镜台安全工程专业英语Unit翻译

2021年1月22日发(作者：西班牙文翻译)
安全工程专业英语

Unit1
1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is
hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more
difficult
to
know
about
the
type
of
preparation
that
is
needed
for
a
particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals
succeed in it.
由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，
其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未
来 有什么样的工作机会，
更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的
准备，
也就是说学生 们很难知道掌握何种知识、
具备何种能力才能成
功适应未来的社会。

2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the
safety
profession
that
should
help
students
considering
a
career
in
this
challenging and rewarding field.
这篇文章将提供较为 深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，
它应该能够为
安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展 机遇的职业中获得
良好的发展而提供帮助。

3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during
the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the
U.S. until after Word War
Ⅱ
.
尽管这些专业手段在
20
世 纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广
泛适应性，
但在美国，
这些都是第二次世界大 战以后才取得的突破性
进展。

4.
This
legislation
was
important
because
it
stressed
the
control
of
workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the
previously
loosely
organized
safety
profession.
Other
legislation
passed
during
the
next
twenty
years
has
increased
the
scope
of
safety
practice
into
areas
of
environmental
protection,
product
safety,
hazardous
materials
management
and
designing
safety
into
vehicles,
highways,
process plants and buildings.
这部法律很重要，
因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，
同时这部法律也
为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。 此后
20
年中通过的一
些立法，将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险 物料
管理以及机动车辆、高速公路、加工厂和房屋的安全设计等方面。

5.
As
a
result,
the
safety
profession
has
respect
from
other
established
professions
such
as
engineering,
medicine
and
law(all
of
which
had
traditionally been involved in hazard control, but had no special training
in it).
因此安全专业 受到了其他发展已经较为成熟的工医药及法律这样的
专业的仰慕，
这些专业的人们过去经常涉及 危险控制问题，
但是很缺
乏专业化的训练。

6.
Safety
professionals
apply
principles
drawn
from
such
disciplines
as
engineering,
education,
psychology,
physiology,
enforcement,
hygiene,
health,
physics,
and
management.
They
use
appropriate
methods
and
techniques
of
loss
prevention
and
loss
control.
“Safety
science”
is
a
twenty- first century term for everything that goes into the prevention of
accidents, illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people,
property and the environment.
安全专业人员综合运用工程 学、
教育学、
心理学、
生理学、
法律法规、
卫生、健康、物理、以及 管理学等学科的基本原理，选择适当的方法
和技术进行损失预防和控制。作为
21
世纪 术语，
“
安全科学
”
泛指对
事故、疾病、火灾、爆炸以及一切危及人 们生命、财产和环境的事件
的预防。

7. Illness caused by exposing people to harmful biological, physical and
chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of
their impact are hard to make.
暴露于有害生物、
物理的或化学起因物所造成的疾病，
其产生的损失
则更是惊人，其负面影响已无法精确估算。

8. Ergonomics helps people understand the performance limits of humans
and helps them design tasks, machines, work stations and facilities which
improve performance and safety.
人机工程学有助于人们 理解人类自身的局限性，
从而致力设计能够有
效提高安全性和绩效的作业任务、设备、设施、以 及工作站。

9.
From
the
careful
design
and
operation
of
nuclear
power
generating
stations
to
the
elimination
of
lead- based
paints
in
homes,
the
efforts
to
reduce threats to public safety go on nonstop.
从核电站的精心设计到家居无铅材料，
人们致 力于降低对公众威胁的
努力从未停止。

10. The application of safety science principles occurs in many places: in
the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and
hospitals, at construction sites, on oil drilling rigs at sea, in underground
mines, in the busiest cities, in the space program, on farms, and anywhere
else where people may be exposed to hazards.
安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、 实验室、
学校、
医院、
建筑工地、
海上石油钻井、
地下开采、
都市、
太空探索、
农场等得到了广泛的应用。

11. To be called professionals, they must acquire the essential knowledge
of safety science through education and experience so that others can rely
on their judgments and recommendations.
之所 以称为专业人士，
是因为他们必须通过教育和经验掌握基本的安
全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖 他们的判断和建议。

12. Regardless of the industry, safety professionals help to achieve safety
in the workplace by identifying and analyzing hazards which potentially
create
injury
and
illness
problems,
developing
and
applying
hazard
controls,
communicating
safety
and
health
information,
measuring
the
effectiveness
of
controls,
and
performing
follow-up
evaluations
to
measure continuing improvement in progress.
在各行各业，
安全专业人员通过识别和分析可能导致伤害和疾病的危险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制方案实
施有效性、评估持续改进项目等 一系列工作以保障工作场所的安全。

13.
Emergency
Response:
organizing,
training
and
coordinating
skilled
employees with regard to auditory and visual communications pertaining
to emergencies such as fires, accidents or other disasters.
应急响应：组织、
培训和协 调受训员工应对火灾、事故或其他灾害等
突发事件的听觉和视觉交流。

14. Management Safety Programs: planning, organizing, budgeting, and
tracking
completion
and
effectiveness
of
activities
intended
to
achieve
safety
objectives
in
an
organization
or
to
implement
administrative
or
technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.
安全管理方案：规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目的完成情况与有 效性，
以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险。

15. The satisfaction of knowing that people have been protected because
harmful accidents and other incidents have been prevented is just one of
the many rewards associated with “what safety professionals do”.

当认识到人们因为已经预防了事故或事件而使他们得 到保护时，
这种
满足是所谓的
“
安全专业人士
”
得到的诸多 奖励之一。

Unit2
1.
Safety
and
health
professionals
who
work
in
industrial
settings
concentrate primarily on ensuring compliance with, at the very least, the
minimum safety and health standard promulgated under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970, as enforced by Occupational Safety and
Health Administration(OSHA).
在工 业生产中，
安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中于在确保生产至少
符合基于《
1970< br>职业安全与健康法案》发布的各项安全与健康标准，
这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局强制执行。

2.
Although
numerous
areas
are
addressed
and
a
minimum
level
of
worker protection is ensured by implementation of these many standards,
it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is
contained not in the Code of Federal Regulations but in Section 5 of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.
虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低
的安全水平，
但值得注意的 是：
真正推动工人安全的主要驱动因素在
于《职业安全与健康法案》的第五部分而不是在于《联 邦法规条例》
中所包含的内容。

3. This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1),
simply states that: Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees
employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized
hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or
serious physical
harm
to
his
employees,
and
shall
comply
with
occupational
safety
and
health standards promulgated under this act.
这一因素，即《职业安全与健康法案》第
5(a)
(1)
部分
——
一般责任
条款，
简明地阐述如下：
每个雇主必须为其雇员提供安全健康的就业
和工作环境，
使他们免于那些导致或可能造成员工死亡或严重身体伤
害的可辨识的危险 ，
并必须遵守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康标
准。

4. In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the
regulations that have followed since 1970 and continues to ensure worker
safety
in
the
absence
of
a
specific
standard
for
a
specific
occupational
situation.
事实上，
一般责任条款已经被
1970
年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法，它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情况下确保工人的安全。

5. Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods
and techniques associated with the system safety effort are an excellent
means of assuring that the intent of the General Duty Clause is met at the
earliest possible time in the project or program development process.
对于工人安全同样重要，
但表达不太清楚的地方 在于有关系统安全的
方法和技术是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合一般责任条
款的极好 的手段。

6.
However,
as
noted
earlier,
most
standard
and
regulations
reflect
minimum
requirements
for
safe
operations
and
do
not
place
any
additional responsibilities on employers to be safer than what is required
by these standards.
然而，如前所述，
大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，他< br>们并没有提出比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内
容。

7. It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to
ensure
continued
safety
in
a
given
situation,
it
is
often
necessary
to
exceed the minimum requirements established by law.
在职业安全领域，
众所周知的是：
为了确保在给定的条件下持续保持
安全的状况，超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。

8.
Even
though
a
majority
of
industrial
accidents
or
incidents
have
historically
been
attributed
to
the
unsafe
acts
or
the
unsafe
conduct
of
workers, the importance of unsafe physical conditions and equipment can
should
not
be
minimized
in
any
discussion
concerning
accident
risk
potential.
虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或不安全地执行，
但是不应该在所关于事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不
安全状态最小化。
9.
Injuries
and/or
property
damage
caused
by
mechanical
hazards
generally
have
a
high
potential
severity,
since
they
often
result
in
a
permanent total disability (e.g., loss of motion or use of a body member,
amputations,
loss
of
sight,
damages
to
hearing)
and/or
loss
to
essential
equipment or facilities.
机械性危险造成的伤害和
/< br>或财产损失一般具有较高的潜在严重性，
因为他们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能
（ 例如，
丧失运动或身
体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害）和
/
或基础设备 或设施的巨
大破坏或损坏。

10.
Furthermore,
many
of
the
so-called
unsafe
acts
that
cause
such
injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is
properly
assessed
well
in
advanced
and
safer
physical
conditions
are
implemented
to
control
the
hazards
associated
with
the
level
of
ascertained risk.
此外，
如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，
并且控制与该风险
水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安 全的物理条件，
那么，
所谓的导致
伤害的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

11.
Therefore
,accurate
evaluation
of
applicable
occupational
and
environmental
standards
and
regulations,
as
well
as
an
analysis
of
specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate
levels of protection.
因此，
如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，
并且控制 与风险水
平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，
那么，
所谓的导致伤
害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

12. Since the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system
safety disciplines tend to serve each other’s best interests, it would not be
prudent
management
practice
to
ignore
the
integration
of
the
system
safety program with the industrial safety effort.
因为行为安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，所
以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。

13.
Therefore,
in
order
to
fully
comprehend
the
relationship
between
system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system
safety
can
be
successfully
utilized
in
the
analysis
of
the
human
factors
element of task performance.
因此，
为了充分理解系统安全和行业安全的关系，
还必须 了解系统的
安全是如何成功的运用于任务绩效中的人因分析

14.
If
this
basic
concept
of
human- system
interface
is
not
properly
considered
in
the
design
phase,
then
all
the
safety
incentives
and
motivational
programs
that
money
can
buy
will
not
encourage
an
individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of
effectiveness.
如果在设计阶段没有正确的考虑人与系统交互的基本概念，< br>则所有的
安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定
有效性要求下 操作一台设计糟糕的设备。

15.
Also,
if
personnel
are
trained
to
operate
inadequately
designed
equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to
very
ineffective
operations
under
emergency
or
other
stress-include
conditions.
此外，
如果员工平时在正常操作下操作设计不当的设备，< br>那么在紧急
情况或其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。

Unit3
1.
The
hazard
analysis
will
also
assist
the
engineer
in
further
assessing
which hazards are important and which are not and therefore do not need
further study.
危险分析也将有助于工程师进一步评估哪 些危险是重要的，
哪些危险
不重要从而不必要进一步研究。

2.
With
this
information,
the
associated
risks
are
then
ranked
and
engineering management is better able to determine which risks are worth
controlling and which risks require less attention.
依据这个信息对相关的风险分级，
在工程管理上能够更好的确定哪些< br>风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注。

3. Some example engineering controls include: adding a relief value to a
2000-psi
oxygen
system;
building
a
berm
around
an
oil
storage
tank;
using only hermetically sealed switches in an explosive environment; or
putting in hard stops in rotating machinery to prevent overtorquing.
工程 控制包括这样一个例子：给
2000-psi
的氧气系统增加一个安全
阀、
在 储油槽周围建一个护堤、
在爆炸性环境只采用密封开关或在旋
转机械设置强行停止开关以防止扭 矩过大。

4.
Developing

and

implementing
a

plant

safety

plan

is

a

good

method

of

applying

management

controls

to

hazards.
制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。

5. Once controls are in place , a method needs

to be used to verify

that

the

controls
actually
control
the
hazards
or
mitigate
the
risks
to
an
acceptable

level.
一 旦控制到位，
需要使用方法验证那些控制真正的控制了危险或将风
险减小到可以接受的水平。< br>
6.
After
the
system
has
been
studied
and
hazards
identified
,
then
analyzed
and

evaluated
with
controls
in

place
,
management
must
make
the
formal
decisions
of
which
risks
they
are
willing
to
take
and
which ones they will not take.
经过系统研究和危险识别，
然后对已采用的控制措施进行了分析和评价，管理者必须做出正式的决定

，哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风
险

他们不可以接受。

7.
This
means
that
the
engineering
and
management
organizations
periodically
review
the
safety
program
,
engineering

processes
,
management

organizations, and

product

field

use.
这意味着， 工程管理机构定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和
产品的现场使用情况。

8. The

American

automobile industry has lost

billions

of

dollars

in

automobile

recalls

due

to

safety

problems , some of

which

possibly

could

have

been

avoided

by

periodic

review

of

product

use.
美国汽车业由于安 全问题在汽车召回中已经花费了数十亿美元，
其中
一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来 避免。

Unit4
1
）
Note

that

all
methods

are
abstractions--they
simplify

the
thin
being modeled

by

abstracting away what are assumed to be irrelevant

details

and
focusing

on

the

feature
of

the

phenomenon

that
are assumed to be the most relevant
需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，
他们是通过抽调假 定不相关的细
节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模型

2
）
That

selection

process

in

most
cases
is

arbitrary

and
depend
entirely

on
the

choice

of
modeler
,but
it
is
critical
in
determining

the

usefulness


and

accuracy

of
the
model
in

predicting

future

events

因为选择过程大多数情况下是任意的，
完全取决与建模者的 抉择，
但
他在确定该模型预测未来事件的有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的。

3
）
Because

the
accident

model
influence

what
cause(s)

is

ascribed to an accident, the countermeasures

taken to

prevent

future

accidents
,and
the

evaluation
of
the
risk
in
operating

a
system
,the
power

and
features
of
the
model
will
greatly
affect
our

ability

to
identify and

control hazards and thus prevent accidents

因为事故模型 影响着导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施
以及操作系统中的风险评价，
所以，
该模型的威力和特点建大大大影
响我们辨识和控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。

4. At the same time that the development of new technology has sprinted
forward ,the time to market for new products has significantly decreased
and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.
与此同时，随着新技术的迅猛 发展，新产品的上市时间已大大缩短，
但强大的压力还要求将这一时间再进一步缩短。

5.
Many
of
the
approaches
to
prevent
accidents
that
worked
on
electromechanical component failure
—
such as replication of components
to
protect
against
individual
component
failure
—
are
ineffective
in
controlling
accidents
that
arise
from
the
use
of
digital
systems
and