莎士比亚

2021年1月22日发(作者：柳冕)
威廉
.
莎士比亚学习资料

威廉

莎士比亚（
1564
—
1616
）

William Shakespeare(1564
～
1616)
I. Brief Introduction(
莎士比亚简介
)
Of all the famous English writers, probably the best known is William Shakespeare.
He
was
born
in
Stratford-upon-Avon
in
1564
on
April
the
23rd.
His
father
was
an
important man in town so Shakespeare had a good upbringing. Shakespeare probably
went to school (although no records survive to prove this) but not university. He got
married when he was 18 to Anne Hathaway and the couple had 3 children.
Shakespeare
wrote
37/38
plays
and
154
sonnets
(a
sonnet
is
a
kind
of
poem).
He
began working in his home town of Stratford but by 1592 was writing in London. He
became rich enough to buy a house in the capital and one in Stratford.

He
wrote
sad
stories
called
tragedies,
like
Romeo
and
Juliet,
funny
stories
or
comedies, romantic stories and stories about historical figures such as Julius Caesar.

Shakespeare died on his birthday in 1616, almost 400 years ago. But why is his work
still popular today?
His
work
looked
at
common
human
themes,
such
as
betrayal,
murder,
lust,
power,
ambition and love. These themes are as much a part of human nature today as they
were
all
those
years
ago
and
are
the
themes
we
see
in
modern
soap
operas
and
Hollywood films. Even though his theatre, The
Globe, burned down in
1613 it was
rebuilt in London in 1997 and you can still see his plays performed there today.
Shakespeare's influence on the English language can still be felt today. We talk about

He
coined
the
phrase

can
have
too
much
of
a
good
thing
And
it
was
Shakespeare who came up with the expression to disappear
still use today when we lose something.
Shakespeare's work has been translated into every major language in the world. And
perhaps we'll still be as fascinated by his work 400 years from now as we've been for
the last 400.
Shakespeare is a great master of the English language. He used about 16,000 words.
Many of his new coinages and turns of expressions have becomes everyday usage in
English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two
great treasuries of the English language.
II. Shakespeare's Complete Works (
莎士比亚的作品
)
1. PLAYS
All's Well That Ends Well
皆大欢喜

Antony and Cleopatra
安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉

As You Like It
终成眷属（如愿）

Comedy of Errors
错中错（错误的喜剧）

Coriolanus
科利奥兰纳斯

Cymbeline
辛白林

Hamlet
哈姆雷特（王子复仇记）

Henry IV
, Part I
；
Part II
亨利四世

Henry V
亨利五世

Henry VI, Part I
；
Part II
；
Part III
亨利六世

Henry VIII
亨利八世

Julius Caesar
裘力斯

凯撒

King John
约翰王

King Lear
李尔王

Love's
Labor’s
Lost
爱的徒劳（空爱一场）

Macbeth
麦克白

Measure for Measure
一报还一报（恶有恶报）

Merchant of Venice
威尼斯商人

Merry Wives of Windsor
温莎的风流娘儿们

Midsummer Night's Dream
仲夏夜之梦

Much Ado about Nothing
无事生非（无事自扰）

Othello
奥赛罗

Pericles
泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯

Richard II
里查二世

Richard III
里查三世

Romeo and Juliet
罗密欧与朱丽叶

Taming of the Shrew
驯悍记（驯悍妇）

Tempest
暴风雨

Timon of Athens
雅典的泰门

Titus Andronicus
泰特斯

安特洛尼克斯

Troilus and Cressida
脱爱勒斯与克莱西达

Twelfth Night
第十二夜

Two Gentlemen of Verona
维洛那二绅士

Winter's Tale
冬天的故事

2. SONNETS
Sonnets 1-17
Sonnets 18-126
Sonnets 127-154
3. POEMS
Lover's Complaint
爱人的怨诉（情人怨；情女怨）

Passionate Pilgrim
热情的朝圣者

Phoenix and the Turtle
凤凰和斑鸠

Rape of Lucrece
鲁克丽丝失贞记

Venus and Adonis
维纳斯和阿多尼斯

III. Shakespeare and the Great Figures in Shakespeare's Works(
莎士比亚及其笔下的
人物
)
1. Shakespeare is considered to be a pseudonym of many writers by researchers for
the excuse that a man who lived only 52 years (1564-1616) and who created 37 plays
and 154 sonnets in only 22years.
2. Portia is a woman of the Renaissance------ beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous,
and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women.

3. Shylock, the Jewish usurer, symbolizes a person who is cruel and mean. A miser.
4. Hamlet is a humanist, a man who loves good and hates evil, an intellectual genius,
a man of melancholy, a man in tremendous hesitation. But Hamlet is neither a frail
and weak-minded youth nor a thought-sick dreamer.
5. Romeo and Juliet are images of true love, symbols of faithfulness.
6. Falstaff in “Henry IV” is one of the most brilliant creations in Shakespeare’s plays.
By
origin
he
is
a
feudal
knight.
But
now
he
has
lost
his
estates
and
become
an
adventurer and parasite. He is fat, old, ugly, gross, and guilty of many sins. He is also
selfish, treacherous and cynical. Tradition has it that Queen Elizabeth was so amused
by Sir John Falstaff in “Henry IV” that she ordered Shakespeare another play about
him, and so Shakespeare wrote his comedy “The Merry Wives

of Windsor”

IV
. Something More about Shakespeare(
莎士比亚杂谈
)
1
．莎学
:
就像中国的《红楼梦》有红学一样，莎士比亚有莎学。因为我们 怎么理解莎士比
亚的作品都可以找到一些线索理由，
所以说是
“
说不尽的莎士 比亚
”——
平均每年
都有
500
部关于莎士比亚的文学评论著作出版 。


2
．莎翁
:
莎学对比红学，
莎士比亚被称 为莎翁
,
用

翁

这字眼的只此一人。
而曹雪芹却不能
称

曹翁

，因他只有一部大作。

3
．莎药
:
读莎翁剧作可治痴呆。

4
．
莎
“
特
”
：
有人说莎士比亚是特务：
写作不可不用一个笔名
,
这个笔名就是
“
莎士
比亚
”(William Shak espeare)
。
而真的莎士比亚
,
并非一个人的真姓名
,
至多是一个被
假借的名伶的名字。此后莎士比亚以许多最有名的喜剧、悲剧
,
和十四 行诗名世
,
但是他本人却简直没有传记可言。

5
．莎
“< br>同
”
：
1609
年莎士比亚发表了他的十四行诗，其中很多是写给一个 神秘的
女人（
“Dark Lady”
）和一个男人（
“Fair Lord”
）的，因此有人相信莎士比亚可能
是一位同性恋者。

6
．马克思称莎士比亚为
“
人类最伟大的天才之一
”
。

7
．

恩格斯盛赞其作品的现实主义精神与情节的生动性、丰富性。

8
．

莎士比亚与世界图书与版权日

4
月
23
日，
对于世界文学领域是一个具有象征性的日子，
因为塞万提斯、
威廉
·
莎
士比亚和加尔西拉索
·
德
·
拉
·维加都在
1616
年的这一天去世。此外，
4
月
23
日 也
是另一些著名作家出生或去世的日子，如莫里斯
·
德律恩、拉克斯内斯、佛拉吉米尔
·
纳博科夫、
约瑟
·
普拉和曼努埃尔
·
梅 希亚
·
巴列霍。
中国着名剧作家汤显祖也
于同一年去世

。 很自然地，
1995
年在巴黎召开的联合国教科文组织大会选择这
一天，向全世界的书 籍和作者表示敬意；鼓励每个人，尤其是年轻人，去发现阅
读的快乐，
并再度对那些为促进人类 的社会和文化进步做出无以替代的贡献的人
表示尊敬。
1995
年
11
月，联合国教科文组织第二十八次大会通过决议，宣布每
年
4
月
23
日为世界图书和版权日。

V
. Appreciation
1. Hamlet: To be, or not to be - that is the question

活着还是死去，这是一个问题。

生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。

生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。

生存还是死亡，这是个问题！

活下去还是不活，这是问题。
（卞之琳）

(
朱生豪、梁实秋、曹未风
etc.)
Hamlet's endurance has reached the breaking point. His father has been murdered. His
mother, who he loves dearly, has married her dead husband's
brother. Moreover his
sweetheart, Ophelia, has been acting very strangely. He senses that she does not love
him
any
more.
Now,
he's
all
alone.
The
world
that
he
knew
is
shattered.
His
black
mood of despair is deepened by his inability to act - to do something to change the
situation. Now he ponders whether to continue living - or to take his own life.

To be, or not to be - that is the question:

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them.
生存还是毁灭？这是个问题。


究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残