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2021年1月22日发(作者：represents)
英语高级听力教程
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Freed
American
hostage,
David
Jacobsen,
appealed
today
for
the
release
of
the
remaining
captives in Lebanon, saying,
made his remarks as he arrived at Wiesbaden, West Germany, accompanied by Anglican Church
envoy, Terry Waite, who worked to gain his release. And Waite says his efforts will continue.
Jacobsen had a checkup at the air force hospital in Wiesbaden. And hospital director, Colonel
Charles Moffitt says he is doing well.
that he is physically in very good condition. It also seems that he has dealt with the stresses of
his
captivity
extremely
well.
Although Jacobsen criticized the
US
government's
handling of
the
hostage
situation
in
a
videotape
made
during
his
captivity,
today
he
thanked
the
Reagan
Administration and said he was darn proud to be an American. The Reagan Administration had
little to say today about the release of Jacobsen or the likelihood that other hostages may be
freed. Boarding Air Force One in Las Vegas, the President said,
now. We've been working on that. We've had heart-breaking disappointments.


Mr.
Reagan
was
in
Las
Vegas
campaigning
for
Republican
candidate,
Jim
Santini,
who
is
running behind Democrat, Harry Reed.



In Mozambique today a new president was chosen to replace Samora Machel who died in a
plane
crash
two
weeks
ago.
NPR's
John
Madison
reports:

choice
of
the
130-member
Central Committee of the ruling FRELIMO Party was announced on Mozambique radio this
evening. He is Joaquim Chissano, Mozambique's Foreign Minister, No. 3 in the Party. Chissano,
who
is
forty-seven,
was
Prime
Minister
of
the
nine-month
transitional
government
that
preceded
independence
from
Portugal
in
1975.
He
negotiated
the
transfer
of
power
with
Portugal.


This much is clear tonight: an American held in Lebanon for almost a year and a half is free.
David Jacobsen is recuperating in a hospital in Wiesbaden, West Germany. Twenty-four hours
earlier,
Jacobsen
was
released
in
Beirut
by
Islamic
Jihad.
But
this
remains
a
mystery:
what

precisely
led
to
his
freedom?
Jacobsen
will
spend
the
next
several
days
in
the
US
air
force
facility in Wiesbaden for a medical examination. Diedre Barber reports.

After
preliminary
medical
checkups
today,
David
Jacobsen's
doctor
said
he
was
tired
but
physically in very good condition. US air force hospital commander, Charles Moffitt, said in a
medical briefing this afternoon that Jacobsen had lost little weight and seemed extremely fit. He
joked that he would not like to take up Jacobsen's challenge to reporters earlier in the day to a
six-mile jog around the airport. Despite his obvious fatigue, Jacobsen spent the afternoon being
examined by hospital doctors. He was also seen by a member of the special stress-management
team sent from Washington. Colonel Moffitt said that after an initial evaluation it seems as if
Jacobsen
coped
extremely
well
with
the
stresses
of
his
captivity.
He
said
there
was
also
no
evidence
at
this
point
that
the
fifty-five-year-old
hospital
director
had
been
tortured
or
physically abused. Jacobsen seemed very alert, asking detailed questions about the facilities of
the Wiesbaden medical complex, according to Moffitt.

So far, Jacobsen has refused to answer questions about his five hundred and twenty-four days as

a hostage. Speaking briefly to reports after his arrival in Wiesbaden this morning, he said his
joy at being free was somewhat diminished by his concern for the other hostages left behind.
He thanked the US government and President Ronald Reagan for helping to secure his release.
Jacobsen also gave special thanks to Terry Waite, an envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury, for
his help in the negotiation. Waite who accompanied Jacobsen from Beirut to Wiesbaden today,
said he might be going to Beirut in several days. There are still seven American hostages being
held in Lebanon by different political groups. Jacobsen will be joined in Wiesbaden tomorrow
by
his
family.
Hospital
officials
said
they
still
do
not
know
how
many
days
Jacobsen
will
remain for tests and debriefing sessions before returning to the United States with his family.

For National Public Radio, this is Diedre Barber, Wiesbaden.

The leader of Chinese revolution, Mao Tsetong, died ten years ago today. During his lifetime,
Mao became a cult figure, but the current government has tried to change that. Now his tomb
and embalmed body in Beijing are just another tourist attraction. And no longer do millions of
Chinese study or wave aloft the famous
Along with the political writing, Mao wrote poetry as well
—
poems about the revolution, the
Red
Army,
poems
about
nature.
Willis
Barnstone
has
translated
some
of
Mao's
work
and
considers him an original master, one of China's most important poets.


he
not
been
a
revolutionary,
perhaps
his
poetry
would
not
have
been
as
interesting

because
his
personal
poetry
was
the
history
of
China.
At
the
same
time
because
he
was
a
famous revolutionary and leader, it has prejudiced most people, almost correctly, to dismiss his
poetry as simply the work of a man who achieved fame elsewhere.




poems
on
every
dining
room
wall,
engraved
on
peach-pits ...
During
lunch
hours,
workers
would study his poems. They were every place.


any good as a poet either?


university there, I found very few people who didn't think he was a very good poet. But they
did feel that his suggestions which were that people not write in the classical style, that they
write in what he called the modern style, was very repressive. And as a result, of course, the
restriction of publication during the ten years of the Cultural Revolution, poetry was abysmal.







write
in
the
introduction
to
one
of
your
translations
of
poems
of
Mao
Tsetong
that
people ...
you
explain
that
leaders
in
China,
and
indeed
in
the
a
East,
are
expected
to
be
accomplished poets.


poems. Ho Chi Minh was a poet. It
was common. In fact, I think until early in the twentieth
century, even to pass a bureaucratic exam, one had to know a huge number of classical forms.
And especially, a leader should at least be a poet.


is
one
poem
which
is
political
in
nature
which
has
to
do
with
a
parasitic
disease
in
China.


Mao
wrote
some
poems,
two
poems
actually,
about
getting
rid
of a
disease
that
was a
plague for the country. And it's called 'Saying goodbye to the God of Disease.' And the poem
needs annotation. In that sense, it's typical of classical Chinese poetry; he makes references to
earlier emperors and places.


Saying Goodbye to the God of Disease

Mauve waters and green mountains are nothing


When the great ancient doctor Hua Tuo

Could not defeat a tiny worm.

A thousand villages collapsed, were choked with weeds,

Men were lost arrows, ghosts sang

In the doorway of a few desolate houses.

Yet now in a day, we leap around the earth,

Or explore a thousand milky ways.

And if the cowherd who loves on a star

Asks about the God of plagues,

Tell him, happy or sad,

Washed away in the waters.

A
poem
by
Mao
Tsetong
read
by
Willis
Barnstone,
Professor
of
Comparative
Literature
at
Indiana University in Bloomington. He talked with us from WFIU.
英语高级听力教程
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Iran's official news agency said today former US National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane
and four other Americans were jailed in Tehran for five days recently after they arrived on a
secret
diplomatic
mission.
The
report
quoted
the
speaker
of
Iran's
parliament
as
saying
President
Reagan
sent
the
group
to
Tehran
posing
as
aircraft
crewmen.
He
said
they
carried

with them a Bible signed by the President and a cake. He said the presents were designed to
improve relations between the two countries. Neither the Reagan Administration nor McFarlane
had any comment on the report.


There were published reports in the Middle East that hostage David Jacobsen was freed as a
result
of
negotiations
between
the
United
States
and
Iran.
Asked
about
that
today,
Anglican
Church envoy Terry Waite said that he didn't want to comment on the political dynamics. But
Waite
said
he
may
know
within
the
next
twenty- four
hours
from
his
contacts
if
he
will
be
returning to Beirut to negotiate the release of more hostages.


Jacobsen was reunited with his family today, but again said his joy could not be complete until
the other hostages are freed. He appeared on the hospital balcony with his family and talked

with reporters. Hospital director Colonel Charles Moffitt says Jacobsen needs to communicate
with
people
now.

likes
to
talk,
whether
that
be
to
a
group
of
press
or
to
individual
physicians. Once you get him started on a subject, he wants to talk because he hasn't been able
to do that.


A low to moderate turnout is reported across the nation so far on this election day. V
oters are
choosing
members
of
the
one
hundredth
Congress,
thirty-four
senators
and
all
four
hundred
thirty-five
members
of
the
US
House
of
Representatives.
One
of
the
big
questions
is
which
Party will control the Senate after today's voting.


President
Reagan's
former
National
Security
Advisor,
Robert
McFarlane,
and
four
other
Americans
may
have
visited
Tehran
recently
on
a
secret
diplomatic
mission.
Today,
on
the

seventh anniversary of the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, Iran Speaker of the Parliament
said
the
visiting
Americans
were
held
for
five
days
before
being
expelled
from
the
country.
NPR was unable to reach Mr. McFarlane today for comment and the White House says that it
can neither confirm nor deny the story. NPR's Elizabeth Colton reports.

Today
in
Tehran,
Speaker
of
the
Parliament,
Hashami
Rafsanjani
took
the
occasion
to
tell
a
rally that President Reagan had recently sent personal envoys to Iran, calling for improvement
of relations. In response to the American overtures, Rafsanjani announced that Iran will advise
its
friends
in
Lebanon,
in
other
words
the
hostage
takers,
to
free
US
and
French
hostages
if
Israel frees Lebanese prisoners, and if the American and French governments end their hostility
to the revolutionary
government of Iran. Rafsanjani then reportedly described for the tens of
thousands
outside
his
parliament,
the
visit
of
the
five
American
emissaries.
The
Iranian
said

they flew in, posing as the flight crew of a plane bringing American military spare parts to Iran
from Europe. The US envoys reportedly carried Irish passports, now said to be held by Iranian
officials. And one of the men called himself McFarlane. And according to Rafsanjani, he looked
exactly
like
President
Reagan's
former
National
Security
Advisor.
Rafsanjani
claimed
that
Iranian
security
officials
also
have
a
tape
of
telephone
conversations
between
the
American
President and his envoys, The Iranian cleric, Rafsanjani, said the five men were confined to a
hotel for five days and later deported after Ayatollah Khomeini advised Iranian officials not to
meet them or receive their message. Rafsanjani said the Americans had brought a Bible signed
by
President
Reagan
and
a
key-shaped
cake
which
they
said
was
the
symbol
of
the
hope
of
reopening US-Iran relations. In Tehran today, at the ceremony marking the anniversary of the
seizure of the American embassy, Parliamentary Speaker Rafsanjani described the visit by the
American emissaries as a sign of Washington's helplessness. The White House said it would

neither
confirm
nor
deny
the
reports,
because
according
to
the
press
office,
there
are
certain
matters pertaining to efforts to try to release the hostages, and comments might jeopardize them.
Robert McFarlane, who was also a frequent political commentator for NPR's morning edition,
has been unavailable for comment. I am Elizabeth Colton in Washington.


Over the last few years and around the country, the number of fundamentalist religious groups
is
said
to
be
growing.
Some
are
called

groups.
The
estimates
varied
greatly.
The
number
could
be
as
high
as
two
thousand.
These
organizations
have
different
purposes and beliefs, but usually have one thing in common
—
strong leadership, quite often one
person. Four years ago in October at a fundamentalist Christian commune in West Virginia, a
young boy died after a paddling session that lasted for two hours. The child was spanked by his
parents. He had hit another child and refused to say he was sorry. We reported the story of that
paddling
—
the
story
of
the
Stonegate
Community
in
November
of
1982.
Since
that
time,
Stonegate
leader
has
been
tried
and
convicted,
one
of
the
first
times
a
leader
of
a
religious

group has been held responsible for the actions of a member. Also in that time the parents of the
child have served jail terms, and now they have agreed to tell their story.

The
Stonegate
Commune
was
near
Charleston,
West
Virginia,
in
the
northeast
corner
of
the
state. It's mostly farming country. The Stonegate members lived outside of town in an old white
Victorian house, overlooking the Shenandoah River, eight young families living and working
together.
They
did
some
farming,
some
construction
work
and
for
a
time
ran
a
restaurant
in
Charleston. It was their intention to become less of a commune and more of a community, with
the
families
living
in
separate
houses
on
the
property.
We
went
to
Stonegate
on
a
Sunday
evening in November of 1982. We were reluctantly welcomed. Less than a month before, two
Stonegate members had been indicted for involuntary manslaughter. They were the parents of
Joseph
Green,
who
was
two
years
old
when
he
died.
On
this
night
many
of
the
Stonegate
people were defensive, almost angry.


That
was
four
years
ago.
The
parents,
Stewart
and
Leslie
Green,
were
convicted
of
involuntary
manslaughter
and
both
spent
a
year
in
jail.
First
Stewart,
then
Leslie.
Then
in
a
separate
legal
action,
the
leader
of
the
Stonegate
commune,
Dorothy
McLellan
was
also
indicted. McLellan did not take part in the paddling but she was found guilty of involuntary
manslaughter
and
conspiracy
in
the
death
of
Joey
Green.
Stewart
Green,
the
father,
testified
against
Dorothy
McLellan.
Green
now
believes
that
his
son
died
because
of
McLellan's
teachings and influence. He explained in court that the Stonegate members were taught that a
paddling session should continue until the child apologizes. Green also testified that a four-hour
spanking of Dorothy McLellan's grandson, Danny, had occurred two weeks before Joey Green's
death. He also said the Stonegate members, when Joey died, joined in a pledge of secrecy: the
circumstances would be covered up; the death would be called an accident. They were afraid all
the Stonegate children would be taken away. Joey's parents at first agreed to this. It was later
that
they
spoke
out
against
what
they
called
then
a
conspiracy
of
silence.
Both
Stewart
and
Leslie
Green
grew
up
and
married
within
the
Stonegate
community.
Leslie
was
only
fifteen
when
she
came
to
the
Stonegate.
They
lived
with
several
other
teenagers
in
the
home
of
Dorothy and John McLellan. The McLellans had been taking in young people who were having
trouble,
usually
with
drugs.
They
wanted
to
use
their
marriage
as
an
example
of
Christian
family
life.
John
McLellan
worked
for
an
accounting
firm,
traveling
during
the
week,
Dot

McLellan staying at home, taking care of more and more teenagers. The Greens are now living
in
their
first
real
home
together,
an
apartment
in
Baltimore.
Stewart
left
the
Stonegate,
and
Leslie joined him as soon as she got out of jail. The Greens have now agreed to talk about their
lives at Stonegate and about the paddling of their son.

Lesson 3

IBM, following the lead of General Motors, announced today it's pulling out of South Africa.
Like General Motors, IBM says it's selling its South African holdings because of the political
and
economic
situation
there.
Anti-apartheid
groups
have
praised
the
decision,
but
the
State
Department says business pullouts are regrettable. Spokesman Charles Redmond said today the
Reagan
Administration
believes
US
corporate
involvement
in
South
Africa
has
been
a
progressive
force
against
apartheid.

regret
any
decision
to
reduce
US
private
sector
involvement
in
South
Africa.
Such
reductions
could
have
harmful
effects
on
black
workers,
injure the South African economy which has, on the whole, weakened the premises of apartheid
and provided a means of improving the living standards and skills of many people otherwise
disadvantaged by apartheid, and it might limit the extent of US influence in South Africa.
Department spokesman Charles Redmond. IBM employs some 1,500 people in South Africa.


More than fifty black youths were arrested today in Harare, Zimbabwe, when police broke up

demonstrations at South African offices and the US embassy. Julie Fredricks reports.
of more than a thousand students and youths caused thousands of dollars of damage by burning
and stoning the offices of the South African trade mission, South African Airways, Air Malawi,
and the Malawian High Commission. The demonstrators suspected South African complicity in
the plane crash that killed Mozambiquan President Machel in South Africa and blamed Malawi
for
supporting
the
Pretoria-backed
insurgents
that
are
attacking
Mozambique.
Zimbabwean
government officials appealed for calm, and a statement from Prime Minister Mugabe just back
from a trip to London is expected tomorrow. For National Public Radio, this is Julie Fredricks
in Harare.


President Reagan met for about an hour today with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl at
the White House. Kohl is the first European Leader to visit the President since the Reykjavik
summit. US officials say Kohl expressed support for the President's SDI program.



West
German
Chancellor
Helmut
Kohl
is
in
Washington
D.C.
for
four
days
of
meetings.
Among
the
issues
on
his
agenda
are
economic
relations
with
the
US
and
Germany's
policy
towards southern Africa. But today, Kohl's talk with President Reagan was dominated
by the
recent US-Soviet summit meeting in Iceland. NPR's Brenda Wilson reports.

While no major agreement was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union in Reykjavik,
the
two
countries
made
progress
in
arms
control
talks
in
areas
that
are
a
central
concern
to
America's
European
allies.
Those
particular
areas
involve
disarmament
proposals
made
in
Iceland, affecting medium-range missiles and long-range missiles over which allies have voiced
some
reservations.
This
was
a
major
topic
of
discussion
with
Chancellor
Kohl
today,
even
though
his
Foreign
Minister
was
briefed
by
the
US
Secretary
of
State
only
last
week.
In
remarks
welcoming
Chancellor
Kohl,
President
Reagan
sounded
a
positive
note,
saying
that

there
was
ample
reason
for
optimism.

the
next
agreement
is
finally
reached
with
the
Soviet Union, and I say when, not if, it will not be the result of weakness of timidity on the part
of Western nations. Instead, it will flow from our strength, realism and unity.
also explained that achieving such an agreement would depend upon pushing ahead with his
Strategic Defense Initiative, SDI, because it offered protection against cheating. But members
of NATO, including Germany, have expressed concern that eliminating medium-range missiles
in
Europe
as
was
proposed
in
Reykjavik
would
potentially
leave
Europe
vulnerable
to
the
Soviet
shorter-range
missiles
and
greater
superiority
in
conventional
forces.
They
expressed
doubts that SDI could make up for those deficiencies. The allies, in particular West Germany,
want
reductions
in
medium-range
missiles
tied
to
reductions
in
shorter-range
missiles
and
conventional forces. Chancellor Kohl was expected to press these points and to urge President
Reagan to compromise on SDI to keep talks between the US and the Soviets moving. Speaking
through an interpreter in his arrival remarks, Kohl did not mention SDI,
and I know that I shared with you, Mr. President, to create peace and security with ever fewer
weapons.
In
Reykjavik,
thanks
to
your
serious
and
consistent
efforts
in
pursuit
of
peace,
a
major
step
was taken
in
this direction.
And
we
must now
take
the
opportunities
that present

themselves without endangering our defensive capability.

After the meeting between Kohl and the President, a senior administration official quoted Kohl
as saying that he has always been in favor of the Strategic Defense system. At the White House,
I'm Brenda Wilson.


A group of business leaders in Boston today announced plans to expand a college scholarship
program to include any eligible Boston high school graduate. The business leaders announced
plans for a permanent five- million dollar endowment fund, and they also promise to hire any of
the students who go on to complete their college educations. Andrew Kaffery of member station
WBUR has the report.

The Boston business community's involvement in the Boston public school dates back almost
twenty years, from work internships to an endowment program for Boston teachers. Business
has pumped more than one million dollars into the public schools. Now business leaders say
they're ready to make their biggest commitment yet: a multi-million dollar scholarship program
that will enable the city's poorest kids to go on to college and to jobs afterward. The program is
called
Action
Center
for
Educational
Services
and
Scholarships,
or
ACESS.
According
to

Daniel Cheever, the President of Boston's Wheelock College, ACESS in not a blank check for
the eligible graduates.
and
secondly,
we'll
provide
the
last
dollar
scholarship.
I
should
add,
of
course,
they
have
to
qualify for financial aid; that is, we're not handing out money to students who don't need it.
The
average
grant
is
around
five
hundred
dollars
and
already
the
program
has
given
one
hundred Boston students more than fifty thousand dollars in scholarship money.

Other
assistance
from
the
program
has
helped
those
students
raise
more
than
six
hundred
thousand dollars in additional financial aid. School officials say this program will help a system
where 43% of the students live below the poverty level, and almost half who enter high school
drop
out.
Robert
Weaver
was
on
Boston
high
school
graduate
who
could
not
afford
college.

He's in the ACESS program now and will get a degree in airplane mechanics next year from the
Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston.
there was still a gap. There was like a twenty-three hundred-dollar gap. Wentworth's total bill
was fifty-seven hundred, so I had to fill that amount with working over the summer, my family
contribution. I paid for my own books, my own tools, things like that. But without ACESS I
wouldn't be where I am today.

This program comes at an important time for the city of Boston. Unemployment here is among
the lowest in the nation and business leaders say they're having a hard time finding qualified job
applicants.
So
the
ACESS
program
is
not
just
good
public
relations.
Business
leaders,
like
Edward
Philips,
who
is
the
chairman
of
the
ACESS
program,
say
there's
a
bit
of
self-preservation
involved.

time,
we
believe
this
program
will
increase
the
flow
of
Boston
residents
into
Boston
businesses
and
that,
of
course,
is
a
self-serving
opportunity.
If
where you are has a supply of qualified people to enter managerial and technical-professional
level jobs, that can't be anything but a plus.

college will be given hiring priority over other job applicants by the participating businesses.
College student Robert Weaver says the program has inspired other high school students to stay
in school.
senior class, the general assembly, and I was telling them basically what I'm involved in, and
basically, to get yourselves motivated and go look for those ACESS advisers. They're not going
to come to you all the time. You have to get out there and get it if you want to take account for
your own life, because no one else is going to do it for you. And that really pumped them up,
and now that they're aware, and they know that ACESS advisers are there, things will be a lot
easier for them.

The business group is in the middle of a five-million-dollar fund drive. Two million dollars has
already been collected. Thirty-two of Boston's most influential corporations have already joined

in,
with
twenty
more
soon
to
follow.
The
program
has
drawn
the
praise
of
US
Education
Secretary William Bennett, who predicted it will become a national model. For National Public
Radio, I'm Andrew Kaffery in Boston.

Lesson 4
Another
American
has
been
kidnapped
in
West
Beirut.
Fifty-three-year-old
Frank
Reed
was
abducted by four gunmen this morning. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility, accusing Reed of
being
a
spy.
The
pro-Iranian
group
already
holds
at
least
three
other
Americans
and
three
Frenchmen. Reed is the Director of the Lebanese International School. He is a native of Malden,
Massachusetts and has lived in Lebanon for eight years.


A
federal
jury
in
Brooklyn,
New
York
today
indicted
a
Soviet
UN
employee
on
charges
of
spying.
Gennadi
Zakharov
is
being
held
without
bond,
Pending
trial
on
the
charges.
John
Kailish has more from New York.
Center
for
Science
and
Technology
until
August
23rd
when
he
was
arrested
on
a
Queens
Subway platform for allegedly buying military secrets from a college student. It turned out that
the student worked for the FBI and was known by the code name 'Berg.' According to today's
indictment, Zakharov agreed to pay Berg for information involving the national defense of the
United States. Berg, in turn, agreed to work for the Soviet Union for a period of ten years. The

two
met
a
total
of
four
times,
from
April
1983
to
August
of
1986.
At
their
final
meeting,
Zakharov allegedly gave Berg a thousand dollars. Zakharov is currently being held in a federal
jail in Manhattan. He faces life in prison if convicted on the espionage charges.


The foreign editor of a news magazine recently banned in Chile has been found shot dead near
a cemetery in Santiago. The family of Jose Carrasco says he was taken from his home by armed
men who claimed to be police. Carrasco's magazine, Analisis , has been banned under the new
state of siege imposed in Chile after an attempt this weekend to assassinate President Augusto
Pinochet.
Since
the
attempt,
police
have
been
rounding
up
opposition
leaders
although
they
deny they arrested Carrasco.


In Chile, the military government held a rally today in support of President Augusto Pinochet,
who
escaped
an
assassination
attempt
two
days
ago.
A
crackdown
on
opponents
of
his
government continued in response to that attack. A journalist for an opposition magazine was

found dead. His family and colleagues charge he had been kidnapped yesterday by police. Tim
Fosca reports now from Santiago.

Several thousand people gathered in front of La Moneda, the presidential palace, for a rally in
support General Augusto Pinochet this afternoon. Heavily armed soldiers were stationed along
major downtown streets for the demonstration, which is celebrating the thirteenth anniversary
this week of the military takeover. Hundreds of members of women's charity groups passed in
review
before
General
Pinochet
and
his
wife
Lucia.
The
head
of
state
appeared
physically
unaffected by his close call Sunday when he narrowly escaped assassination. Hours before the
rally,
Jose
Carrasco,
a
thirty-eight-year-old
editor
at
the
opposition
magazine
Analisis
was
found dead in a Santiago cemetery. He had been shot ten times. Carrasco's wife said he was
roused from bed early Monday morning by men claiming to be police. But authorities officially

denied his arrest. Carrasco, a member of MIR, the revolutionary left movement, had been back
in Chile only two years after eight years in exile. The bodies of at least two more
murdered
victims
were
also
found
today,
but
their
identities
have
not
yet
been
established.
Arrests
continued in the second day of the state of siege. More leftist political figures were rounded up,
bringing the total number of detentions to twenty. The government has issued arrest orders for a
number others, some of whom are in hiding. On the list is at least one member of the Chilean
Human
Rights
Commission.
A
spokesman
said
the
homes
of
Commission
members
in
the
provincial city of San Fernando were also raided, but no members were at home. All opposition
magazines
were
ordered
closed
yesterday,
including
the
Christian
democratic
weekly,
Hoy .

Under
the
last
state
of
siege
in
1984
and
85,
Hoy
was
allowed
to
continue
publishing.
The
situation of five foreign priests and one local lay worker detained yesterday remains unresolved.
The clergymen were accused of attacking police officers and carrying instructions on how to
make
home- made
bombs.
General
Pinochet
warned
yesterday
that
human
rights
advocates
would have to be expelled. For National Public Radio, this is Tim Fosca in Santiago.


Fifty years ago, Henry Ford and his son Edsel, placed a modest amount of their vast wealth into
a charitable foundation. That was the common practice then and is now for wealthy Americans.
The once modest foundation has grown into the largest general purpose charitable organization
in the world. The Ford Foundation has given away more than six billion dollars. Its money has
touched every aspect of American life, touched the arts, science and even public radio. Warren
Kozak has this report.

A
symphony
orchestra
in
the
Midwest,
an
inner-city
building
project,
Africa's
chronic
food

shortages. These varied activities have one thing in common: all have received money from the
Ford Foundation. Just off New York's Forty-second Street, in the shadow of the United Nations,
a
modern
building
with
a
huge
glass
wall
serves
as
the
world
headquarters
of
the
Ford
Foundation.
Besides
giving
away
money,
the
Foundation
has
always
attracted
some
of
the
country's best minds.


can satisfy two criteria.

Former
Secretary
of
Defense,
World
Bank
President,
and
Ford
Board
member,
Robert
McNamara.



I
insist
that
it
be
an
organization
I
feel
some
capability
of
contributing
to.
And,
secondly, I insist it be an organization that can contribute to me, that can stimulate my interest,
enlarge my understanding of the world. I should say that it has been, I think the most interesting
association of my life.

At the Foundation's headquarters, a staff of more than three hundred people studies data from
all
over
the
world,
spots
trends
and
writes
recommendations.
In
the
large
board
room,
the
directors argue the merits of individual requests and eventually decide who will get what part of
the one hundred and twenty-five million dollars that goes out every year. If you think giving
away that kind of money is easy, you're wrong.

There
is
no
question
that
today's
Ford
Foundation
with
a
four
and
a
half
billion-dollar
endowment is a force of its own. But is wasn't always that way. You see, back in 1936, there
were
just
a
few
large
foundations
when
Henry
and
Edsel
started
their
small
project.
Their
original contribution was only twenty-five thousand dollars and its main function was to help
local
charities
in
Michigan.
Then
in
1943,
son
Edsel
died
unexpectedly,
followed
four
years
later by his father. And the family lawyers had a huge problem on their hands. At the time of
their
deaths,
the
Ford
Motor
Company
was
not
a
public
corporation.
These
two
men
owned
most of the stock and, for tax reasons, a great deal of it had to be disposed of and quickly. There
was
only
one
logical
recipient
of
the
windfall.
So,
in
the
late
forties,
the
sleepy
Michigan
charity became, almost overnight, the largest foundation in the world.


The Third World development programs also continue to take a lot of heat from time to time.
Millions of dollars have been poured into what seems to be a bottomless pit. Some problems
have been solved only to find new ones taking their place. Robert McNamara defends Ford's
involvement
there.
He
thinks
Foundations
offer
something
that
no
one
else
is
able
to
do,
because without their research the government's foreign aid would be wasted.


insane
to
put
as
much
money,
invest
as
much
money,
per
year
with
as
inadequate
an
intellectual foundation of how to maximize the efficiency of those investments. And Africa is a
perfect illustration of the problem. Tens of billions of dollars are being invested in Africa today.
They need more. But, despite that investment, the GNP growth per capita in the countries of
sub-Saharian Africa has been negative, on average, for a decade. The food production per capita
has
been
negative,
per
capita,
for
over
a
decade.
Why?
Who
knows?
Nobody
knows.
And
governments are too large; they're too rigid; they're too inflexible; they're too insensitive, really,
unable to move as rapidly, and in some ways, as radically as is necessary to find the answer to
that question.


This year the Ford Foundation will receive about nine thousand formal requests for money.
All of the letters
and
forms
will be looked
at;
some
will be
studied
more
closely; and
about
twelve hundred lucky projects will receive anywhere from a thousand dollars to several million
to help them along the way. I'm Warren Kozak in Washington.

Lesson 5
The House began debate today on a three-year bill to combat trafficking and use of illegal drugs.
The measure has the support of most representatives and House Speaker Thomas O'Neill says
he expects it to pass by tomorrow. Among other things, the bill would increase penalties for
violators, provide money to increase drug enforcement and coast guard personnel, and require
drug
producing
countries
to
establish
eradication
programs
as
a
condition
of
US
support
for
development loans.



A
cultural
exchange
between
the
US
and
the
Soviet
Union
may
face
an
American
boycott
unless US News and World Report correspondent, Nicholas Daniloff, is freed from a Moscow
jail. An American style town meeting is scheduled to take place in Latvia next week, but the
two hundred seventy Americans due to take part say they won't go if Daniloff remains in jail.
They add the decision is a personal one and is not being made by the Reagan Administration in
retaliation for the Daniloff detention.


Egyptian and Israeli negotiators have reached agreement on resolving the Taba border dispute,
clearing the way for a summit between the two countries to begin tomorrow. Egyptian President
Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres will meet in Alexandria. Details of the

Taba agreement have not been made available.


The United States House of Representatives is debating an omnibus drug bill and expects to
pass
the
measure
tomorrow.
Though
the
bill
has
attracted
strong
bipartisan
support,
NPR's
Cokey Roberts reports the debate on the issue points up the differences between political parties.

When Congress returned from the Fourth of July recess, House Speaker Tip O'Neill said there
was
only
one
thing
members
were
talking
about
in
the
cloak-room:
drugs.
The
Democrats
quickly
pulled
together
chairmen
from
twelve
different
committees
to
draft
a
drug
package.
Then,
stung
by
criticism
that
they
were
acting
in
a
partisan
fashion,
the
Democratic
leaders
invited the Republicans to join them in the newly declared war on drugs. So, when the bill came
to the House floor today, the party leaders led off debate. Texas Democrat Jim Wright.


in a total coordinated assault upon this menace, which is draining our economy of some two
hundred
and
thirty
billion
dollars
this
year,
slowly
rotting
away
the
fabric
of
our
society,
seducing
and
killing
our
young.
That
it
will
take
money
is
hardly
debatable.
We
can't
fight
artillery with spitballs.


The question of just how much money this measure will cost has not been answered to the
satisfaction
of
all
members.
Democrats
say
it's
one
and
half
billion
dollars
over
three
years,
with
almost
seven
hundred
thousand
for
next
year.
Republicans
claim
the
price
tag
will
run
higher and are trying to emphasize other aspects of the drug battle, aspects which they think
play better in Republican campaigns. Minority leader Robert Michel.


faced with the temptation of taking drugs. It is ultimately a problem of character, of will power,
of family and community, and concern, and personal pride.

Among other items, the bill before the House increases penalties for most drug related crimes,
sets the minimum jail term of twenty years for drug trafficking and manufacturing, authorizes
money for the drug enforcement administration and prison construction, beefs up the ability of
the
coast
guard
and
customs
service
to
stop
drugs
coming
into
this
country,
and
creates
programs for drug education. The various sections of the measure give House members ample
opportunity
to
speak
on
an
issue
where
they
want
their
voices
heard.
Maryland
Democratic
Barbara McCulsky was nominated for the Senate yesterday. Today, she spoke to the part of the
bill which funds drug eradication programs in foreign countries.


swamp.
That's
what
the
Foreign
Affairs
section
of
this
legislation
will
do.
It
will
go
to
the

swamps, or where cocaine is either grown, refined, or manufactured.

Republican Henson Moore is running for the Senate in Louisiana. He spoke to the part of the
drug bill which changes the trade laws for countries which deal in drugs.


where a country can sell legally to us on the one hand and illegally to us under the table, selling
drugs in this country poisoning our young people and our population.


Today in China, in Nanjing, balloons, firecrackers and lion dancers mark the dedication of the
Johns Hopkins University
—
Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies. For
the
first
time
since
World
War
II,
Chinese
and
American
students
will
attend
a
graduate
institution in China that is administered jointly by academic organizations that are worlds apart
figuratively and literally. NPR's Susan Stanberg reports.


Cross-cultural
encounters
can
be
extremely
enriching;
cross-cultural
encounters
can
be
utterly absurd.


see.
That
would
be
eighty-seven.
So, ...
ba-shi-qi-nian- qian, ...
let's
see, ...
equal ...
proposition equal, ...

Here's what that American was trying to say in Chinese.


new
nation
conceived
in
liberty,
and
dedicated
to
the
proposition
that
all
men
are
created
equal.

Now
you
don't
have
to
be
dealing
with
classic
American
oratory
to
run
into
problems.
In
planning for the Center for Chinese and American Studies, there was much debate as to whether
the new auditorium on the Nanjing campus should have a flat or sloped floor. If the floor were
flat, the auditorium could be used for dances, for parties, but a sloped floor would be better for
listening, for viewing films and slides.


it really would make it a multi-purpose room. You wouldn't have to fix the furniture.


Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University, the US end of this Sino-American
joint venture in learning.


at two different levels, one higher than the other. So, if you want to use it for dances, you either
have to have very short women with very tall men or vice versa.

Twenty-four
Americans
and
thirty- six
Chinese
of
mixed
heights
are
the
first
students
at
the
Hopkins-Nanjing
Center.
Nanjing
used
to
be
Nanking,
by
the
way,
back
in
the
days
when
Beijing
was
Peking.
The
Americans
will
take
classes
in
Chinese
history,
economics,
trade,
politics,
all
from
Chinese
faculty.
The
Chinese
will
study
the
US
with
American
university
professors. Johns Hopkins President Stephen Muller says this is advanced study work. All the
Chinese students are proficient in English; all the Americans have master's degrees plus fluency
in Chinese.


twenty-four
Americans
come
from
about
eighteen
colleges
and
universities.
No
one
institution
in this
country
produces
that many
people of
this character; so
that's
a
beginning.
Nanjing is not the place; the Center is not the place to go, if you want a doctorate in Chinese

history
or
Chinese
language
or
Chinese
literature
or
whatever.
This
is
a
pre-professional
program.

Which means the men and women who spend the year at the Nanjing Center will end up as
diplomats or business people in one another's country.


hope
is
that
the
Americans,
to
speak
about
those,
who
are
going
to
be
incidentally
rooming with Chinese roommates, which is a very interesting thing the Chinese agree to, that
the
Americans
will
not
only
bring
a
year
of
living
in
China,
a
year
of
having
studied
with
Chinese faculty and hearing the Chinese view of Chinese foreign policy in economics and so on,
that they will also have the kind of friends among Chinese roughly their age who are going to
be dealing with the United States. That will slowly, over the years, create a real network, if you
will, if people who, because they've had this common experience, can deal with each other very
easily and, you know, be kind of a rallying point
—
an old boy, old girl network, as it were.

Hopkins President Muller admits that a simple exchange program
—
Chinese students coming to
the
US,
and
American
students
going
to
China
—
would
involve
far
fewer
headaches
than
running jointly an academic institution on foreign soil. Plus the success of the Hopkins-Nanjing
Center
depends
on
undependables,
like
continuing
sweet
Sino-American
relations
and
being
able to attract funding. And there's this wrinkle.


afterwards enter the intelligence community. That it's really desirable that people who do that

have that kind of background. We're very honest about that, but it's so easy to denounce the
whole thing as an espionage center, or something. You know, there's a lot of fragility in this
thing.

Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The Hopkins-Nanjing
University Center for Chinese and American Studies was dedicated today in China. I'm Susan
Stanberg.









Lesson 6
The Senate has voted to override President Reagan's veto of sanctions against South Africa by a
decisive seventy-eight to twenty- one. As the House has already voted to override, the sanctions
now
become
law.
NPR's
Linda
Wertheimer
reports.

civil
rights
leaders,
including

Mrs. Caretta Scott King, watched the Senate debate from the Senate family gallery as members
argued
not
so
much
about
sanctions
and
the
efficacy
of
sanctions,
more
about
the
choice
between affirming the bill already passed by congress or supporting the President.


American food aid to southern African countries could be cut off if South Africa carries out its
threat
to
ban
imports
of
US
grain.
Foreign
Minister
Pic
Botha
said
if
US
sanctions
were
imposed, his government would stop imports and would not allow its transport service to carry
US grain to neighboring countries.


The White House today denied that it planted misleading stories in the American news media as
part of a plan to topple Libyan leader Muammar Quddafi. The Washington Post reported this

morning that stories were leaked this summer alleging Quddafi was resuming his support for
terrorist
activities,
even
though
National
Security
Adviser
John
Poindexter
knew
otherwise.
Today, White House spokesman Larry Speakes said Poindexter denied the administration had
involved
the
media
in
an
anti-Quddafi
campaign
but
Speakes
left
open
the
possibility
a
disinformation campaign was conducted in other countries.


The
question
in
Washington
today
is
this:
Did
the
federal
government
try
to
scare
Libya's
Colonel Muammar Quddafi in August by way of a disinformation campaign in the American
media?
The
Washington
Post
Bob
Woodward
reports
today
that
there
was
an
elaborate
disinformation program set up by the White House to convince Quddafi that the United States

was about to attack again, or that he might be ousted in a coup. The White House today denies
that officials tried to mislead Quddafi by using the American media. NPR's Bill Busenburg has
our first report on the controversy.

The story starts on August 25th when the Wall Street Journal ran a front page story saying that
Libya and the United States were once again on a collision course. Quoting multiple official
sources,
the
paper
said
Quddafi
was
plotting
new
terrorist
attacks
and
the
Reagan
Administration
was
preparing
to
teach
him
another
lesson.
The
Journal
reported
that
the
Pentagon was completing plans for a new and wider bombing of Libya in case the President
ordered it.

That story caused a flurry of press attention. Officials in Washington and at the western White
House
in
California
were
asked
if
it
was
true.

story
was
authoritative,
said
the
White
House spokesman Larry Speakes. Based on that official confirmation, other news organizations,
including the New York Times , the Washington Post , NPR and the major TV networks, all ran
stories
suggesting
Libya
should
watch
out.
US
naval
maneuvers
then
taking
place
in
the

Mediterranean might be used as a cover for more attacks on Libya as in the past.

Today's
Washington
Post
,
however,
quotes
from
an
August
14th
secret
White
House
plan,
adopted eleven days before the Wall Street Journal story. It was outlined in a memo written by
the President's National Security Advisor John Poindexter. That plan called for a strategy of real
and illusory events, using a disinformation program to make Quddafi think the United States
was about to move against him militarily. Here are some
examples the Post cites, suggesting
disinformation
was
used
domestically:
Number
one,
while
some
US
officials
told
the
press
Quddafi was stepping up his terrorist plans, President Reagan was being told in a memo that
Quddafi was temporarily quiescent, in other words, that he wasn't active. Number two, while
some officials were telling the press of internal infighting in Libya to oust Quddafi, US officials
really believed he was firmly in power and that CIA's efforts to oust him were not working.

Number three, while officials were telling the press the Pentagon was planning new attacks, in
fact nothing new was being done. Existing contingency plans were several months old, and the
naval maneuvers were just maneuvers. The Post says this policy of deception was approved at a
National Security Planning Group meeting chaired by President Reagan and his top aides.


Two new studies were published today on the links between television coverage of suicide and
subsequent
teenage
suicide
rates.
The
New
England
Journal
of
Medicine
reports
that
both
studies suggest that some teenagers might be more likely to take their own lives after seeing TV
programs dealing with suicide. NPR's Lorie Garrett reports.

The
first
suicide
study,
done
by
a
team
from
the
University
of
California
in
San
Diego,
examines television news coverage of suicides. David Philips and Lundy Carseson looked at
forty-five suicide stories carried on network news-casts between 1973 and '79. The researchers

then compared the incidence of teen suicides in those years to the dates of broadcast of these
stories.
David
Philips
says
news
coverage
of
suicides
definitely
prompted
an
increase
in
the
number of teens in America who took their lives.


more
TV
programs
that
carry
a
story,
the
greater
they
increase
in
teen
suicides
just
afterwards.

The suicide increase among teens was compared by Philips to adult suicide trends.


up by, I
think, around two adult suicides per story. The increase for teens, the percentage increase for
teens
is
very,
very
much
larger
than
the
percentage
increase
for
adults.
It's
about,
I
think,
fourteen or fifteen times as big a response for teens percentagewise as it is for adults.

The TV news coverage appears to have prompted a greater increase than is seen around other
well-known periods of adolescent depression, such as holidays, personal birthdays, the start of
school
and
winter.
Philips
could
not
find
any
specific
types
of
stories
that
seem
to
trigger
a
greater response among depressed teens. Philips says it seems to simply be the word
and the knowledge that somebody actively executed the act that pushes buttons in depressed

teenagers. Psychiatrists call this


my
study
showed
was
that
there
seems
to
be
imitation
not
only
of
relatively
bland
behavior like dress, dressing or hairstyles, but there seems to be imitation of really quite deviant
behavior
as
well.
The
teenagers
imitate
apparently
across
the
board,
not
just
suicides,
but
everything else as well.

In
a
separate
study,
Madeline
Gould
and
David
Shaeffer
of
Columbia
University
found
that
made-for- television movies about suicide also stimulated imitative behavior. Even though the
movies were intended to portray the problem of teen suicide and offered, in some cases, suicide
hot
line
numbers
and
advice
on
counselling,
the
team
believes
the
four
network
movies
prompted
eighty
teen
suicides.
One
of
the
made-for- TV
movies
examined
by
the
Columbia
University
team
was
a
CBS
production.
George
Schweitzer,
a
CBS's
Vice
President,
is
well
aware of this research. He says,
broadcast, but if they had it to do over,


don't think can be measured, and that is the hundreds and hundreds and probably thousands of
teenagers who were positively moved by these kinds of broadcasts.

Moved
to
call
suicide
hot
lines,
moved
to
seek
counseling,
and
moved
to
discuss
their
depressions with family members. Schweitzer does not dispute today's studies: some teens may
moved to suicide.



important social issues to help create awareness and again to have a positive effect.

But
researcher
David
Philips
suggests
the
media
could decrease
the
teen suicide
problem
by
avoiding
some
suicide
stories
all
together
and
changing
the
way
the
others
are
covered.
For
example,
says
Philips,

make
suicide
seem
heroic.
He
cites
the
story
of
a
young
Czechoslovakian dissident who set himself on fire. But the dissident action was taken to draw
attention
to
government
repression
in
Czechoslovakia.
Should
the
news
media
really
have
ignored such a story?
sides of the issue. And thank God, I don't have to be the one to disentangle that issue.

One prominent expert in this field said the young people moved to take their lives, following a
news
story
or
movie,
are
particularly
vulnerable,
suicidal
individuals.
In
the
absence
of
television stories, some other events in their lives might well have triggered their actions. So
while
most
psychiatrists
agree
there
is
an
imitative
component
to
teenage
suicides,
that

tendency, they say, should not lead society to repress information. On the contrary, some say we
are
now
facing
a
major
epidemic
of
adolescent
suicide
in
America.
We
must
publicize
and
confront
the
problem.
Last
year
some
fifty-five
hundred
adolescents
between
fifteen
and
twenty-four years of age took their lives. At least ten times that tried. Some estimates are that
275
thousand
teens
attempted
suicide
last
year.
The
rate
of
teenage
suicide
in
America
has
tripled since 1955.

Lesson 7
Both House and Senate negotiators today approved sweeping immigration legislation that could
grant amnesty
to
millions of illegal
aliens
who
entered the country
before 1982.
The bill, as
worked out in five hours of closed-door negotiations, would establish a system of fines against
employers who hire illegal immigrants. It would also make those who came to the US illegally
but have established roots in this country eligible for amnesty.



The Supreme Court today agreed to decide if Illinois can require minors wanting abortions to
notify
their
parents
or
obtain
judicial
consent.
The
justices
will
review
the
decision
striking
down a 1983 law, which required some girls to wait twenty-four hours after telling their parents
they wanted an abortion.


It was announced today that the winner of this year's Noble Peace Prize is Elie Wiesel. He has
written
twenty-five
books
on
his
experiences
in
a
Nazi
prison
of
war
camp
and
on
the
Holocaust. And he's been a human rights activist for thirty years. NPR's Mike Shuster reports.

morning from the Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway. Wiesel said he was flabbergasted at the
news, and later at a press conference, he said he would dedicate his Prize to the survivors of the
Holocaust and their children.
have
tried
to
do
something
with
their
pain,
with
their
memory,
with
their
silence,
with
their
life.
Nazi death camp. He and two sisters survived; his mother, father, and younger sister did not.

After the War, Wiesel went first to France, then to the United States. He is credited with the first
use of the word 'Holocaust' to describe the Nazi extermination of the Jews.


A House-Senate Conference Committee has agreed to an immigration reform bill. The measure,
which had died in the final days of the last two Congresses, now looks as though it will become
law. NPR's Cokie Roberts reports.

One of the chief advocates of the immigration bill, New York Democrat Charles Schumer, says
that
this
year
immigration
became
a
white
hat
issue,
that
the
forces
fighting
against
the
measures finally had a force on the opposite side of equal rate public opinion. The opponents of
immigration
reform
have
always
been
many:
Hispanics
in
Congress
and in the country
have
opposed
the
part
of
the
bill
most
lawmakers
consider
key
—
punishment
for
employers
who
knowingly
hire
illegals.
The
measure,
passed
at
a
conference
today,
would
provide
civil
penalties and criminal penalties for those who repeatedly hire illegal aliens. Hispanics worry
the employer sanctions would cause discrimination against anyone with an accent or Spanish

name,
whether
legal
or
not.
The
new
bill
includes
strong
anti-discrimination
language
for
employers who do refuse to hire any Hispanics while still allowing someone to hire a citizen
before
an
alien.
To
appease
Hispanics
and
others,
the
immigration
bill
includes
amnesty
for
aliens who have been in this country for five years. Many border state representatives fought
against
the
legalization
provisions,
saying
that
millions
of
people
could
eventually
become
citizens
and
bring
their
relatives
to
this
country.
All
those
people
could
bankrupt
the
state's
social services, said the representatives, but the idea of deporting all of those people seemed
impractical as well as inhumane to most members of Congress. And aliens who came to this
country before 1982 will be able to apply for legalization. The other major controversial area of
the
immigration
bill
is
the
farm
worker
program.
Agricultural
interests
wanted
to
be
able
to
bring workers into this country to harvest crops without being subjected to employer sanctions,
but the trade unions opposed this section of the bill. Finally, a compromise was reached where
up
to
three
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
farm
workers
could
come
into
this
country,
but
their
rights
would
be
protected
and
they
would
also
be
able
to
apply
for
legalization
if
they
met
certain conditions. The elements of the final immigration package have been there all along, but
this year, say the key lawmakers around this legislation, the Congress was ready to act on them.
The combination of horror stories about people coming over the borders and editorials about
congressional inability to act made
members of Congress decide the time had come to enact

immigration
reform.
But
supporters
of
reform
warn
the
end
is
not
here
yet.
The
conference
report must still pass both houses of Congress, and a Senate filibuster is always a possibility.
I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.


Many photography shops are quite busy this time of the year. People back from vacation are
dropping off rolls of film and hoping for the best. But commentator Tom Baudet learned a long
time ago he was better off not hoping.

I've been told that I take lousy pictures. It's not that my shots aren't technically OK; it's just that
my
pictures
seem
to
bring
out
the
worst
in
people.
I
hope
that's
not
a
sign
of
something.
I
usually end up throwing half the pictures I take. It's not that they're deceiving. Not at all; they're
just too honest. It's true what they say that a camera never lies, but you certainly can lie to a
camera.
We
do
it
all
the
time;
at
least
we
exaggerate
a
little
to
a
lens.
The
first
thing
you'll
usually hear when you point a camera at someone is,
so you wait
while
they
brush
the
crumbs
off
their
chin,
put
out
a
cigarette,
or
throw
an
arm
around
the
person next to them like they've been standing that way all day. Well, you get your picture, but

it's blown all out of proportion. Everybody's having a little more fun than they really were and
liking each other more than they actually do. We're all guilty of this one time or another. You're
with
your
sweetheart
travelling
somewhere.
You've
been
walking
and
complaining about
the
price of the room, the blister on your heel and the rude waitress at the cafe. But then, you stop
somebody
on
the
street,
hand
them
your
camera,
and
put
on
your
very
best
having-a-wonderful-time smile. Well, ten years later you'll look at that picture in a scrapbook
and remember what a great trip it was, whether it was or not. For it's natural thing to do: plant
little
seeds
of
contentment
in
our
lives
in
case
we
doubt
we
ever
had
any.
Well,
it's
good
practice to take an opportunity to mug up to a camera. There never seems to be a camera around
for the real special times: that make-up embrace after a long and dangerous discussion, the look
on your face as you hold the phone and hear you got that promotion, the quiet ride home from
the hospital after learning those suspicious lumps were benign and something to watch but not
worry about. Those are the memories that should be preserved, to be remembered and relied
upon when harder times take hold. Those times when a photographer like me will catch you at a
party with a loneliness on your face that you didn't think would show or bitterness tugging at
your lips during a conversation you didn't intend to be overheard. Well, we all slip up like this

sometimes, and sooner or later we get caught with our guards down. I think that's why I end up
with pictures like that, I like it when people leave their guards down. We all know our best sides,
and it's nice to keep that face forward whenever we can. But I don't mind having pictures of the
other sides. Either way they all look just like people to me.

Writer Tom Baudet. He lives in Homer, Alaska.

Lesson 8
Two years of sensitive negotiations paid off today as seventy former Cuban political prisoners
arrived in the United States. All of the prisoners had served least ten years in Cuban jails, and
some had been in prison since Fidel Castro came to power in 1959. The release was arranged in
part by French underwater explorer, Jacques Cousteau, and a delegation of American Roman

Catholic bishops.


President
Reagan
today
unveiled
plans
for
nine
hundred
million
dollar
plan
to
reduce
drug
abuse in the United States. It includes half a billion dollars for stepping up drug enforcement
along US borders, especially in the southwest. The plan also calls
for mandatory drug testing
for some federal workers. NPR's Brenda Wilson reports.
drugs, President Reagan signed an executive order today requiring federal workers in sensitive
positions
to
undergo
drug
tests.
The
order
covers
employees
who
have
access
to
classified
information,
presidentially
appointed
officials,
law
enforcement
officials,
and
any
federal
worker
engaged
in
activities
which
affect
public
health
and
safety
or
national
security.
But
heads of government agencies may order additional workers to take the test. Federal employees
who are found to have continued to use illegal drugs after a second test will be automatically

fired.
The
overall
rug
testing
program
is
expected
to
cost
fifty-six
million
dollars,
but
administration
officials
could
not
get
even
a
ballpark
figure
of
how
many
workers
may
be
included in the mandatory program. I'm Brenda Wilson.


Israeli
Prime
Minister
Shimon
Peres
is
in
Washington
for
talks
with
US
leaders,
including
President Reagan. Earlier Peres met with Secretary of State George Shultz. Afterwards, the two
told reporters that the Soviet Union will have no role in Middle East peace talks, because it has
no diplomatic ties with Israel and does not permit free emigration of Soviet Jews.


Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres is in Washington D. C. this week to confer with high-level
US
officials.
His
visit
follows
his
summit
with
Egyptian
President
Mubarak
last
week.
This
afternoon,
the
Israeli
leader
and
President
Reagan
met
at
the
White
House.
NPR's
Elizabeth
Colton reports.

Israel's Peres comes to Washington only weeks before he is scheduled to step down from the

Prime
Minister's
post
and
exchange
roles
with
the
current
Foreign
Minister,
Yitzhak
Shamir.
This rotation was arranged two years ago as part of Israel's coalition national unity government.
But what was expected to be little more than a farewell visit for Prime Minister Peres has now
taken
on
a
new
importance
because
of
Peres'
recent
achievements
towards
bringing
peace
between Israelis and Arabs. At the White House this afternoon President Reagan said that the
Middle East peace process was the major topic for discussion. And he praised Prime Minister
Peres' efforts in that direction.


Arab peoples, but constructive actions taken by leaders in the region to breathe new life into the
peace
process.
No one
has done
more
than
Prime
Minister
Peres to that
end.
His
vision,
his
statesmanship, and his tenacity are greatly appreciated here.
items on the agenda of his meeting with Prime Minister Peres were American economic aid to
Israel, international terrorism, and Soviet Jewry. The President assured the Israeli leader that the
plight of Soviet Jewry will remain an important topic in all the talks between the US and the

Soviets. I'm Elizabeth Colton in Washington.


A chapbook arrived in the mail a while back from the Northeastern Ohio University's College
of Medicine. The chapbook, a small pamphlet of collected poetry, contains works by students,
part
of
the
school's

Values
in
Medicine
program.
NPR's
Susan
Stanberg
leafed
through the poems.

The selected works by finalists in the
for America's great poet- physician, the New Jersey country doctor who used to scroll drafts of
poems on pages of his prescription pads. William Carlos Williams wrote short, sometimes, and
to the quick.


This is just to say I have eaten the plums

That were in the ice box,

And which you were probably saving for breakfast.

Forgive me; they were delicious,

So sweet and so cold.



And he did. William Carlos Williams, who died in 1963, has been an inspiration to patients and
physicians. So, it's fitting that the Northeastern Ohio University's College of Medicine should
name its poetry competition for him. Now, at the beginning of its fifth year, the competition is
open to all medical students in this country, but just one percent of them, a few hundred or so,
entered the competition.



Cohn, director of the Human Values in Medicine's program at the College of Medicine, says
that students' poetry centers around several themes.


guess
it
falls
into
categories
that
all
poets
write
about,
including
lovers
and
friends
and
sorrowful kinds
of
situations,
but then
there
is
also
the experience that they're
most
intimate
with,
which
is
medical
school
itself,
which
is
also
a
theme,
and
also
relationships
with
patients.

Poetry
by
ten
medical
students
is
presented
in
the
chapbook,
accompanied
by
biographical
notes
on
each
of
the
poets.
Kurt
Beal,
at
the
University
of
Texas
Health
Science
Center
at
Houston, describes himself this way.


write because I cannot sing.

Martin
Cohn
has
some
samples
of
poems
from
the
chapbook.
P.C.
Bowman
of
the
Medical
College of Virginia School of Medicine wrote

When I watch you watching yourselves in the mirror,


Undress not with caution but with care,

Peeling the swimsuit from shoulders and breasts,

Exposing the belly flat from its vortex to the ribs,

Ordered as architecture. The hip swell

That breaks my geometer's heart.

It is a map of some impossible country,

Whose turns widen to vistas and stations

So sudden that I cannot breathe or comprehend

How I have wandered there and kept my life.













other poets, has a very interesting background. She danced for a number of years in a regional
company
and
also
had
taken
courses
in
journalism.
And
she
writes
of
an
experience
with
a
cadaver, and the life of this cadaver. And she ends the poem with the following verse.

Now student to anatomy.

Cleave and mark this slab

Of thirty-one-year-old caucasian female flesh,

Limbs, thorax, cranium, muscle by rigid muscle.

Disassemble this motorcycle victim's every part,

As if so gray a matter never wore a flashing ruby dress.


notice
there's
so
much
of
that
in
this
poetry
by
the
medical
students,
the
reminders
to

themselves of humanity here. It's not just arteries; it's not just anatomy. There are humans.


students shuck off we arts and humanities when they enter medical school, and even if we can
keep them involved, even if it's a thread of involvement, or vicarious involvement by reading,
not necessarily writing
—
that's what we are trying to do.

At
the
Northeastern
Ohio
University's
College
of
Medicine,
Martin
Cohn
says
there's
no
evidence that the making of poetry produces better medicine, but he has to believe it helps the
students understand themselves and their patients better. And so the William Carlos Williams
Poetry Competition continues. I'm Susan Stanberg.

This is just to say I have eaten the plums

That were in the ice box

And which you were probably saving for breakfast.

Forgive me; they were delicious,

So sweet and so cold.

英语高级听力教程
Listen09

There was an assassination attempt against Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi today. A man
fired
several
shots
at
Gandhi
and
other
Indian
leaders
participating
in
an
open-air
prayer

meeting. Gandhi was not injured. Six people received minor wounds when the gunman burst
from
the
brushes
where
he
had
apparently
hidden
prior
to
the
ceremony
to
avoid
security
checks.
He
surrendered
when
guards
surrounded
him.
Those
in
charge
of
Gandhi's
security
have been suspended, and an investigation is under way.


Jess Moore, NASA's top official in charge of the shuttle program when Challenger exploded,
announced today he's leaving his new post as Director of the Johnson Space Center. Moore will
take a leave of absence and then be reassigned to NASA headquarters in Washington. NPR's
Daniel Zwerdling reports.
job and taking a year off work because of the Challenger accident? Moore came under quite a
bit of pressure before a congressional committee early this summer when his former assistant
testified that he told Moore in detail almost a year ago that there were serious problems with the

shuttle rocket's O-rings, the same O-rings that eventually caused the Challenger accident. That
testimony
flatly
contradicted
what
Moore's
been
saying
all
along:
that
he
did
not
know
the
O-ring
problems
were
serious
until
after
the
Challenger
exploded.
Congressional
sources
who've interviewed Moore told
me
that they
have no
way
of knowing
just
Who's telling the
truth, Moore, or Moore's former assistant. But one top congressional aide who met with Morre
recently
says
the
NASA
veteran's
been
depressed
since
the
Challenger
blew
up.
He
says,
'Moore doesn't have the edge he used to. He's hollow inside, just like a lot of guys at NASA
who
worked
on
the
shuttle.'
'Jess
Moore,'
the
aide
says,
'is
not
the
man
he
was
before
the
accident, and he needs a rest.' I'm Daniel Zwerdling in Washington.



Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi survived an assassination attempt in New Delhi today.
The assailant fired a succession of shots at Gandhi, who was attending a Hindu prayer service
with his wife and Indian President Zail Singh. Official sources have called the incident a major
security lapse. Witnesses say Gandhi told security guards two times he had heard gun shots; the
security forces reportedly dismissed the noise as motorcycle backfire. It was over half an hour
later that police finally surrounded and captured the gunman. Six people were injured during
the arrest. The BBC's Humphrey Hoxley reports.

An official statement from the Home Ministry said that those police officials who were directly
responsible
for
the
security
arrangements
for
Mr.
Gandhi
have
been
suspended
from
duty.
Senior officials in the Ministry say that a top-level investigation is under way to determine why
the
security
around the
Prime
Minister, who's
meant
to be one of
the
most
closely
protected
government
leaders
in
the
world,
collapsed
and
how
a
gunman
armed
with
an
illegally

manufactured revolver broke through the security cordon undetected to get within a few feet of
the Prime Minister. Police say the gunman who's in his twenties may even have fired at Mr.
Gandhi and his party as they were approaching the area to commemorate the birthday of the
independence
leader
Mohandas
Gandhi,
who
is
cremated
there.
The
area
was
searched
immediately; but security men failed to spot the gunman, who was hiding on top of a concrete
shelter
hidden
among
thick
green
vines.
The
man
opened
fire
again
when
Mr.
Gandhi
was
leaving half an hour later. But when he was spotted, eyewitnesses say, he threw up his arms and
shouted in Hindi,
nor is he part of the Sikh movement which murdered Mr. Gandhi's mother, Indira, two years
ago. Humphrey Hoxley, BBC, Delhi.


It is not just the weather with which farmers contend; there are higher costs for growing food
and lower prices when selling it. And these combined to make farming an increasingly difficult
life, especially for small family farms. In New York, a new organization called
trying
to
help
struggling
farms
in
the
region
by
linking
city
dwellers
with
farmers.
As
John
Kailish reports, the scheme seems to benefit both.


Last week, two actors, a housewife, a tour guide, a dog walker and an unemployed social
worker, all from the New York metropolitan area, spent a day working on Hall Gibson's fruit
and
vegetable
farm
located
in
the
Upstate
New
York
town
of
Brewster.
The
contingent
also
included
two
four-year-olds.
The
group
listened
attentively
as
Gibson
gave
the
lengthy
orientation talk complete with aerial photographs of his 125-acre farm.
part of the New York milk shed. One of the big incentives to producing milk in this area was the
founding of the Borden plant.
that was lined with rows of tomatoes and turnips, eggplants and cabbage. Gibson gave some
brief picking instructions to two women who were going to harvest cherry tomatoes.
are split like this, throw them away or eat them.
bushels
of
tomatoes
and
sixty
pints
of
raspberries
over
the
course
of
several
hours.
The
farmhands
were
perfect
strangers
when
they
left
Manhattan,
but
out
in
the
field
in
Putnam
County,
they
had
no
trouble
striking
up
conversations
that
included
such
heady
topics
as
romance in television.

Laura
Moore,
a
housewife
and
part-time
teacher
from
Brooklyn,
has
made
four
trips to
area
farms
with
her
daughter
Jessie.
She
was
picking
yellow
low-acid
tomatoes
as
she
explained
why she enjoys the Farm Hands program.



therapeutic,
mentally,
physically,
and
it's
exhilarating.
This
is
my
way
of
getting
out,
escaping the city life for a while. I love the city. But in the fresh air, you get a feeling that you
are really living.

In
addition
to
the
one-day
farm
outings,
Farm
Hands
also
places
individuals
on
farms
for
periods ranging from a week to several months. In exchange for their labor, Participants get a
minimum wage, room and board, or produce to take back with them to the city. In its first year
of
operation,
Farm
Hands
has placed twenty
people
on
farms
for
a period
of
two
months
or
longer. More than two hundred people have gone on the one-day work intensives or the field
trips that are often more play than work. Hall Gibson has had four long term farm-hands this
summer.
At
the
moment,
he's benefiting
from
the hard
work
of
a
twenty-eight-year-old
New
York City painter named Debby Fisher. Because Gibson's farm is organic, weeds are a major
problem. Farmer Gibson says that when Debby Fisher clears weeds from the fields, she works
like a demon.


been
just
driven
to
rescue
crops
and
she's
rescued
a
number
of
crops.
My
bok
choy
crop-the best I've ever had-was rescued by her. Debby is a gem.

The Farm Hands program was founded by twenty-seven-year-old Wendy Dubid, an enthusiastic

advocate
of
linking
farms
and
cities.
In
an
interview
at
a
farmers'
market
in
New
York
city,
Dubid said Farm Hands may mean cheap labors for farmers, but she maintains he program has
a broader impact.


realize after an hour of picking raspberries and scratching their own arms on the bramble, they
understand the
farm
reality
and the
value
of
food,
and
may
become
valuable
consumers
and
customers for those farmers.

Dubid
says
there
was
only
one
Farm
Hand
placement
that
did
not
work
out
this
year,
a
fifteen-year-old
football
player
who
antagonized
his
host
family
in
Upstate
New
York.

Farmhands are currently working in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Plans are already
under way to expand the Farm Hands program to Maryland, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and
Vermont.


英语高级听力教程
Listen10


President Reagan said today he will veto a defense spending bill if it is approved, as expected,
by
the
House.
Speaking
to
a
private
group
in
Washington
today,
the
President
said
he
was
concerned about provisions in the bill that would ban nuclear testing and cut funding for his
Star
Wars defense system.
The
President also
charged
that
the
Soviet-backed
ban on nuclear
testing is
campaign on the testing issue.



Israeli warplanes bombed suspected Palestinian guerrilla bases in Southeast Beirut today. Police
said the bomb set at least four targets on fire. There are reports that two people were wounded
in the attacks.


At
a
news
conference
in
Pretoria
today,
South
African
Foreign
Minister
Pic
Botha
called
international sanctions against his country
out of work. But Botha said the South African government
the effect of sanctions.


White
House
spokesman
Larry
Speakes
said
today
President
Reagan
will
veto
on
Friday
a
sanctions bill passed by Congress, but he admitted it will be tough to sustain the veto.


On Wall Street today, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up four and a half points, closing

at 1797.81. Trading was moderate, one hundred thirty-two million shares.


Israeli warplanes today bombed four suspected Palestinian guerrilla bases in Lebanon. Reports
from
Beirut
say
at
least
two
people
were wounded
and
a
number
of
fires
started
in
the
four
villages. From Jerusalem, Jerry Cheslow filed this report which was subject to censorship by
Israeli authorities.

According to the Israeli army spokesman, the targets were bases belonging to two pro-Syrian
Palestinian guerrilla organizations. Israeli military sources say one of the targets was a staging
base for raids against northern Israel. Lebanese radio stations reported that at least two people
were wounded in the attack south of Beirut and that Beirut International Airport was closed for
half an hour. Israeli military sources stress that the air raid had nothing to do with this week's
tensions along Israel's border with Lebanon. They were between the Shi'ite Muslim Hizbullah

(Party of God) Militia and the Israeli-backed South Lebanese Army Militia. Over the past two
weeks,
large
Hizbullah
forces
stormed
dozens
of
South
Lebanese
Army
positions.
Israeli
military sources say that at least fifteen South Lebanese Army men and some fifty members of
Hizbullah were killed. According to the sources the attacks also badly damaged the morale of
the
South
Lebanese
Army,
and
this
led
Israel
to
deploy
a
large
force
along
its
border
with
Lebanon.
The
force
included
troops,
armor
and
artillery,
and
according
to
knowledgeable
observers it was equipped for offensive action against Hizbullah. Senior Israeli defense sources
say
that
Hizbullah
was
trying
to
take
over
all
of
southern
Lebanon.
Hizbullah
has also
been
attacking
Unifil,
the
UN
force
in
Southern
Lebanon.
Over
the
past
six
weeks,
four
French
Unifil troops were killed by Hizbullah, and just this morning a French UN base was rocketed in
Southern Lebanon. There were no casualty, but some of its soldiers were blown off their seats.
And the sources said that Hizbullah's domination of Southern Lebanon would be a direct threat
to Israel. Some of its men who were killed were wearing kerchiefs with the words
Jerusalem
ago, there have been no Hizbullah attacks on the South Lebanese Army. By nightfall here in the
Middle East, the Israeli troops had returned to their bases. For National Public Radio, I'm Jerry

Cheslow in Jerusalem.


This
week,
Californian
wine
workers
vote
on
a
contract
proposal
from
winery
owners.
The
workers have now been on strike for six weeks. The contract proposal calls for cuts in wages
and cuts in benefits. The prospects for rank and file approval seem slim. A central issue of the
strike is the economic well-being of the California wine industry. William Drummond reports.

A gondola containing tons of freshly picked Chardenay grapes is dumped into a hopper as the
process
begins
for
bottling
the
1986
vintage.
The
harvest
has
continued
despite
the
fact
that
more than two thousand winery workers have struck twelve of the biggest wineries in Northern
and
Central
California.
Relying
on
automated
plants
and
non-union
labor,
members
of
the
Winery Owners' Association have succeeded in carrying on what looks like business is usual.
But out on the picket line, union worker Pat Scoley is anything but pleased.


aren't, between you and me.

The union contract expired at the end of July, which is the beginning of the harvest, the time

when wine makers usually need all the help they can get. But many plants are like the Charles
Krug Winery, which has been completely automated. Owner Peter Mondaby says the strike has
no effect on producing the product.


it's only a question of training these people and, of course, with the system that we have, very
well computerized, that they can fit in with a reasonable amount of training, that they can fit in.
So, I mean, we're not concerned about it.

Actually, the heavy rainfall several days ago in the Napa Valley seemed to disturb the owners
more than the strike. Mondaby produces around a million cases a year, super premium brands
under
the
Charles
Krug
label,
mid-range
premium
wines
and
jug
wines.
Mondaby
says
the
industry
took
a
beating
during
the
last
several
years
because
of
cheap
wine
imports
from
Europe.
Even
though
Americans
today
are
drinking
more
wine
chiefly
in
the
form
of
wine
coolers,
wine
makers
say
there's
not
that
much
profit
in
the
coolers,
and
they're
still
in
a
financial pinch.


uptrend that you will see overnight, but it is a healthy uptrend in a gradual growth manner now.

But I wouldn't necessarily say a greater profitability because the profit is very, very marginal.
The volume is there, it's true, but the profit is very, very marginal.

Mondaby's marginal profit argument does not win much support among striking workers, like
Hannah Stockton, who works in the bottling plant at Christian Brothers.


been
increase
in
sale.
I
mean, ...
I
believe
three
or
four
years
back,
we
had
a
slump
in
the
industry.
But
wine
is
coming
back.
Now
they
are
coming
out
with
wine
coolers;
they
are
making money. We don't want a raise; we just want to keep what we've got.

Wages for workers in the winery industry range from around eight dollars to fifteen dollars an
hour. The union was willing to give up a slight reduction in wages, but refused to accept cuts in
the pension and health benefits. The employers reportedly want a twenty percent reduction in
the
wages
and
benefits
package.
Winery
owners
say
the
union
has
to
recognize
that
overall
costs have increased.


only
is
your
gross
down;
the
competition
has
forced
us
to
increase
marketing
and
advertising, which is further eroding whatever margin was there.

David
Spualding
is
general
manager
of
a
winery
in
Calistoga.
Spaulding
Vineyards
is
tiny
compared
to
Charles
Krug
and
Gallo,
and
Spaulding
Vineyards
is
not
on
strike,
but
David
Spaulding says he faces the same market forces as the big guys.



that
is
surplus.
You
know
we
are
producing
more
and
producing
it
more
efficiently,
and
we
have a production that exceeds the demand in the market.

Spaulding says wine coolers have taken up some of the over-production, but not all of it. As for
the
union
leaders,
they
don't
think
it's
good
idea
to
give
back
wages
and
benefits
when
the
demand
for
the
product
is
on
the
increase.
Winery
workers
are
voting
all
this
week
on
the
wages and benefits cuts proposed by management. Jerry Davis is an official of the union.


vote on this proposal.

The
results
are
expected
to
be
known
by
Thursday.
For
National
Public
Radio,
I'm
William
Drummond reporting.


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Texas
Air
announced
today
that
it
will buy
the
troubled
People
Express
Airlines
for
about
a

hundred and twenty-five million dollars. The proposed deal would allow most People Express
employees to keep their jobs, although the company will eventually lose its identity and become
part of
Texas
Air.
Federal officials
must
approve the
merger.
Texas
Air
is
also
trying
to buy
Eastern Airlines.


A
rally
on
Wall
Street
today
after
six
consecutive
losing
sessions,
the
Dow
Jones
Industrial
Average ended the day up nearly nine points, to close at seventeen sixty-seven point fifty-eight.


What's being called a
Miami today to an ecstatic reception by thousands of relatives and well-wishers. The plane also
carried
forty-one
relatives
of
former
prisoners.
The
flight
culminated
nearly
two
years
of
negotiations with the Castro regime.


Texas Air Corporation today announced that it has agreed to buy People Express Airlines for

one
hundred
twenty- five
million
dollars
in
securities.
Texas
Air
already
owns
Continental
Airlines and New York Air. It is in the process of acquiring Eastern Airlines. People Express,
one of the first no- frills, low-fare air carriers, has been in financial trouble lately. It was forced
to
shut
down
its
subsidiary,
Frontier
Airlines.
Texas
Air
now
says
it
will
acquire
Frontier's
assets as part of its deal with People Express. Joining us now from New York, NPR's business
reporter Barbara Mantel.


it
is
said
this
is
a
very
attractive
low
price,
this
one
hundred
twenty-five
million
dollars in securities. Besides that, why does Texas Air want People Express?


which he might need. He will get the lowest cost work-force in the industry at People Express.
He will get a new terminal at Newark, New Jersey that People Express is building. He'll get

flights to London, and he will get control over competition. People Express competes heavily,
especially in the northeast corridor, with Texas Air.


issue
of
competition
has
been
a
sticking
point
before
for
the
Department
of
Transportation when two airlines wanted to get together. How will Texas Air get around it this
time?


and the Department of Transportation said, 'No, not unless you sell more landing slots, more
slots in the northeast corridor to Pan Am so that we'll have some competition there.' And Texas
Air
agreed
to
that
just
last
week.
That
may
happen
again
here.
The
Department
of
Transportation may require that Texas Air sell some slots or some gates to another airline to
ensure that there is still competition in the northeast part of the marketplace. But Texas Air has
some leverage here with the Department of Transportation because People Express is a failing

company.
And
the
Department
of
Transportation
may
feel,
'Well,
we'll
let
them
buy
People
Express and keep it running, rather than let it fail and lose all those jobs.


mean for consumers? If there's less competition the fares could possibly go up.


airliner that prices would just have to go up. But I want you to keep in mind that unrestricted
fares of the kind People Express offered, you know, wholesale unrestricted fares, were being
eliminated and phased out anyway, because they were not profitable. And the Department of
Transportation theory here is that if you allow mergers to take place, or many mergers to take
place, you might create more efficiencies and low costs, leading possibly to lower fares. And
also the Department of Transportation believes that there's a lot of potential competition in the
marketplace.
Airlines
can
move
planes
around
and
buy
gates,
and
so
that
if
an
airline
in
a

particular
market
segment
was
making
a
lot
of
money
and
raising
prices
excessively,
other
airlines would move in and prices would be brought down through competition. So that it's a
nice theory, the theory of potential competition keeping prices in line, but it's sort of a new idea
and it's not clear that that's really the way it would work.





audiences
have
been
very
devoted
over
the
years
throughout
the
country.
And
they've
expanded and grown and the country audience has been just as kind and as supportive as the
folk audience has been.


especially the title cut, that I heard more country there than I'd perhaps heard before.



more. My natural roots are there in country and hillbilly music. And so I think that just comes
out more when you put the band with it.


the
inside
right
now,
but
what's
on
the
outside
—
a
picture
on
the
front
of
you
in
front
of
a
Woolworth store, someplace, I guess, in Texas or Tennessee, and ...




in the back and that sort of thing?



country. It's a two-storey and it's got the escalator that does a little pinging noise every couple
of minutes. And it takes up a whole city block.




that
comes
from
the
song
'Love
at
the
Five
and
Dime,'
which
was
a
song
that
Cathy
Mattea also cut this year and had my first, you know, top five country hit with. And it deals
with the Woolworth store.


the book on the cover you're holding?




Lonesome Dove .






know, fourteen and twenty-five. And I read a lot, and I also write short stories and have written
a novel. And I just feel like young people are missing out because they don't read books. And
any time I have the opportunity to influence the young person to pick up a book and read it, I

would try to do that.


you
hear
these
lyrics,
when
the
words
come
to
you,
are
you
hearing
the
stanzas
as
poetry or as music?


picture. And the music and the lyrics come at the same time. Sometimes they shoot me straight
up in bed, you know, in the middle of the night. The Wing and the Wheel' is a very special song
to me. It's probably my favorite song that I've ever written. And that song was inspired at the
Vancouver Folk Festival by two people who are from Managua, Nicaragua. They have a duo
call Duo Guar Buranco. And just about four o'clock in the morning, I was sitting in my hotel
room and listening to them sing in the room next door, and looking out the window at this little
fingernail
moon
hanging
out
over
the
Vancouver
Bay,
and
that
song
just
came
flowing,
you
know, and was inspired by those two people.





that particular song, it's easy. It's just a matter of getting up and writing it down.

Nancy Griffith, talking with us in WPLN in Nashville. She is continuing her national tour with
the Everly Brothers. Her latest album is called



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American
reporter
Nicholas
Daniloff
is
in
Frankfurt,
West
Germany,
on
his
way
home
from
Moscow after being detained for a month on espionage charges. President Reagan in Kansas
City on a campaign swing announced Daniloff's release, denying that any trade had been agreed
to in order to win his freedom. Asked by reporters if he blinked in staring down Soviet leader
Gorbachev over the Daniloff affair, the President said they blinked. The agreement to release
Daniloff
came
after
a
three-hour
meeting
last night
in
New
York between
Secretary
of
State
George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. No details of the agreement
have
been
released,
and
it
is
not
known
if
Daniloff's
freedom
is
the
first
step
in
a
trade
involving
accused
Soviet
spy
Gennadi
Zakharov.
When
he
arrived
in
Frankfurt,
Daniloff

thanked President Reagan, Secretary of State Shultz, and other US officials for
i's and crossing the t's


The House of Representatives is expected to vote soon to override President Reagan's veto of a
bill imposing economic sanctions against South Africa. NPR's Cokie Roberts reports that the
President has promised to expand economic sanctions on his own in hopes of getting Congress
to
sustain
his
veto.

houses
of
Congress
passed
the
economic
sanctions
against
South
Africa by wide enough margins to override a presidential veto. And it's expected the House will
easily garner the two-thirds vote necessary for override. So it's in the Senate the President is
concentrating his efforts. Today President Reagan sent a long letter to majority leader Robert
Dole,
restating
his
opposition
to
'punitive
sanctions
that
harm
the
victims
of
apartheid.'
The
letter
went
on
to
outline
an
executive order
the
President
plans
to sign
which
would
impose
some but not all of the sanctions passed by Congress. For example, there'd be a ban on some

new investments in South Africa, but not all and a ban on some imports from South Africa, but
not as many as called for by Congress. The President hopes the executive order will win over
the
fourteen
additional
senators
he
needs
to
sustain
his
veto.
The
Chairman
of
the
House
Foreign Affairs Committee said today that Congress would simply come back next year with
tougher sanctions if the veto is sustained. I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.


American reporter Nicholas Daniloff was freed today in Moscow. He flew into Frankfurt, West
Germany this afternoon and spoke with reporters gathered at the airport.



this last month. I was arrested without an arrest warrant. A case was fabricated against me with
a narrow political purpose of giving the Soviet Union some political leverage over the case of
Gennadi
Zakharov
in
New
York.
The
KGB
did
not
punish
me;
the
KGB
punished
itself.
I
cannot tell you anything about any other arrangements. All I know is that I am free in the West,
very grateful, delighted to see you.

When
Daniloff
left
the
Soviet
Union
today
he
had
been
detained
there
for
thirty-one
days,
facing a possible trial on espionage charges. Daniloff left Moscow only hours after Secretary of
State Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze met last night in New York in the latest
of four negotiating sessions concerning the fate of the American journalist. But so far no details
have emerged about the arrangements that brought Daniloff his freedom. NPR's Mike Shuster
has more from New York.

Reporters in Moscow who had been staking out the American Embassy there first got wind this
morning that Daniloff might be released, after he left the Embassy in a car and flashed the
for
Victory
sign.
Apparently
Daniloff
was
simply
informed
that
he
could
leave,
and
his
passport was returned to him. He was then taken to the airport along with his wife, and soon

thereafter
boarded
a
Lufthansa
flight
to
Frankfurt,
West
Germany.
The
official
American
announcement
of
his
release
came
from
President
Reagan
mid-day
today
as
he
was
campaigning in Kansas City, Missouri.


it already, that at twelve o'clock, twelve o'clock Central time, a Lufthansa Airliner, left Moscow