承诺人不利。要构成对价，必须损害到受约人的利益。

对价是指承诺人或者行为 人获得的利益，
或者受诺人受到的损害。
有效的对价必须是可执行的或者已执行的
;< br>它不能是过去的。

eristics of Consideration
对价的特征

(1)It
must
be
real
and
of
some
value.
It
must
not
be
vague,
indefinite or abstract.
(2)
It
need
not
be
adequate.
This
principle
is
sometimes
explained as
consideration may not be adequate but must be sufficient.
(3) It must be legal. An illegal consideration makes the whole
contract invalid.
(4) It must move from the promisee, i. e.

only the person who
has paid the price for a promise can sue on it.
(5)
It
must
be
possible
to
perform.
A
promise
to
do
the
impossible would not be accepted as consideration.
(6)It must not be past. If the act put forward as consideration
was
performed
before
any
promise
of
reward
was
made
it
is
not
valid consideration. The general rule is that
no consideration.
(7)
Performance
of
an
existing
contractual
duty,
or
a
public
duty
imposed
on
the
promisee
by
law,
there
will
not
amount
to
consideration unless the promisee goes beyond what he is required
to do.
(1)
它必须是真实的并且有一定的价值。它不能含糊、不明确或
抽象。
< br>(2)
它不一定是适当的。这一原则有时被解释为“对价不一定等于
承诺”或“对价不一 定适当，但必须充分”
。

(3)
它必须是合法的。非法的对价使整个合同无效。

(4)
它必 须从承诺人处转移来，即只有为承诺付出代价的人才能
对其提起诉讼。

(5)
它必须是能够执行的。承诺去做不可能的事不会被作为对价
接受的。

(6)
一定不能过去。

如果作出考虑的行为是在作出任何奖励承诺
之前进行的，那么这是无效的考虑因素。

一般规则是“过去的考虑不
予考虑”
。

(7)
履行现有的 合同义务，或法律规定对受诺人施加的公共责任，
除非受约人超出他的要求，否则不予考虑。

3. Exceptions of Consideration Requirement
A
contract
without
consideration
can
be
invalid
or
unenforceable unless it is under seal. The doctrine is not suitable to
the
practice
of
today;
therefore,
there
are
two
exceptions
to
this
doctrine, they are:
(1) Accord and Satisfaction
The
general
rule
of
the
common
law
is
that
a
creditor
is
not
bound by an undertaking to accept part payment in full settlement
of
debt.
An
accrued
debt
can
be
discharged
only
by
accord
and
satisfaction.
The
actual
part
payment
is
no
satisfaction,
that
is
to
say,

payment
of
a
lesser
sum
on
the
day
in
satisfaction
of
a
greater sum cannot be any satisfaction for the whole.
3.
对价要求的例外情况

未经对价的合同可能无效或无法执行 ，
除非它是盖印合同。
该学
说不适合今天的实践；因此，这一学说有两个例外，它们是 ：

(1)
债的替代

普通法的一般规则是：
债权人不受接 受全额清偿债务的部分付款
承诺的约束。
累积的债务只能通过债的替代来清偿。
实际的 部分付款
是不满意的，
也就是说，
“在同一天支付一笔较少的款项来抵偿一笔较
大的款项，对整体来说不能算是任何满意。

This rule is finally approved by the House of Lords in Foakes

v.

Beer.

For
example,
if
A
owes
B
$$1,000,
his
undertaking
to
pay, say, $$900, is no consideration for B's promise not to sue for
the
remaining
balance.
B
may
accept
the
$$900
then
sue
for
the
balance,
despite
his
promise.
In
addition,
B
may
insist
to
claim
interest notwithstanding that the principal sum has been settled.
最终，
这一规则在福克斯诉比尔案中得到了上议院的批准。
例如，
如果
A
欠
B 1000
美元，在不考虑起诉要求支付余额的情况下， 他的
还款承诺是
900
美元。尽管得到
B
的承诺，
B
仍然可以接受这
900
美元，然后起诉要求支付余额。另外，尽管本金已经结清，但
B
仍
可坚持要求支付利息。

But if the promisee has undertaken to do something different
from what he was bound to do, this will amount to consideration. So
it has been held that where, at the promisor's request, at an earlier