莎士比亚传记(英文版)

2021年1月22日发(作者：章均赛)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

English
poet,
dramatist,
and
actor,
considered
by
many
to
be
the
greatest
dramatist
of
all
time.
Some of Shakespeare's plays, such as Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, are among the most famous
literary
works
of
the
world.
However,
his
early
works
did
not
match
the
artistic
quality
of
Marlowe's
dramas.
Ben
Jonson
(1572-1637),
another
contemporary
playwright,
wrote
that
Shakespeare's

was
in
his
own
power;
would
the
rule
of
it
had
been
so
too
Shakespeare
possessed a large vocabulary for his day, having used 29,066 different words in his plays. Today
the average English-speaking person uses something like 2,000 words in everyday speech.



may be that the essential thing with Shakespeare is his ease and authority and thay
you just
have to accept him as he is if you are going to be able to admire him properly, in the way you
accept nature, a piece of scenery for example, just as it is.
Value, 1980)

There is not much records of Shakespeare
′
s personal life. Rumors arise from time to time that he
did not write his plays, but the real author was Christopher Marlowe, Queen Elizabeth or Edward
De Vere (1550-1604), whom T.J. Looney identified in 1920 as the author of Shakespeare's plays. A
large body of 'Oxfordians' have since built on this claim and the reluctance to believe that a man of
humble origins could be such a great author. According to some numerologists, Shakespeare wrote
The King James Version of the Bible at the age of 46. Their
the 46th Psalm, Spear is the 46th word from the end in the 46th Psalm.


William
Shakespeare
was
born
in
Stratford-upon-Avon,
a
small
country
town.
Stratford
was
famous
for
its
malting.
The
black
plague
killed
in
1564
one
out
of
seven
of
the
town's
1,500
inhabitants. Shakespeare was the eldest son of Mary Arden, the daughter of a local landowner, and
her
husband,
John
Shakespeare
(c.
1530-1601),
a
glover
and
wood
dealer.
John
Aubrey
(1626-1697) tells in Brief Lives that Shakespeare's father was a butcher and the young William
exercised his father's trade,
speech.
In
1568
John
Shakespeare
was
made
a
mayor
of
Stratford
and
a
justice
of
peace.
His
wool business failed in the 1570s, and in 1580 he was fined
￡
40, with other 140 men, for failing
to
find
surety
to
keep
the
peace.
There
is
not
record
that
his
fine
was
paid.
Later
the
church
commissioners reported of him and eight other men that they had failed to attend church
of
process
for
debt
The
family's
position
was
restored
in
the
1590s
by
earnings
of
William
Shakespeare, and in 1596 he was awarded a coat of arms.


Very little is known about Shakespeare early life, and his later works have inspired a number of
interpretations. T.S. Eliot wrote that

(from
Selected
Essays,
new
edition,
1960).
Shakespeare
is
assumed
to
have
been
educated
at
Stratford Grammar School, and he may have spent the years 1580-82 as a teacher for the Roman
Catholic
Houghton
family
in
Lancashire.
When
Shakespeare
was
15,
a
woman
from
a
nearby
village drowned in the Avon. Her death was ruled accidental but it may have been a suicide. Later
in Hamlet Shakespeare left
open the question whether Ophelia died accidentally or by her own
hand. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married a local girl, Anne Hathaway (died 1623), who was
eight years older. Their first child, Susannah, was born within six months, and twins Hamnet and
Judith were born in 1585. Hamnet, Shakespeare's only son, died in 1896, at the age of 11. It has
often
been
suggested,
that
the
lines
in
King
John,
beginning
with

fills
the
room
of
my
absent child


Hamlet was first printed in 1603. It is Shakespeare's largest drama, based on a lost play known as
the
Ur-Hamlet.
Prince Hamlet,
an enigmatic
intellectual,
mourns
both
his
father's
death
and
his
mother's remarriage. His father's ghost appears to him and tells that Claudius, married to Queen
Gertrude,
Hamlet's
mother,
poisoned
him.
Hamlet,
fascinated
by
cruelly
witty
games,
swears
revenge.
an old play whose story has a parallel to that of Claudius. Hamlet's behavior is considered mad.
He
kills
the
eavesdropping
Polonius,
the
court
chamberlain,
by
thrusting
his
sword
through
a
curtain.
Polonius's
son
Laertes
returns
to
Denmark
to
avenge
his
father's
death.
Polonius's
daughter Ofelia loves Hamlet, but the prince's sadistically brutal behavior drives her to madness.

drowning. Before the slaughter that ends the story, Hamlet says to his friend Horatio:
at the odds. But thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart.
ends with the death of Gertrude, Laertes, Claudius, and Hamlet, whose final words are
silence.

According
to
a
legend,
he
left
Stratford
for
London
to
avoid
a
charge
of
poaching.
After
1582
Shakespeare probably joined as an actor one or several companies of players. By 1584 he emerged
as a rising playwright in London, and became soon a central figure in London
′
s leading theater
company, the Lord Chamberlain
′
s Company, renamed later as the King
′
s Men. He wrote many
great plays for the group. In 1599 a new theater, called The Globe, was built.


Shakespeare was known in his day as a very rapid writer:
publishers
Heminges
and
Condell
reported,

what
he
thought,
he
uttered
with that
easiness
that we have scarce received from him a blot in his papers.
were
not
enthusiastic
about
his
plays.
Samuel
Pepys
(1633-1703)
called
A
Midsummer
Night's
Dream
oltaire wrote:
is
a
drunken
savage
with
some
imagination
whose
plays
please
only
in
London
and
Canada,

wrote also two heroic narrative poems, Venus and Adonis (1593) and Lucrece (1594). His sonnets
were
written
earliest
by
1598
and
published
in
1609.
The
sonnets
refer
cryptically
to
several
persons, among them a handsome young man, a woman called the 'Dark Lady', and a rival poet.
Shakespeare's
name
was
also
on
the
title
page
of
The
Passionate
Pilgrim
(1599),
issued
by
the
publisher
William
Jaggard.
The
identity
of
the
brunette,
who
appreared
in
Shakespeare's
later
poems, has been a mystery. According to one theory, she was the Countess of Pembroke. George
Bernard Shaw believed she was one of Elizabeth I's ladies-in- waiting, Mary Fritton. Some have
thought she was the mother of Shakespeare's supposed illegitimate son, Henry Davenant. Or she
might
have
been
Marie
Mountjoy,
Shakespeare's
London
landlady,
or
the
black
prostitute
Luce
Morgan,
or
Emilia
Bassano,
the
daughter
of
a
court
musician
and
mistress
of
the
Lord
Chamberlain, Lord Hunsdon. And there is a theory that the Dark Lady was not a
Shakespeare's patron Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton.