江湖人时态和语态

2021年1月22日发(作者：退卸套)
一、动词的时态和语态

一、

一般现在时

1.

表示经常性，习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与
always,
seldom,
usually,
often,
sometimes, every, now and then, once a week
等连用

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2.
表示客观事实或真理

Light travels faster than sound.
3.
书报标题，故事的叙述，小说等情节介绍，图片说明等。



The story takes place on an island during the Second World War.
4.
时间表，
日程 表，
时刻表，
节目单，
课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，
连用的动词：
go, arrive,
come, return, start, begin, leave, stay, take off
等


School begins on September 1.
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
5.
用一般现在时表将来

用于时间状语从句，由
when,
before,
after,
once,
until,
as
soon
as,
the
moment,
the
minute,
the
instant, the second, immediately, directly, instantly
引导

条件状语从句

if, unless
让步状语从句

wh- ever, no matter wh-
Call me as soon as he arrives.
If it is fine tomorrow, we shall visit the Great Wall.
When you meet him, tell him to come to my place.
6.
表示过去的动作，死者的言行及其著作，理论对现在的影响。


Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977, is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the
history of the cinema.

二、

一般过去时

1.
表示过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与表示过去 的时间状语连用
,yesterday,
last
night, two days ago, at that time
等

I saw him when he came in.
2.
表示过去一段时间内反复出现的动作或状态

Their children often went hungry in the old days.
to / would +
动词原形，

也可以表示过去经常或反复发生的动作

I used to smoke a lot but now I don
’
t.
We would ask our teachers for advice when we had questions.
4.
有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明，
但实际上是刚刚发生的，
常见于
I didn
’
t know
…
I forgot
…
等，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道，记得的事情

I
didn’t
know you were so busy.
I didn
’
t recognize him.
I didn
’
t expect to meet you here.

三、

一般将来时

构成：第一人称后用
shall+
动词原形，第二人称后用
will +
动词原形

表示将来会出现的动作或状态，
常伴有将来的时间状语，
this evening, tomorrow, at the end of this
term, in a few minutes
They will fly to Beijing in three days.
其他表示将来的结构
:

1
1.

be going to +
动词原形，

表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事，或根据某种迹象认为站在最
近或将来将要发生的事


They are going to hold a meeting to discuss it.

The rope is going to break soon.

Look! The clouds are gathering. It is going to rain.
2.

be to do
1
）表示预先安排好的计划或约定

There is to be a concert tomorrow.
2
）表示说话人的意志，意图，职责，义务，命令

We are to take care of all these children.
You are not to smoke in the meeting room.
3
）表示注定要发生的事情

Her plan is to be a failure.
3.

be about to+
动词原形“正要，即将做某事”

1
）

表即将发生的动作

The meeting is about to begin.
2
）

不与表示具体的将来时间的状语连用，可与
as, when
引导的时间状语从句连用


She was about to go to the cinema when I came.

注意：

1
）

will
表将来不可用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，
，但表意愿时可以

If you see him, please tell him about it.
If she will listen to me, I
’
ll give her some advice.
2
）

be going to do
或
be doing
表将来，
表示事先经过考虑或做好安排，
而
will do
表示在说话
时才做出的决定，是临时决定要发生的动作

--- You
’
ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. I
’
ll go and turn it off.
She is leaving this evening.
3
）

一般现在时也可表将来，指安排好的预计要发生的事情。

The plane takes off at 8
’
clock tomorrow morning.
4
）

表示行为趋向的动词，
用进行时表示很近的将来要发生的动作，
arrive, come, go, start, begin,
leave, meet, move, reach, return, fly, see
…
off
The train is leaving at 8:00.
They are coming to see us this coming afternoon.

四、

过去将来时

构成
would/ should +
动词原形

1.
表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中

I told her I would return the book in a few days.
2. was/ were going to do
表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做什么

She said she was going to buy a new bike.
/ were about to do
即将要发生的事

The bus was about to start.
4.

was/ were to do
表示过去计划或安排将要做某事

He said he was to finish the work in a week.

五、

现在进行时


2
构成：
am/is/are +
现在分词

1.
表示说话时正在进行的动作，连用的时间状语，
now, at present, at this moment

We are having an English lesson now.
2.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作，此时此刻动作不一定在进行

He is translating a book.
3.
现在进行时表预计即将发生的动作，
come, go, begin, leave, arrive, return, die, lose
The train is arriving soon.
4.
与
always, forever, constantly, all the time
等连用，
表反复，
习惯性的动作 ，
常表示不满，
抱怨，
赞赏等主观色彩

She is always finding fault with others.
John is always thinking of others.
5.

hope, want, wonder, wish, desire
等少数动词用现在进行时表示比一般将来时更加委婉的语
气

I
’
m wondering if I may have a word with you.
I
’
m hoping you can come and have supper with us.
6.

表示渐渐，渐进的过程

get, grow, become, turn, go, run
The leaves are turning red.
Fortunately people are beginning to realize just how serious the whole situation is.
7.

while
引导的时间状从中，通常用进行时

While you are resting, I
’
ll read you today
’
s news.

六、

过去进行时

构成
: was/ were + doing
1.
表示过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行的动作，连用

的时间状语，
at
that
time,
at
that
moment, yesterday
等

This time yesterday, they were having lunch.
2.
表示过去一段时间内持续进行的动作

We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday.
It was snowing last night.
3.
表示过去反复发生的行为动作

She was always asking her mother questions.
4. when
引导的从句表示一个短暂的时间点，谓语用一般过去时

While
引导的从句表示一段持续的时间段，谓语用过去进行时

I was writing a letter when he came in.
The telephone rang while she was washing.
5. come, go, plan, expect ,look forward to
等的过去进行时，表示本来打算做而实际未做的事情

He was coming to see me, but unfortunately he was ill.
6.
过去进行时表示过去某时未完成的动作

一般过去时表示过去做了某件事（已完成）

I ____ a novel written by Ernest Hemingway last night, and another night I
’
ll finish it.
A. read


B. have read


C. had read D. was reading
7.
用过去进行时表示说话之前一直在进行的动作或状态

--- Hey, look where you are going?
--- Oh, I
’
m terribly sorry____.
A.

I
’
m not noticing

B. I don
’
t noticing

C. I haven
’
t noticing


D. I wasn
’
t noticing


3
七、

现在完成时

构成：
have / has +done

1.
表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与< br>just,already,
before,
yet,
never,ever
连用

My father has just come back from work.
I have never heard of that before.
2.
表示过去已经开始，
持续到现在的动作或状态，< br>与一段时间状语连用，
for+
一段时间，
since+
时间点。连用的时间状语：
so far, up to now, in the past few years, since then, recently
They have lived here since 1990.
We have studied English for six years.
注意：

1)
短暂性动词（
marry,die,leave
等）在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。

I have received his letter for two days.

×

I received his letter two days ago.
I have had his letter for two days.
It is two days since I received his letter.
2)
此类动词在否定句中可以和一段时间状语连用

I haven
’
t received his letter for a long time.
3.
用在时间，条件状从中，表示将来完成的动作

I’
ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we
’
ll go to the park.
4.
常用句型

It is the first / second
…
time that
…
.
This is the +
最高级
+n. + that
…
..
It is the first time I have visited the city.
It was the first time I had visited the city.
This is the best film that I have ever seen.

> >

一般过去时与现在完成时


1.
一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状 态
,
不涉及对现在的影响
,
和现在不发生关系；

而现在完 成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果
,
强调的是现在的状况。


We stayed there two weeks.

He has gone to the library.

Have you heard the international news?
2.
一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连 用；
而现在完成时常和一些不明确的或包括
“
现在
”
在内
的 时间状语或表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的
“
一段时间
”
的状语连用
,
而不能与过去明确
的、具体的时间状语连用。


Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.

Have you ever seen the sea?

八、

现在完成进行时

构成：
have / has been doing
1.
表示过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，可能刚刚停止，也可能继续进行。

We have been looking for you for an hour.
I've been writing letters all this morning.

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2.
表示到说话为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，有一定的感情色彩。

She has been saying that twenty times.

I have been telephoning to you several times in two days.
I won
’
t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____ on it for more than an hour.
been working


B. will have worked


have been working

worked
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别

I have watered the flowers.











动作已完成

I have been watering the flowers.






未完成


九、

过去完成时

构成：
had done
表示过去的过去，即在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态。


1.
用于
by,before
引导的短语的句子中，
by that time, by
…
.
O’
clock, by the end of
…
, before
By three o
’
clock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work.
By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.

2.
用于含有
by,before,when,after,until
引导的时间状从的句子中

How long had Mr. Wang thought in the middle school before he came here
？

When we got there the basketball match had already started.
3.
句中没有明显的时间状语，但动作的先后由上下文表示出来。主句常用
he said / knew /asked
He asked who had broken the window.
I found the pen which I had lost.
4.
表示未曾实现的希望，打算，意图，诺言等，只用于如下动词

hope, plan, mean, intend, expect,intend,suppose,think,want
I had meant to come, but it rained.
The result was quite opposite to what we had expected.
They had intended to speak, but time did not permit.
I had hoped to see her again.







（没能如愿）

比较：
I hoped to see her again.






(
过去的愿望
)
5.
在条件状语从句中及动词
wish
或
I'd
rath er
后的宾语从句中常用过去完成时表示与过去事实
相反的虚拟语气。

If only you had worked with great care!

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.

I would rather you had told her the truth.

十、过去完成进行时

构成：
had been doing
表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束。

以某一特定过去时间为前提；强调动作的持续性。

He had been living here before he went to Shanghai.
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.

过去进行时

/
过去完成进行时

Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang.
Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang.


5