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英语高级听力教程
Listen01
Freed American hostage, David Jacobsen, appealed today for the release of the remaining captives in
Lebanon,
saying,
guys
are
in
hell
and
we've
got
to
get
them
home.
Jacobsen
made
his
remarks as he arrived at Wiesbaden, West Germany, accompanied by Anglican Church envoy, Terry
Waite,
who
worked
to
gain
his
release.
And
Waite
says
his
efforts
will
continue.
Jacobsen
had
a
checkup at the air force hospital in Wiesbaden. And hospital director, Colonel Charles Moffitt says he
is doing well.
condition. It also seems that he has dealt with the stresses of his captivity extremely well.
Jacobsen criticized the US government's handling of the hostage situation in a videotape made during
his
captivity,
today
he
thanked
the
Reagan
Administration
and
said
he
was
darn
proud
to
be
an
American. The
Reagan
Administration had
little
to
say
today
about
the
release
of
Jacobsen
or the
likelihood that other hostages may be freed. Boarding Air Force One in Las Vegas, the President said,
no
way
to
tell
right
now.
We've
been
working
on
that.
We've
had
heart-breaking
disappointments.
Mr.
Reagan
was
in
Las
Vegas
campaigning
for
Republican
candidate,
Jim
Santini,
who
is
running
behind Democrat, Harry Reed.
In Mozambique today a new president was chosen to replace Samora Machel who died in a plane
crash
two
weeks
ago.
NPR's
John
Madison
reports:
choice
of
the
130-member
Central
Committee of the ruling FRELIMO Party
was announced on Mozambique radio this evening. He is
Joaquim Chissano, Mozambique's Foreign Minister, No. 3 in the Party. Chissano, who is forty-seven,
was
Prime
Minister
of
the
nine- month
transitional
government
that
preceded
independence
from
Portugal in 1975. He negotiated the transfer of power with Portugal.
This much is clear tonight: an American held in Lebanon for almost a year and a half is free. David
Jacobsen
is
recuperating
in
a
hospital
in
Wiesbaden,
West
Germany.
Twenty-four
hours
earlier,
Jacobsen was released in Beirut by Islamic Jihad. But this remains a mystery: what precisely led to his
freedom? Jacobsen will spend the next several days in the US air force facility in Wiesbaden for a
medical examination. Diedre Barber reports.
After preliminary medical checkups today, David Jacobsen's doctor said he was tired but physically in
very good condition. US air force hospital commander, Charles Moffitt, said in a medical briefing this
afternoon that Jacobsen had lost little weight and seemed extremely fit. He joked that he would not like
to take up
Jacobsen's
challenge
to
reporters earlier
in the
day
to
a
six- mile
jog
around
the airport.
Despite his obvious fatigue, Jacobsen spent the afternoon being examined by hospital doctors. He
was also seen by a member of the special stress-management team sent from Washington. Colonel
Moffitt
said
that
after
an
initial
evaluation
it
seems
as
if
Jacobsen
coped
extremely
well
with
the
stresses of his captivity. He said there was also no evidence at this point that the fifty-five-year-old
hospital director had been tortured or physically abused. Jacobsen seemed very alert, asking detailed
questions about the facilities of the Wiesbaden medical complex, according to Moffitt.
So far, Jacobsen has refused to answer questions about his five hundred and twenty-four days as a
hostage. Speaking briefly to reports after his arrival in Wiesbaden this morning, he said his joy at being
free was somewhat diminished by his concern for the other hostages left behind. He thanked the US
government
and
President
Ronald
Reagan
for
helping
to
secure
his
release.
Jacobsen
also
gave
special thanks to Terry Waite, an envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury, for his help in the negotiation.
Waite who accompanied Jacobsen from Beirut to Wiesbaden today, said he might be going to Beirut in
several
days.
There
are
still
seven
American
hostages
being
held
in
Lebanon
by
different
political
groups. Jacobsen will be joined in Wiesbaden tomorrow by his family. Hospital officials said they still
do not know how many days Jacobsen will remain for tests and debriefing sessions before returning to
the United States with his family. For National Public Radio, this is Diedre Barber, Wiesbaden.
The leader of Chinese revolution,
Mao Tsetong, died ten years ago today. During his lifetime, Mao
became
a
cult
figure,
but
the
current
government
has
tried
to
change
that.
Now
his
tomb
and
embalmed
body
in
Beijing
are
just
another
tourist
attraction.
And
no
longer
do
millions
of
Chinese
study or wave aloft the famous
political writing, Mao wrote poetry as well
—
poems about the revolution, the Red Army, poems about
nature. Willis Barnstone has translated some of Mao's work and considers him an original master, one
of China's most important poets.
personal poetry was the history of China. At the same time because he was a famous
revolutionary
and leader, it has prejudiced most people, almost correctly, to dismiss his poetry as simply the work of
a man who achieved fame elsewhere.
every dining room wall, engraved on peach- pits ... During lunch hours, workers would study his poems.
They were every place.
as a poet either?
there, I found very few people who didn't think he was a very good poet. But they did feel that his
suggestions which were that people not write in the classical style, that they write in what he called the
modern style, was very repressive. And as a result, of course, the restriction of publication during the
ten years of the Cultural Revolution, poetry was abysmal.
explain that leaders in China, and indeed in the a East, are expected to be accomplished poets.
Ho Chi Minh was a poet. It was common. In fact, I think until early in the twentieth century, even to
pass a bureaucratic exam, one had to know a huge number of classical forms. And especially, a leader
should at least be a poet.
the country. And it's called 'Saying goodbye to the God of Disease.' And the poem needs annotation.
In that sense, it's typical of classical Chinese poetry; he makes references to earlier emperors and
places.
Saying Goodbye to the God of Disease
Mauve waters and green mountains are nothing
When the great ancient doctor Hua Tuo
Could not defeat a tiny worm.
A thousand villages collapsed, were choked with weeds,
Men were lost arrows, ghosts sang
In the doorway of a few desolate houses.
Yet now in a day, we leap around the earth,
Or explore a thousand milky ways.
And if the cowherd who loves on a star
Asks about the God of plagues,
Tell him, happy or sad,
Washed away in the waters.
A
poem
by
Mao
Tsetong
read
by
Willis
Barnstone,
Professor
of
Comparative
Literature
at
Indiana
University in Bloomington. He talked with us from WFIU.
英语高级听力教程
Listen02
Iran's official news agency said today former US National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane and four
other Americans were jailed in Tehran for five days recently after they arrived on a secret diplomatic
mission.
The
report
quoted
the
speaker
of
Iran's
parliament
as
saying
President
Reagan
sent
the
group
to Tehran
posing
as
aircraft
crewmen.
He
said
they
carried
with
them
a
Bible
signed
by
the
President
and
a
cake.
He
said
the
presents
were
designed
to
improve
relations
between
the
two
countries. Neither the Reagan Administration nor McFarlane had any comment on the report.
There were published reports in the Middle East that hostage David Jacobsen was freed as a result of
negotiations
between
the
United
States
and
Iran.
Asked
about
that
today,
Anglican
Church
envoy
Terry Waite said that he didn't want to comment on the political dynamics. But Waite said he may know
within
the
next
twenty-four hours from his contacts
if
he
will be
returning
to
Beirut
to
negotiate
the
release of more hostages.
Jacobsen was reunited with his family today, but again said his joy could not be complete until the
other
hostages
are
freed.
He
appeared
on
the
hospital
balcony
with
his
family
and
talked
with
reporters. Hospital director Colonel Charles Moffitt says Jacobsen needs to communicate with people
now.
started on a subject, he wants to talk because he hasn't been able to do that.
in good health and will not need followup medical care.
A low to moderate turnout is reported across the nation so far on this election day. Voters are choosing
members of the one hundredth Congress, thirty-four senators and all four hundred thirty-five members
of the US House of Representatives. One of the big questions is which Party will control the Senate
after today's voting.
President
Reagan's former National
Security
Advisor,
Robert
McFarlane,
and four
other
Americans
may have visited Tehran recently on a secret diplomatic mission. Today, on the seventh anniversary of
the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, Iran Speaker of the Parliament said the visiting Americans
were
held
for
five
days
before
being
expelled
from
the
country.
NPR
was
unable
to
reach
Mr.
McFarlane today for comment and the White House says that it can neither confirm nor deny the story.
NPR's Elizabeth Colton reports.
Today in Tehran, Speaker of the Parliament, Hashami Rafsanjani took the occasion to tell a rally that
President Reagan had recently sent personal envoys to Iran, calling for improvement of relations. In
response to the American overtures, Rafsanjani announced that Iran will advise its friends in Lebanon,
in other words the hostage takers, to free US and French hostages if Israel frees Lebanese prisoners,
and if the American and French governments end their hostility to the revolutionary government of Iran.
Rafsanjani then reportedly described for the tens of thousands outside his parliament, the visit of the
five American emissaries. The Iranian said they flew in, posing as the flight crew of a plane bringing
American military spare parts to Iran from Europe. The US envoys reportedly carried Irish passports,
now said to be held by Iranian officials. And one of the men called himself McFarlane. And according
to Rafsanjani, he looked exactly like President Reagan's former National Security Advisor. Rafsanjani
claimed
that
Iranian
security
officials
also
have
a
tape
of
telephone
conversations
between
the
American President and his envoys, The Iranian cleric, Rafsanjani, said the five men were confined to
a hotel for five days and later deported after Ayatollah Khomeini advised Iranian officials not to meet
them
or
receive
their
message.
Rafsanjani
said
the
Americans
had
brought
a
Bible
signed
by
President Reagan and a key-shaped cake which they said was the symbol of the hope of reopening
US-Iran
relations.
In
Tehran
today,
at
the
ceremony
marking
the
anniversary
of
the
seizure
of
the
American embassy, Parliamentary Speaker Rafsanjani described the visit by the American emissaries
as a sign of Washington's helplessness. The White House said it would neither confirm nor deny the
reports, because according to the press office, there are certain matters pertaining to efforts to try to
release
the
hostages,
and
comments
might
jeopardize
them.
Robert
McFarlane,
who
was
also
a
frequent
political
commentator for NPR's morning
edition,
has
been unavailable for
comment.
I
am
Elizabeth Colton in Washington.
Over the last few years and around the country, the number of fundamentalist religious groups is said
to
be
growing.
Some
are
called
groups.
The
estimates
varied
greatly.
The
number could be as high as two thousand. These organizations have different purposes and beliefs,
but usually have one thing in common
—
strong leadership, quite often one person. Four years ago in
October at a fundamentalist Christian commune in West Virginia, a young boy died after a paddling
session that lasted for two hours. The child was spanked by his parents. He had hit another child and
refused
to
say
he
was
sorry.
We
reported
the
story
of
that
paddling
—
the
story
of
the
Stonegate
Community in November of 1982. Since that time, Stonegate leader has been tried and convicted, one
of the first times a leader of a religious group has been held responsible for the actions of a member.
Also in that time the parents of the child have served jail terms, and now they have agreed to tell their
story.
The Stonegate Commune was near Charleston, West Virginia, in the northeast corner of the state. It's
mostly farming country. The Stonegate members lived outside of town in an old white Victorian house,
overlooking the Shenandoah River, eight young families living and working together. They did some
farming, some construction work and for a time ran a restaurant in Charleston. It was their intention to
become less of a commune and more of a community, with the families living in separate houses on
the property. We went to Stonegate on a Sunday evening in November of 1982. We were reluctantly
welcomed.
Less
than
a
month
before,
two
Stonegate
members
had
been
indicted
for
involuntary
manslaughter. They were the parents of Joseph Green, who was two years old when he died. On this
night many of the Stonegate people were defensive, almost angry.
That
was
four
years
ago.
The
parents,
Stewart
and
Leslie
Green,
were
convicted
of
involuntary
manslaughter and both spent a year in jail. First Stewart, then Leslie. Then in a separate legal action,
the leader of the Stonegate commune, Dorothy McLellan was also indicted. McLellan did not take part
in the paddling but she was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter and conspiracy in the death of
Joey Green. Stewart Green, the father, testified against Dorothy McLellan. Green now believes that
his son died because of McLellan's teachings and influence. He explained in court that the Stonegate
members were taught that a paddling session should continue until the child apologizes. Green also
testified that a four-hour spanking of Dorothy McLellan's grandson, Danny, had occurred two weeks
before Joey Green's death. He also said the Stonegate members, when Joey died, joined in a pledge
of secrecy: the circumstances would be covered up; the death would be called an accident. They were
afraid all the Stonegate children would be taken away. Joey's parents at first agreed to this. It was later
that they spoke out against what they called then a conspiracy of silence. Both Stewart and Leslie
Green grew up and married within the Stonegate community. Leslie was only fifteen when she came to
the Stonegate. They lived with several other teenagers in the home of Dorothy and John McLellan.
The McLellans had been taking in young people who were having trouble, usually with drugs. They
wanted
to
use
their
marriage
as
an
example
of
Christian
family
life.
John
McLellan
worked
for
an
accounting firm, traveling during the week, Dot McLellan staying at home, taking care of more and
more teenagers. The Greens are now living in their first real home together, an apartment in Baltimore.
Stewart left the Stonegate, and Leslie joined him as soon as she got out of jail. The Greens have now
agreed to talk about their lives at Stonegate and about the paddling of their son.
Lesson 3
IBM,
following
the
lead
of
General
Motors,
announced
today
it's
pulling
out
of
South
Africa.
Like
General Motors, IBM says it's selling its South African holdings because of the political and economic
situation
there.
Anti- apartheid
groups
have
praised
the
decision,
but
the
State
Department
says
business
pullouts
are
regrettable.
Spokesman
Charles
Redmond
said
today
the
Reagan
Administration
believes
US
corporate
involvement
in
South
Africa
has
been
a
progressive
force
against apartheid.
Such reductions could have harmful effects on black workers, injure the South African economy which
has, on the whole, weakened the premises of apartheid and provided a means of improving the living
standards
and
skills
of
many
people
otherwise
disadvantaged
by
apartheid,
and
it
might
limit
the
extent
of
US
influence
in
South
Africa.
State
Department
spokesman
Charles
Redmond.
IBM
employs some 1,500 people in South Africa.
More
than
fifty
black
youths
were
arrested
today
in
Harare,
Zimbabwe,
when
police
broke
up
demonstrations at South African offices and the US embassy. Julie Fredricks reports.
than a thousand students and youths caused thousands of dollars of damage by burning and stoning
the offices of the South African trade mission, South African Airways, Air Malawi, and the Malawian
High Commission. The demonstrators suspected South African complicity in the plane crash that killed
Mozambiquan
President
Machel
in
South
Africa
and
blamed
Malawi
for
supporting
the
Pretoria-backed
insurgents
that
are
attacking
Mozambique.
Zimbabwean
government
officials
appealed for calm, and a statement from Prime Minister Mugabe just back from a trip to London is
expected tomorrow. For National Public Radio, this is Julie Fredricks in Harare.
President
Reagan
met
for
about
an
hour
today
with
West
German
Chancellor
Helmut
Kohl
at
the
White House. Kohl is the first European Leader to visit the President since the Reykjavik summit. US
officials say Kohl expressed support for the President's SDI program.
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl is in Washington D.C. for four days of meetings. Among the
issues
on
his
agenda
are
economic
relations
with
the
US
and
Germany's
policy
towards
southern
Africa. But today, Kohl's talk with President Reagan was dominated by the recent US-Soviet summit
meeting in Iceland. NPR's Brenda Wilson reports.
While no major agreement was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union in Reykjavik, the two
countries
made
progress
in
arms
control
talks
in
areas
that
are
a
central
concern
to
America's
European
allies.
Those
particular
areas
involve
disarmament
proposals
made
in
Iceland,
affecting
medium-range
missiles
and
long-range
missiles
over
which
allies
have
voiced
some
reservations.
This was a major topic of discussion with Chancellor Kohl today, even though his Foreign Minister was
briefed by the US Secretary of State only last week. In remarks welcoming Chancellor Kohl, President
Reagan sounded a positive note, saying that there was ample reason for optimism.
agreement is finally reached with the Soviet Union, and I say when, not if, it will not be the result of
weakness of timidity on the part of Western nations. Instead, it will flow from our strength, realism and
unity.
ahead with his Strategic Defense Initiative, SDI, because it offered protection against cheating. But
members
of
NATO,
including
Germany,
have
expressed
concern
that
eliminating
medium-range
missiles
in
Europe
as
was
proposed
in
Reykjavik
would
potentially
leave
Europe
vulnerable
to
the
Soviet shorter-range missiles and greater superiority in conventional forces. They expressed doubts
that SDI could make up for those deficiencies. The allies, in particular West Germany, want reductions
in
medium-range
missiles
tied
to
reductions
in
shorter-range
missiles
and
conventional
forces.
Chancellor Kohl was expected to press these points and to urge President Reagan to compromise on
SDI
to
keep
talks between
the
US
and
the
Soviets
moving.
Speaking
through
an
interpreter
in
his
arrival remarks, Kohl did not mention SDI,
President, to create peace and security with ever fewer weapons. In Reykjavik, thanks to your serious
and consistent efforts in pursuit of peace, a major step was taken in this direction. And we must now
take the opportunities that present themselves without endangering our defensive capability.
After
the
meeting
between
Kohl
and
the
President,
a
senior
administration
official
quoted
Kohl
as
saying that he has always been in favor of the Strategic Defense system. At the White House, I'm
Brenda Wilson.
A
group
of
business
leaders
in
Boston
today
announced
plans
to
expand
a
college
scholarship
program to include any eligible Boston high school graduate. The business leaders announced plans
for a permanent five-million dollar endowment fund, and they also promise to hire any of the students
who go on to complete their college educations. Andrew Kaffery of member station WBUR has the
report.
The Boston business community's involvement in the Boston public school dates back almost twenty
years, from work internships to an endowment program for Boston teachers. Business has pumped
more than one million dollars into the public schools. Now business leaders say they're ready to make
their
biggest
commitment
yet:
a
multi-million
dollar
scholarship
program
that
will
enable
the
city's
poorest
kids
to
go
on
to
college
and
to
jobs
afterward.
The
program
is
called
Action
Center
for
Educational
Services
and
Scholarships,
or
ACESS.
According
to
Daniel
Cheever,
the
President
of
Boston's Wheelock College, ACESS in not a blank check for the eligible graduates.
them
get
as
much
aid
as
they
can
from
other
sources,
and
secondly,
we'll
provide
the
last
dollar
scholarship. I should add, of course, they have to qualify for financial aid; that is, we're not handing out
money to students who don't need it.
the program has given one hundred Boston students more than fifty thousand dollars in scholarship
money.
Other assistance from the program has helped those students raise more than six hundred thousand
dollars in additional financial aid. School officials say this program will help a system where 43% of the
students live below the poverty level, and almost half who enter high school drop out. Robert Weaver
was on Boston high school graduate who could not afford college. He's in the ACESS program now
and will get a degree in airplane mechanics next year from the Wentworth Institute of Technology in
Boston.
gap. There was like a
twenty-three
hundred-dollar
gap. Wentworth's
total
bill
was
fifty-seven
hundred,
so
I
had
to
fill
that
amount with working over the summer, my family contribution. I paid for my own books, my own tools,
things like that. But without ACESS I wouldn't be where I am today.
This program comes at an important time for the city of Boston. Unemployment here is among the
lowest
in
the
nation
and
business
leaders
say
they're
having
a
hard
time
finding
qualified
job
applicants. So the ACESS program is not just good public relations. Business leaders, like Edward
Philips, who is the chairman of the ACESS program, say there's a bit of self- preservation involved.
and that, of course, is a self-serving opportunity. If where you are has a supply of qualified people to
enter managerial and technical-professional level jobs, that can't be anything but a plus.
any scholarship student who finishes college will be given hiring priority over other job applicants by
the participating businesses. College student Robert Weaver says the program has inspired other high
school students to stay in school.
I talked to a senior class, the general assembly, and I was telling them basically what I'm involved in,
and basically, to get yourselves motivated and go look for those ACESS advisers. They're not going to
come to you all the time. You have to get out there and get it if you want to take account for your own
life, because
no
one else
is going
to
do
it
for you.
And
that
really
pumped them
up,
and
now
that
they're aware, and they know that ACESS advisers are there, things will be a lot easier for them.
The business group is in the middle of a five-million-dollar fund drive. Two million dollars has already
been collected. Thirty-two of Boston's most influential corporations have already joined in, with twenty
more soon to follow. The program has drawn the praise of US Education Secretary William Bennett,
who
predicted
it
will
become
a
national
model.
For
National
Public
Radio,
I'm
Andrew
Kaffery
in
Boston.
Lesson 4
Another American has been kidnapped in West Beirut. Fifty-three-year-old Frank Reed was abducted
by four gunmen this morning. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility, accusing Reed of being a spy. The
pro-Iranian
group
already
holds
at
least
three
other
Americans
and
three
Frenchmen.
Reed
is
the
Director of the Lebanese International School. He is a native of Malden, Massachusetts and has lived
in Lebanon for eight years.
A
federal
jury
in
Brooklyn,
New
York
today
indicted
a
Soviet
UN
employee
on
charges
of
spying.
Gennadi Zakharov is being held without bond, Pending trial on the charges. John Kailish has more
from New York.
Technology
until
August
23rd
when
he
was
arrested
on
a
Queens
Subway
platform
for
allegedly
buying military secrets from a college student. It turned out that the student worked for the FBI and
was known by the code name 'Berg.' According to today's indictment, Zakharov agreed to pay Berg for
information involving the national defense of the United States. Berg, in turn, agreed to work for the
Soviet Union for a period of ten years. The two met a total of four times, from April 1983 to August of
1986. At their final meeting, Zakharov allegedly gave Berg a thousand dollars. Zakharov is currently
being held in a federal jail in Manhattan. He faces life in prison if convicted on the espionage charges.
The foreign editor of a news magazine recently banned in Chile has been found shot dead near a
cemetery in Santiago. The family of Jose Carrasco says he was taken from his home by armed men
who claimed to be police. Carrasco's magazine, Analisis , has been banned under the new state of
siege
imposed
in
Chile
after
an
attempt
this
weekend
to
assassinate
President
Augusto
Pinochet.
Since the attempt, police have been rounding up opposition leaders although they deny they arrested
Carrasco.
In
Chile,
the
military
government
held
a
rally
today
in
support of
President
Augusto
Pinochet,
who
escaped
an
assassination
attempt
two
days
ago.
A
crackdown
on
opponents
of
his
government
continued
in
response
to
that
attack.
A
journalist
for
an
opposition
magazine
was
found
dead.
His
family
and
colleagues
charge
he had
been kidnapped
yesterday
by
police.
Tim
Fosca
reports
now
from Santiago.
Several thousand people gathered in front of La Moneda, the presidential palace, for a rally in support
General
Augusto
Pinochet
this
afternoon.
Heavily
armed
soldiers
were
stationed
along
major
downtown streets for the demonstration, which is celebrating the thirteenth anniversary this week of
the
military
takeover.
Hundreds
of
members
of
women's
charity
groups
passed
in
review
before
General Pinochet and his wife Lucia. The head of state appeared physically unaffected by his close
call
Sunday
when
he
narrowly
escaped
assassination.
Hours
before
the
rally,
Jose
Carrasco,
a
thirty-eight-year-old editor at the opposition magazine Analisis was found dead in a Santiago cemetery.
He had been shot ten times. Carrasco's wife said he was roused from bed early Monday morning by
men claiming to be police. But authorities officially denied his arrest. Carrasco, a member of MIR, the
revolutionary
left
movement,
had
been
back
in
Chile
only
two
years
after
eight
years
in
exile.
The
bodies of at least two more murdered victims were also found today, but their identities have not yet
been established. Arrests continued in the second day of the state of siege. More leftist political figures
were rounded up, bringing the total number of detentions to twenty. The government has issued arrest
orders for a number others, some of whom are in hiding. On the list is at least one member of the
Chilean Human Rights Commission. A spokesman said the homes of Commission members in the
provincial
city
of
San
Fernando
were
also
raided,
but
no
members
were
at
home.
All
opposition
magazines were ordered closed yesterday, including the Christian democratic weekly, Hoy . Under the
last state of siege in 1984 and 85, Hoy was allowed to continue publishing. The situation of five foreign
priests
and
one
local
lay
worker
detained
yesterday
remains
unresolved.
The
clergymen
were
accused
of
attacking
police
officers
and
carrying
instructions
on
how
to
make
home-made
bombs.
General
Pinochet
warned
yesterday
that
human
rights
advocates
would
have
to
be
expelled.
For
National Public Radio, this is Tim Fosca in Santiago.
Fifty years ago, Henry Ford and his son Edsel, placed a modest amount of their vast wealth into a
charitable
foundation.
That
was
the
common
practice
then
and
is now
for
wealthy
Americans.
The
once
modest
foundation
has
grown
into
the
largest
general
purpose
charitable
organization
in
the
world. The Ford Foundation has given away more than six billion dollars. Its money has touched every
aspect of American life, touched the arts, science and even public radio. Warren Kozak has this report.
A symphony orchestra in the Midwest, an inner-city building project, Africa's chronic food shortages.
These varied activities have one thing in common: all have received money from the Ford Foundation.
Just off New York's Forty-second Street, in the shadow of the United Nations, a modern building with a
huge glass wall serves as the world headquarters of the Ford Foundation. Besides giving away money,
the Foundation has always attracted some of the country's best minds.
satisfy two criteria.
Former Secretary of Defense, World Bank President, and Ford Board member, Robert McNamara.
be an organization that can contribute to me, that can stimulate my interest, enlarge my understanding
of the world. I should say that it has been, I think the most interesting association of my life.
At the Foundation's headquarters, a staff of more than three hundred people studies data from all over
the world, spots trends and writes recommendations. In the large board room, the directors argue the
merits
of
individual
requests
and
eventually
decide
who
will
get
what
part
of
the
one
hundred
and
twenty-five million dollars that goes out every year. If you think giving away that kind of money is easy,
you're wrong.
There is no question that today's Ford Foundation with a four and a half billion-dollar endowment is a
force of its own. But is wasn't always that way. You see, back in 1936, there were just a few large
foundations
when
Henry
and
Edsel
started
their
small
project.
Their
original
contribution
was
only
twenty-five thousand dollars and its main function was to help local charities in Michigan. Then in 1943,
son Edsel died unexpectedly, followed four years later by his father. And the family lawyers had a huge
problem
on
their
hands.
At
the
time
of
their
deaths,
the
Ford
Motor
Company
was
not
a
public
corporation. These two men owned most of the stock and, for tax reasons, a great deal of it had to be
disposed of and quickly. There was only one logical recipient of the windfall. So, in the late forties, the
sleepy Michigan charity became, almost overnight, the largest foundation in the world.
The Third World development programs also continue to take a lot of heat from time to time. Millions of
dollars have been poured into what seems to be a bottomless pit. Some problems have been solved
only
to
find
new
ones
taking
their
place.
Robert
McNamara
defends
Ford's
involvement
there.
He
thinks Foundations offer something that no one else is able to do, because without their research the
government's foreign aid would be wasted.
foundation of how to maximize the efficiency of those investments. And Africa is a perfect illustration of
the
problem.
Tens
of
billions
of
dollars
are
being
invested
in
Africa
today.
They
need
more.
But,
despite that investment, the GNP growth per capita in the countries of sub-Saharian Africa has been
negative, on average, for a decade. The food production per capita has been negative, per capita, for
over a decade. Why? Who knows? Nobody knows. And governments are too large; they're too rigid;
they're too inflexible; they're too insensitive, really, unable to move as rapidly, and in some ways, as
radically as is necessary to find the answer to that question.
This year the Ford Foundation will receive about nine thousand formal requests for money. All of the
letters and forms will be looked at; some will be studied more closely; and about twelve hundred lucky
projects will receive anywhere from a thousand dollars to several million to help them along the way.
I'm Warren Kozak in Washington.
Lesson 5
The House began debate today on a three-year bill to combat trafficking and use of illegal drugs. The
measure
has
the
support
of
most
representatives
and
House
Speaker
Thomas
O'Neill
says
he
expects
it
to pass by
tomorrow.
Among
other things,
the
bill would
increase
penalties for
violators,
provide money to increase drug enforcement and coast guard personnel, and require drug producing
countries to establish eradication programs as a condition of US support for development loans.
A cultural exchange between the US and the Soviet Union may face an American boycott unless US
News and World Report correspondent, Nicholas Daniloff, is freed from a Moscow jail. An American
style
town
meeting
is
scheduled
to
take
place
in
Latvia
next
week,
but
the
two
hundred
seventy
Americans due to take part say they won't go if Daniloff remains in jail. They add the decision is a
personal
one
and
is
not
being
made
by
the
Reagan
Administration
in
retaliation
for
the
Daniloff
detention.
Egyptian
and
Israeli
negotiators
have
reached
agreement
on
resolving
the
Taba
border
dispute,
clearing the way for a summit between the two countries to begin tomorrow. Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak
and
Israeli
Prime
Minister
Shimon
Peres
will
meet
in
Alexandria.
Details
of
the
Taba
agreement have not been made available.
The United States House of Representatives is debating an omnibus drug bill and expects to pass the
measure
tomorrow.
Though
the
bill
has
attracted
strong
bipartisan
support,
NPR's
Cokey
Roberts
reports the debate on the issue points up the differences between political parties.
When Congress returned from the Fourth of July recess, House Speaker Tip O'Neill said there was
only one thing members were talking about in the cloak-room: drugs. The Democrats quickly pulled
together chairmen from twelve different committees to draft a drug package. Then, stung by criticism
that
they
were
acting
in
a
partisan
fashion,
the
Democratic
leaders
invited
the
Republicans
to
join
them in the newly declared war on drugs. So, when the bill came to the House floor today, the party
leaders led off debate. Texas Democrat Jim Wright.
total coordinated assault upon this menace, which is draining our economy of some two hundred and
thirty
billion
dollars
this
year,
slowly
rotting
away
the
fabric
of
our
society,
seducing
and
killing
our
young. That it will take money is hardly debatable. We can't fight artillery with spitballs.
The
question
of
just
how
much
money
this
measure
will
cost
has
not
been
answered
to
the
satisfaction
of
all
members.
Democrats
say
it's
one
and
half
billion
dollars
over
three
years,
with
almost seven hundred thousand for next year. Republicans claim the price tag will run higher and are
trying
to
emphasize
other
aspects
of
the
drug
battle,
aspects
which
they
think
play
better
in
Republican campaigns. Minority leader Robert Michel.
the
temptation
of
taking
drugs.
It
is
ultimately
a
problem
of
character,
of
will
power,
of
family
and
community, and concern, and personal pride.
Among other items, the bill before the House increases penalties for most drug related crimes, sets
the minimum jail term of twenty years for drug trafficking and manufacturing, authorizes money for the
drug enforcement administration and prison construction, beefs up the ability of the coast guard and
customs service to stop drugs coming into this country, and creates programs for drug education. The
various sections of the measure give House members ample opportunity to speak on an issue where
they want their voices heard. Maryland Democratic Barbara McCulsky was nominated for the Senate
yesterday. Today, she spoke to the part of the bill which funds drug eradication programs in foreign
countries.
That's what the Foreign Affairs section of this legislation will do. It will go to the swamps, or where
cocaine is either grown, refined, or manufactured.
Republican Henson Moore is running for the Senate in Louisiana. He spoke to the part of the drug bill
which changes the trade laws for countries which deal in drugs.
a country can sell legally to us on the one hand and illegally to us under the table, selling drugs in this
country poisoning our young people and our population.
Today in China, in Nanjing, balloons, firecrackers and lion dancers mark the dedication of the Johns
Hopkins University
—
Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies. For the first time
since World War II, Chinese and American students will attend a graduate institution in China that is
administered jointly by academic organizations that are worlds apart figuratively and literally. NPR's
Susan Stanberg reports.
Cross-cultural encounters can be extremely enriching; cross-cultural encounters can be utterly absurd.
equal, ...
Here's what that American was trying to say in Chinese.
nation conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now you don't have to be dealing with classic American oratory to run into problems. In planning for
the
Center
for
Chinese
and
American
Studies,
there
was
much
debate
as
to
whether
the
new
auditorium
on
the
Nanjing
campus
should
have
a
flat
or
sloped
floor.
If
the
floor
were
flat,
the
auditorium could be used for dances, for parties, but a sloped floor would be better for listening, for
viewing films and slides.
would make it a multi-purpose room. You wouldn't have to fix the furniture.
Stephen
Muller
is
President
of
Johns
Hopkins
University,
the
US
end
of
this
Sino-American
joint
venture in learning.
different levels, one higher than the other. So, if you want to use it for dances, you either have to have
very short women with very tall men or vice versa.
Twenty-four
Americans
and
thirty-six
Chinese
of
mixed
heights
are
the
first
students
at
the
Hopkins- Nanjing Center. Nanjing used to be Nanking, by the way, back in the days when Beijing was
Peking.
The
Americans
will
take
classes
in
Chinese
history,
economics,
trade,
politics,
all
from
Chinese faculty. The Chinese will study the US with American university professors. Johns Hopkins
President Stephen Muller says this is advanced study work. All the Chinese students are proficient in
English; all the Americans have master's degrees plus fluency in Chinese.
this
country
produces
that
many
people
of
this
character;
so
that's
a
beginning.
Nanjing
is
not
the
place;
the
Center
is
not
the
place
to
go,
if
you
want
a
doctorate
in
Chinese
history
or
Chinese
language or Chinese literature or whatever. This is a pre- professional program.
Which means the men and women who spend the year at the Nanjing Center will end up as diplomats
or business people in one another's country.
Chinese roommates, which is a very interesting thing the Chinese agree to, that the Americans will not
only
bring
a
year
of
living
in
China,
a
year of
having
studied
with
Chinese
faculty
and
hearing
the
Chinese view of Chinese foreign policy in economics and so on, that they will also have the kind of
friends among Chinese roughly their age who are going to be dealing with the United States. That will
slowly,
over
the
years,
create
a
real
network,
if
you
will,
if
people
who,
because
they've
had
this
common
experience,
can
deal
with
each
other
very
easily
and,
you
know,
be
kind
of
a
rallying
point
—
an old boy, old girl network, as it were.
Hopkins President Muller admits that a simple exchange program
—
Chinese students coming to the
US, and American students going to China
—
would involve far fewer headaches than running jointly an
academic
institution
on
foreign
soil.
Plus
the
success
of
the
Hopkins-Nanjing
Center
depends
on
undependables, like continuing sweet Sino- American relations and being able to attract funding. And
there's this wrinkle.
enter the intelligence community. That it's really desirable that people who do that have that kind of
background.
We're
very
honest
about
that,
but
it's
so
easy
to
denounce
the
whole
thing
as
an
espionage center, or something. You know, there's a lot of fragility in this thing.
Stephen Muller is President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The Hopkins-Nanjing University
Center for Chinese and American Studies was dedicated today in China. I'm Susan Stanberg.
Lesson 6
The
Senate
has
voted
to
override
President
Reagan's
veto
of
sanctions
against
South
Africa
by
a
decisive seventy-eight to twenty-one. As the House has already voted to override, the sanctions now
become law. NPR's Linda Wertheimer reports.
Scott
King,
watched
the
Senate
debate
from
the
Senate
family
gallery
as
members
argued
not
so
much about sanctions and the efficacy of sanctions, more about the choice between affirming the bill
already passed by congress or supporting the President.
American food aid to southern African countries could be cut off if South Africa carries out its threat to
ban
imports
of
US
grain.
Foreign
Minister
Pic
Botha
said
if
US
sanctions
were
imposed,
his
government
would
stop
imports
and
would
not
allow
its
transport
service
to
carry
US
grain
to
neighboring countries.
The White House today denied that it planted misleading stories in the American news media as part
of a plan to topple Libyan leader Muammar Quddafi. The Washington Post reported this morning that
stories
were
leaked
this
summer
alleging
Quddafi
was
resuming
his
support
for
terrorist
activities,
even
though
National
Security
Adviser
John
Poindexter
knew
otherwise.
Today,
White
House
spokesman Larry Speakes said Poindexter denied the administration had involved the media in an
anti-Quddafi campaign but Speakes left open the possibility a disinformation campaign was conducted
in other countries.
The
question
in Washington
today
is
this:
Did
the
federal
government
try
to
scare
Libya's
Colonel
Muammar
Quddafi
in
August
by
way
of
a
disinformation
campaign
in
the
American
media?
The
Washington Post Bob Woodward reports today that there was an elaborate disinformation program set
up by the White House to convince Quddafi that the United States was about to attack again, or that
he might be ousted in a coup. The White House today denies that officials tried to mislead Quddafi by
using the American media. NPR's Bill Busenburg has our first report on the controversy.
The story starts on August 25th when the Wall Street Journal ran a front page story saying that Libya
and
the
United
States
were
once
again on a
collision
course.
Quoting
multiple official sources, the
paper said Quddafi was plotting new terrorist attacks and the Reagan Administration was preparing to
teach him another lesson. The Journal reported that the Pentagon was completing plans for a new
and wider bombing of Libya in case the President ordered it.
That story caused a flurry of press attention. Officials in Washington and at the western White House
in California were asked if it was true.
Larry Speakes. Based on that official confirmation, other news organizations, including the New York
Times
,
the
Washington
Post
,
NPR
and
the
major
TV
networks,
all
ran
stories
suggesting
Libya
should watch out. US naval maneuvers then taking place in the Mediterranean might be used as a
cover for more attacks on Libya as in the past.
Today's Washington Post , however, quotes from an August 14th secret White House plan, adopted
eleven days before the Wall Street Journal story. It was outlined in a memo written by the President's
National Security Advisor John Poindexter. That plan called for a strategy of real and illusory events,
using a disinformation program to make Quddafi think the United States was about to move against
him
militarily.
Here
are
some
examples
the
Post
cites,
suggesting
disinformation
was
used
domestically: Number one, while some US officials told the press Quddafi was stepping up his terrorist
plans, President Reagan was being told in a memo that Quddafi was temporarily quiescent, in other
words,
that
he
wasn't
active.
Number
two,
while
some
officials
were
telling
the
press
of
internal
infighting in Libya to oust Quddafi, US officials really believed he was firmly in power and that CIA's
efforts to oust him were not working. Number three, while officials were telling the press the Pentagon
was
planning
new
attacks,
in
fact
nothing
new
was
being
done.
Existing
contingency
plans
were
several
months
old,
and
the
naval
maneuvers
were
just
maneuvers.
The
Post
says
this
policy
of
deception was approved at a National Security Planning Group meeting chaired by President Reagan
and his top aides.
Two
new
studies
were
published
today
on
the
links
between
television
coverage
of
suicide
and
subsequent teenage suicide rates. The New England Journal of Medicine reports that both studies
suggest that some teenagers might be more likely to take their own lives after seeing TV programs
dealing with suicide. NPR's Lorie Garrett reports.
The
first
suicide
study,
done
by
a
team
from
the
University
of
California
in
San
Diego,
examines
television news coverage of suicides. David Philips and Lundy Carseson looked at forty-five suicide
stories
carried
on
network
news-casts
between
1973
and
'79.
The
researchers
then
compared
the
incidence of teen suicides in those years to the dates of broadcast of these stories. David Philips says
news coverage of suicides definitely prompted an increase in the number of teens in America who
took their lives.
The suicide increase among teens was compared by Philips to adult suicide trends.
around two adult suicides per story. The increase for teens, the percentage increase for teens is very,
very much larger than the percentage increase for adults. It's about, I think, fourteen or fifteen times as
big a response for teens percentagewise as it is for adults.
The
TV
news
coverage
appears
to
have
prompted
a
greater
increase
than
is
seen
around
other
well-known periods of adolescent depression, such as holidays, personal birthdays, the start of school
and winter. Philips could not find any specific types of stories that seem to trigger a greater response
among depressed teens. Philips says it seems to simply be the word
somebody actively executed the act that pushes buttons in depressed teenagers. Psychiatrists call
this
dress, dressing or hairstyles, but there seems to be imitation of really quite deviant behavior as well.
The teenagers imitate apparently across the board, not just suicides, but everything else as well.
In
a
separate
study,
Madeline
Gould
and
David
Shaeffer
of
Columbia
University
found
that
made-for-television movies about suicide also stimulated imitative behavior. Even though the movies
were
intended
to
portray
the
problem
of
teen
suicide
and
offered,
in
some
cases,
suicide
hot
line
numbers and advice on counselling, the team believes the four network movies prompted eighty teen
suicides.
One
of
the
made-for-TV
movies
examined
by
the
Columbia
University
team
was
a
CBS
production. George Schweitzer, a CBS's Vice President, is well aware of this research. He says,
terribly unfortunate that any teens took their lives after the broadcast, but if they had it to do over,
says Schweitzer,
think can be measured, and that is the hundreds and hundreds and probably thousands of teenagers
who were positively moved by these kinds of broadcasts.
Moved to call suicide hot lines, moved to seek counseling, and moved to discuss their depressions
with family members. Schweitzer does not dispute today's studies: some teens may moved to suicide.
social issues to help create awareness and again to have a positive effect.
But researcher David Philips suggests the media could decrease the teen suicide problem by avoiding
some suicide stories all together and changing the way the others are covered. For example, says
Philips,
who set himself on fire. But the dissident action was taken to draw attention to government repression
in
Czechoslovakia.
Should
the
news
media
really
have
ignored
such
a
story?
think
it's
a
really
difficult question. There are all these goods on all sides of the issue. And thank God, I don't have to be
the one to disentangle that issue.
One prominent expert in this field said the young people moved to take their lives, following a news
story
or movie,
are
particularly
vulnerable,
suicidal individuals.
In
the
absence
of
television
stories,
some other events in their lives might well have triggered their actions. So
while most psychiatrists
agree there is an imitative component to teenage suicides, that tendency, they say, should not lead
society
to
repress
information.
On
the
contrary,
some
say
we
are
now
facing
a
major
epidemic
of
adolescent suicide in America. We must publicize and confront the problem. Last year some fifty-five
hundred adolescents between fifteen and twenty-four years of age took their lives. At least ten times
that
tried.
Some
estimates
are
that
275
thousand
teens
attempted
suicide
last
year.
The
rate
of
teenage suicide in America has tripled since 1955.
Lesson 7
Both House and Senate negotiators today approved sweeping immigration legislation that could grant
amnesty to millions of illegal aliens who entered the country before 1982. The bill, as
worked out in
five hours of closed-door negotiations, would establish a system of fines against employers who hire
illegal immigrants. It would also make those who came to the US illegally but have established roots in
this country eligible for amnesty.
The Supreme Court today agreed to decide if Illinois can require minors wanting abortions to notify
their parents or obtain judicial consent. The justices will review the decision striking down a 1983 law,
which required some girls to wait twenty-four hours after telling their parents they wanted an abortion.
It was announced today that the winner of this year's Noble Peace Prize is Elie Wiesel. He has written
twenty-five books on his experiences in a Nazi prison of war camp and on the Holocaust. And he's
been a human rights activist for thirty years. NPR's Mike Shuster reports.
Manhattan
apartment
when
he
received
the
word
at
five
o'clock
this
morning
from
the
Nobel
Committee
in
Oslo,
Norway.
Wiesel
said
he
was
flabbergasted
at
the
news,
and
later
at
a
press
conference, he said he would dedicate his Prize to the survivors of the Holocaust and their children.
pain, with their memory, with their silence, with their life.
a teenager, he and his family were sent to a Nazi death camp. He and two sisters survived; his mother,
father, and younger sister did not. After the War, Wiesel went first to France, then to the United States.
He is credited with the first use of the word 'Holocaust' to describe the Nazi extermination of the Jews.
A
House-Senate
Conference
Committee
has
agreed
to
an
immigration
reform
bill.
The
measure,
which had died in the final days of the last two Congresses, now looks as though it will become law.
NPR's Cokie Roberts reports.
One of the chief advocates of the immigration bill, New York Democrat Charles Schumer, says that
this year immigration became a white hat issue, that the forces fighting against the measures finally
had a force on the opposite side of equal rate public opinion. The opponents of immigration reform
have always been many: Hispanics in Congress and in the country have opposed the part of the bill
most lawmakers consider key
—
punishment for employers who knowingly hire illegals. The measure,
passed
at
a
conference
today,
would
provide
civil
penalties
and
criminal
penalties
for
those
who
repeatedly
hire
illegal
aliens.
Hispanics
worry
the
employer
sanctions
would
cause
discrimination
against anyone with an accent or Spanish name, whether legal or not. The new bill includes strong
anti-discrimination
language
for
employers
who
do
refuse
to
hire
any
Hispanics
while
still
allowing
someone
to
hire
a
citizen
before
an
alien.
To
appease
Hispanics
and
others,
the
immigration
bill
includes
amnesty
for
aliens
who
have
been
in
this
country
for
five
years.
Many
border
state
representatives
fought
against
the
legalization
provisions,
saying
that
millions
of
people
could
eventually become citizens and bring their relatives to this country. All those people could bankrupt the
state's social services, said the representatives, but the idea of deporting all of those people seemed
impractical as well as inhumane to most members of Congress. And aliens who came to this country
before 1982 will be able to apply for legalization. The other major controversial area of the immigration
bill
is
the
farm
worker
program.
Agricultural
interests
wanted
to
be
able
to
bring
workers
into
this
country to harvest crops without being subjected to employer sanctions, but the trade unions opposed
this
section
of
the
bill.
Finally,
a
compromise
was
reached
where
up
to
three
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
farm
workers
could
come
into
this
country,
but
their
rights
would
be
protected
and
they
would also be able to apply for legalization if they met certain conditions. The elements of the final
immigration
package
have
been
there
all
along,
but
this
year,
say
the
key
lawmakers
around
this
legislation, the Congress was ready to act on them. The combination of horror stories about people
coming
over
the
borders
and
editorials
about
congressional
inability
to
act
made
members
of
Congress decide the time had come to enact immigration reform. But supporters of reform warn the
end is not here yet. The conference report must still pass both houses of Congress, and a Senate
filibuster is always a possibility. I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.
Many photography shops are quite busy this time of the year. People back from vacation are dropping
off rolls of film and hoping for the best. But commentator Tom Baudet learned a long time ago he was
better off not hoping.
I've been told that I take lousy pictures. It's not that my shots aren't technically OK; it's just that my
pictures seem to bring out the worst in people. I hope that's not a sign of something. I usually end up
throwing half the pictures I take. It's not that they're deceiving. Not at all; they're just too honest. It's
true what they say that a camera never lies, but you certainly can lie to a camera. We do it all the time;
at least we exaggerate a little to a lens. The first thing you'll usually hear when you point a camera at
someone is,
a cigarette, or throw an arm around the person next to them like they've been standing that way all day.
Well, you get your picture, but it's blown all out of proportion. Everybody's having a little more fun than
they really were and liking each other more than they actually do. We're all guilty of this one time or
another.
You're
with
your
sweetheart
travelling
somewhere.
You've
been
walking
and
complaining
about the price of the room, the blister on your heel and the rude waitress at the cafe. But then, you
stop
somebody
on
the
street,
hand
them
your
camera,
and
put
on
your
very
best
having-a- wonderful-time
smile.
Well,
ten
years
later
you'll
look
at
that
picture
in
a
scrapbook
and
remember what a great trip it was, whether it was or not. For it's natural thing to do: plant little seeds of
contentment
in
our
lives
in
case
we
doubt
we
ever
had
any.
Well,
it's
good
practice
to
take
an
opportunity to mug up to a camera. There never seems to be a camera around for the real special
times: that make-up embrace after a long and dangerous discussion, the look on your face as you hold
the phone and hear you got that promotion, the quiet ride home from the hospital after learning those
suspicious lumps were benign and something to watch but not worry about. Those are the memories
that
should
be
preserved,
to
be
remembered
and
relied upon
when
harder times take hold. Those
times when a photographer like me will catch you at a party with a loneliness on your face that you
didn't think would show or bitterness tugging at your lips during a conversation you didn't intend to be
overheard. Well, we all slip up like this sometimes, and sooner or later we get caught with our guards
down. I think that's why I end up with pictures like that, I like it when people leave their guards down.
We all know our best sides, and it's nice to keep that face forward whenever we can. But I don't mind
having pictures of the other sides. Either way they all look just like people to me.
Writer Tom Baudet. He lives in Homer, Alaska.
Lesson 8
Two years of sensitive negotiations paid off today as seventy former Cuban political prisoners arrived
in the United States. All of the prisoners had served least ten years in Cuban jails, and some had been
in
prison
since
Fidel
Castro
came
to
power
in
1959.
The
release
was
arranged
in
part
by
French
underwater explorer, Jacques Cousteau, and a delegation of American Roman Catholic bishops.
President Reagan today unveiled plans for nine hundred million dollar plan to reduce drug abuse in
the United States. It includes half a billion dollars for stepping up drug enforcement along US borders,
especially in the southwest. The plan also calls for mandatory drug testing for some federal workers.
NPR's
Brenda
Wilson
reports.
part
of
his
national
crusade
against
drugs,
President
Reagan
signed an executive order today requiring federal workers in sensitive positions to undergo drug tests.
The
order
covers
employees
who
have
access
to
classified
information,
presidentially
appointed
officials,
law
enforcement
officials,
and
any
federal worker engaged
in
activities
which
affect
public
health
and
safety
or
national
security.
But
heads
of
government
agencies
may
order
additional
workers to take the test. Federal employees who are found to have continued to use illegal drugs after
a second test will be automatically fired. The overall rug testing program is expected to cost fifty-six
million dollars, but administration officials could not get even a ballpark figure of how many workers
may be included in the mandatory program. I'm Brenda Wilson.
Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres is in Washington for talks with US leaders, including President
Reagan. Earlier Peres met with Secretary of State George Shultz. Afterwards, the two told reporters
that the Soviet Union will have no role in Middle East peace talks, because it has no diplomatic ties
with Israel and does not permit free emigration of Soviet Jews.
Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres is in Washington D. C. this week to confer
with high-level US
officials. His visit follows his summit with Egyptian President Mubarak last week. This afternoon, the
Israeli leader and President Reagan met at the White House. NPR's Elizabeth Colton reports.
Israel's Peres comes to Washington only weeks before he is scheduled to step down from the Prime
Minister's post and exchange roles with the current Foreign Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. This rotation was
arranged two years ago as part of Israel's coalition national unity government. But what was expected
to be little more than a farewell visit for Prime Minister Peres has now taken on a new importance
because of Peres' recent achievements towards bringing peace between Israelis and Arabs. At the
White House this afternoon President Reagan said that the Middle East peace process was the major
topic for discussion. And he praised Prime Minister Peres' efforts in that direction.
peoples,
but
constructive
actions
taken
by
leaders in
the
region
to
breathe
new
life
into
the
peace
process. No one has done more than Prime Minister Peres to that end. His vision, his statesmanship,
and his tenacity are greatly appreciated here.
of his meeting with Prime Minister Peres were American economic aid to Israel, international terrorism,
and Soviet Jewry. The President assured the Israeli leader that the plight of Soviet Jewry will remain
an important topic in all the talks between the US and the Soviets. I'm Elizabeth Colton in Washington.
A
chapbook
arrived
in
the
a
while
back
from
the
Northeastern
Ohio
University's
College
of
Medicine. The chapbook, a small pamphlet of collected poetry, contains works by students, part of the
school's
The
selected
works
by
finalists
in
the
Carlos
Williams
Poetry
Competition,
named
for
America's great poet-physician, the New Jersey country doctor who used to scroll drafts of poems on
pages of his prescription pads. William Carlos Williams wrote short, sometimes, and to the quick.
This is just to say I have eaten the plums
That were in the ice box,
And which you were probably saving for breakfast.
Forgive me; they were delicious,
So sweet and so cold.
And
he
did.
William
Carlos
Williams,
who
died
in
1963,
has
been
an
inspiration
to
patients
and
physicians. So, it's fitting that the Northeastern Ohio University's College of Medicine should name its
poetry competition for him. Now, at the beginning of its fifth year, the competition is open to all medical
students in this country, but just one percent of them, a few hundred or so, entered the competition.
director of the Human Values in Medicine's program at the College of Medicine, says that students'
poetry centers around several themes.
kinds
of
situations,
but
then
there
is
also
the
experience
that
they're
most
intimate
with,
which
is
medical school itself, which is also a theme, and also relationships with patients.
Poetry by ten medical students is presented in the chapbook, accompanied by biographical notes on
each of the poets. Kurt Beal, at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, describes
himself this way.
because I cannot sing.
Martin Cohn has some samples of poems from the chapbook. P
.C. Bowman of the Medical College of
Virginia School of Medicine wrote
When I watch you watching yourselves in the mirror,
Undress not with caution but with care,
Peeling the swimsuit from shoulders and breasts,
Exposing the belly flat from its vortex to the ribs,
Ordered as architecture. The hip swell
That breaks my geometer's heart.
It is a map of some impossible country,
Whose turns widen to vistas and stations
So sudden that I cannot breathe or comprehend
How I have wandered there and kept my life.
poets, has a very interesting background. She danced for a number of years in a regional company
and also had taken courses in journalism. And she writes of an experience with a cadaver, and the life
of this cadaver. And she ends the poem with the following verse.
Now student to anatomy.
Cleave and mark this slab
Of thirty-one-year-old caucasian female flesh,
Limbs, thorax, cranium, muscle by rigid muscle.
Disassemble this motorcycle victim's every part,
As if so gray a matter never wore a flashing ruby dress.
humanity here. It's not just arteries; it's not just anatomy. There are humans.
right.
And
we
feel
we're
just
trying
to
do
our
part
to
encourage
them
to
remember.
Many
students shuck off we arts and humanities when they enter medical school, and even if we can keep
them involved, even if it's a thread of involvement, or vicarious involvement by reading, not necessarily
writing
—
that's what we are trying to do.
At the Northeastern Ohio University's College of Medicine, Martin Cohn says there's no evidence that
the making of poetry produces better medicine, but he has to believe it helps the students understand
themselves and their patients better. And so the William Carlos Williams Poetry Competition continues.
I'm Susan Stanberg.
This is just to say I have eaten the plums
That were in the ice box
And which you were probably saving for breakfast.
Forgive me; they were delicious,
So sweet and so cold.
英语高级听力教程
Listen09
There was an assassination attempt against Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi today. A man fired
several shots at Gandhi and other Indian leaders participating in an open-air prayer meeting. Gandhi
was not injured. Six people received minor wounds when the gunman burst from the brushes where
he
had
apparently
hidden
prior
to
the
ceremony
to
avoid
security
checks.
He
surrendered
when
guards
surrounded
him.
Those
in
charge
of
Gandhi's
security
have
been
suspended,
and
an
investigation is under way.
Jess
Moore,
NASA's
top
official
in
charge
of
the
shuttle
program
when
Challenger
exploded,
announced today he's leaving his new post as Director of the Johnson Space Center. Moore will take a
leave
of
absence
and
then
be
reassigned
to
NASA
headquarters
in
Washington.
NPR's
Daniel
Zwerdling reports.
year off work because of the Challenger accident? Moore came under quite a bit of pressure before a
congressional committee early this summer when his former assistant testified that he told Moore in
detail almost a year ago that there were serious problems with the shuttle rocket's O-rings, the same
O-rings
that
eventually
caused
the
Challenger
accident.
That
testimony
flatly
contradicted
what
Moore's been saying all along: that he did not know the O-ring problems were serious until after the
Challenger
exploded.
Congressional
sources
who've
interviewed
Moore
told
me
that
they
have
no
way
of
knowing
just
Who's
telling
the
truth,
Moore,
or
Moore's
former
assistant.
But
one
top
congressional aide who met with Morre recently says the NASA veteran's been depressed since the
Challenger blew up. He says, 'Moore doesn't have the edge he used to. He's hollow inside, just like a
lot of guys at NASA who worked on the shuttle.' 'Jess Moore,' the aide says, 'is not the man he was
before the accident, and he needs a rest.' I'm Daniel Zwerdling in Washington.
Indian
Prime
Minister
Rajiv
Gandhi
survived
an
assassination
attempt
in
New
Delhi
today.
The
assailant fired a succession of shots at Gandhi, who was attending a Hindu prayer service with his
wife and Indian President Zail Singh. Official sources have called the incident a major security lapse.
Witnesses
say
Gandhi
told
security
guards
two
times
he
had
heard
gun
shots;
the
security
forces
reportedly dismissed the noise as motorcycle backfire. It was over half an hour later that police finally
surrounded
and
captured
the
gunman.
Six
people
were
injured
during
the
arrest.
The
BBC's
Humphrey Hoxley reports.
An
official
statement
from
the
Home
Ministry
said
that
those
police
officials
who
were
directly
responsible
for
the
security
arrangements
for
Mr.
Gandhi
have
been
suspended
from
duty.
Senior
officials in the Ministry say that a top-level investigation is under way to determine why the security
around the Prime Minister, who's meant to be one of the most closely protected government leaders in
the world, collapsed and how a gunman armed with an illegally manufactured revolver broke through
the security cordon undetected to get within a few feet of the Prime Minister. Police say the gunman
who's in his twenties may even have fired at Mr. Gandhi and his party as they were approaching the
area to commemorate the birthday of the independence leader Mohandas Gandhi, who is cremated
there.
The
area
was
searched
immediately;
but
security
men
failed
to
spot
the
gunman,
who
was
hiding on top of a concrete shelter hidden among thick green vines. The man opened fire again when
Mr. Gandhi was leaving half an hour later. But when he was spotted, eyewitnesses say, he threw up
his
arms
and
shouted
in
Hindi,
surrender.
Police
say
he's
not
connected
with
any
terrorist
organization; nor is he part of the Sikh movement which murdered Mr. Gandhi's mother, Indira, two
years ago. Humphrey Hoxley, BBC, Delhi.
It is not just the weather with which farmers contend; there are higher costs for growing food and lower
prices when selling it. And these combined to make farming an increasingly difficult life, especially for
small family farms. In New York, a new organization called
farms in the region by linking city dwellers with farmers. As John Kailish reports, the scheme seems to
benefit both.
Last week, two actors, a housewife, a tour guide, a dog walker and an unemployed social worker, all
from the New York metropolitan area, spent a day working on Hall Gibson's fruit and vegetable farm
located in the Upstate New York town of Brewster. The contingent also included two four-year-olds.
The
group
listened
attentively
as
Gibson
gave
the
lengthy
orientation
talk
complete
with
aerial
photographs of his 125-acre farm.
incentives to producing milk in this area was the founding of the Borden plant.
talk the group walked to a five-acre field that was lined with rows of tomatoes and turnips, eggplants
and cabbage. Gibson gave some brief picking instructions to two women who were going to harvest
cherry
tomatoes.
they
are
split
like
this,
throw
them
away
or
eat
them.
The
transplanted
urbanites
picked
six
bushels
of
tomatoes
and
sixty
pints
of
raspberries
over
the
course
of
several
hours. The farmhands were perfect strangers when they left Manhattan, but out in the field in Putnam
County, they had no trouble striking up conversations that included such heady topics as romance in
television.
Laura Moore, a housewife and part-time teacher from Brooklyn, has made four trips to area farms with
her daughter Jessie. She was picking yellow low-acid tomatoes as she explained why she enjoys the
Farm Hands program.
city life for a while. I love the city. But in the fresh air, you get a feeling that you are really living.
In
addition
to
the
one-day
farm
outings,
Farm
Hands
also
places
individuals
on
farms
for
periods
ranging from a week to several months. In exchange for their labor, Participants get a minimum wage,
room
and
board,
or
produce
to
take
back
with
them
to
the
city.
In
its
first
year
of
operation,
Farm
Hands
has
placed
twenty
people
on
farms
for
a
period
of
two
months
or
longer.
More
than
two
hundred people have gone on the one- day work intensives or the field trips that are often more play
than
work.
Hall
Gibson
has
had
four
long
term
farm-hands
this
summer.
At
the
moment,
he's
benefiting from the hard work of a twenty-eight-year-old New York City painter named Debby Fisher.
Because Gibson's farm is organic, weeds are a major problem. Farmer Gibson says that when Debby
Fisher clears weeds from the fields, she works like a demon.
best I've ever had-was rescued by her. Debby is a gem.
The
Farm
Hands
program
was
founded
by
twenty-seven-year-old
Wendy
Dubid,
an
enthusiastic
advocate of linking farms and cities. In an interview at a farmers' market in New York city, Dubid said
Farm Hands may mean cheap labors for farmers, but she maintains he program has a broader impact.
after an hour of picking raspberries and scratching their own arms on the bramble, they understand
the farm reality and the value of food, and may become valuable consumers and customers for those
farmers.
Dubid says there was only one Farm Hand placement that did not work out this year, a fifteen-year-old
football player who antagonized his host family in Upstate New York. Farmhands are currently working
in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Plans are already under way to expand the Farm Hands
program to Maryland, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Vermont.
英语高级听力教程
Listen10
President Reagan said today he will veto a defense spending bill if it is approved, as expected, by the
House. Speaking to a private group in Washington today, the President said he was concerned about
provisions in the bill that would ban nuclear testing and cut funding for his Star Wars defense system.
The President also charged that the Soviet-backed ban on nuclear testing is
freeze.
Israeli warplanes bombed suspected Palestinian guerrilla bases in Southeast Beirut today. Police said
the
bomb
set
at
least
four
targets
on
fire.
There
are
reports
that
two
people
were
wounded
in
the
attacks.
At a news conference in Pretoria today, South African Foreign Minister Pic Botha called international
sanctions against his country
said the South African government
White House spokesman Larry Speakes said today President Reagan will veto on Friday a sanctions
bill passed by Congress, but he admitted it will be tough to sustain the veto.
On
Wall
Street
today,
the
Dow
Jones
Industrial
Average
was
up
four
and
a
half
points,
closing
at
1797.81. Trading was moderate, one hundred thirty-two million shares.
Israeli warplanes today bombed four suspected Palestinian guerrilla bases in Lebanon. Reports from
Beirut say at least two people were wounded and a number of fires started in the four villages. From
Jerusalem, Jerry Cheslow filed this report which was subject to censorship by Israeli authorities.
According
to
the
Israeli
army
spokesman,
the
targets
were
bases
belonging
to
two
pro-Syrian
Palestinian guerrilla organizations. Israeli military sources say one of the targets was a staging base
for
raids
against
northern
Israel.
Lebanese
radio
stations
reported
that
at
least
two
people
were
wounded in the attack south of Beirut and that Beirut International Airport was closed for half an hour.
Israeli military sources stress that the air raid had nothing to do with this week's tensions along Israel's
border with Lebanon. They were between the Shi'ite Muslim Hizbullah (Party of God) Militia and the
Israeli-backed South Lebanese Army Militia. Over the past two weeks, large Hizbullah forces stormed
dozens
of
South
Lebanese
Army
positions.
Israeli
military
sources
say
that
at
least
fifteen
South
Lebanese Army men and some fifty members of Hizbullah were killed. According to the sources the
attacks also badly damaged the morale of the South Lebanese Army, and this led Israel to deploy a
large
force
along
its
border
with
Lebanon.
The
force
included
troops,
armor
and
artillery,
and
according to knowledgeable observers it was equipped for offensive action against Hizbullah. Senior
Israeli defense sources say that Hizbullah was trying to take over all of southern Lebanon. Hizbullah
has
also
been
attacking
Unifil,
the
UN
force
in
Southern
Lebanon.
Over
the
past
six
weeks,
four
French Unifil troops were killed by Hizbullah, and just this morning a French UN base was rocketed in
Southern Lebanon. There were no casualty, but some of its soldiers were blown off their seats. And
the sources said that Hizbullah's domination of Southern Lebanon would be a direct threat to Israel.
Some of its men who were killed were wearing kerchiefs with the words
on them. But since the Israeli troops deployed along the border three days ago, there have been no
Hizbullah attacks on the South Lebanese Army. By nightfall here in the Middle East, the Israeli troops
had returned to their bases. For National Public Radio, I'm Jerry Cheslow in Jerusalem.
This week, Californian wine workers vote on a contract proposal from winery owners. The workers
have
now
been
on
strike
for
six
weeks.
The
contract
proposal
calls
for
cuts
in
wages
and
cuts
in
benefits.
The
prospects
for
rank
and
file
approval
seem
slim.
A
central
issue
of
the
strike
is
the
economic well-being of the California wine industry. William Drummond reports.
A gondola containing tons of freshly picked Chardenay grapes is dumped into a hopper as the process
begins for bottling the 1986 vintage. The harvest has continued despite the fact that more than two
thousand winery workers have struck twelve of the biggest wineries in Northern and Central California.
Relying on automated plants and non-union labor, members of the Winery Owners' Association have
succeeded in carrying on what looks like business is usual. But out on the picket line, union worker Pat
Scoley is anything but pleased.
between you and me.
The union contract expired at the end of July, which is the beginning of the harvest, the time when
wine makers usually need all the help they can get. But many plants are like the Charles Krug Winery,
which
has
been
completely
automated.
Owner
Peter
Mondaby
says
the
strike
has
no
effect
on
producing the product.
a
question
of
training
these
people
and,
of
course,
with
the
system
that
we
have,
very
well
computerized, that they can fit in with a reasonable amount of training, that they can fit in. So, I mean,
we're not concerned about it.
Actually, the heavy rainfall several days ago in the Napa Valley seemed to disturb the owners more
than the strike. Mondaby produces around a million cases a year, super premium brands under the
Charles
Krug
label,
mid-range
premium
wines
and
jug
wines.
Mondaby
says
the
industry
took
a
beating
during
the
last
several
years
because
of
cheap
wine
imports
from
Europe.
Even
though
Americans today are drinking more wine chiefly in the form of wine coolers, wine makers say there's
not that much profit in the coolers, and they're still in a financial pinch.
that you will see overnight, but it is a healthy uptrend in a gradual growth manner now. But I wouldn't
necessarily say a greater profitability because the profit is very, very marginal. The volume is there, it's
true, but the profit is very, very marginal.
Mondaby's marginal profit argument does not win much support among striking workers, like Hannah
Stockton, who works in the bottling plant at Christian Brothers.
increase in sale. I mean, ... I believe three or four years back, we had a slump in the industry. But wine
is coming back. Now they are coming out with wine coolers; they are making money. We don't want a
raise; we just want to keep what we've got.
Wages for workers in the winery industry range from around eight dollars to fifteen dollars an hour.
The union was willing to give up a slight reduction in wages, but refused to accept cuts in the pension
and
health
benefits.
The
employers
reportedly
want
a
twenty
percent
reduction
in
the
wages
and
benefits package. Winery owners say the union has to recognize that overall costs have increased.
which is further eroding whatever margin was there.
David Spualding is general manager of a winery in Calistoga. Spaulding Vineyards is tiny compared to
Charles Krug and Gallo, and Spaulding Vineyards is not on strike, but David Spaulding says he faces
the same market forces as the big guys.
surplus. You know we are producing more and producing it more efficiently, and we have a production
that exceeds the demand in the market.
Spaulding says wine coolers have taken up some of the over-production, but not all of it. As for the
union leaders, they don't think it's good idea to give back wages and benefits when the demand for the
product is on the increase. Winery workers are voting all this week on the wages and benefits cuts
proposed by management. Jerry Davis is an official of the union.
this proposal.
The results are expected to be known by Thursday. For National Public Radio, I'm William Drummond
reporting.
英语高级听力教程
Listen11
Texas Air announced today that it will buy the troubled People Express Airlines for about a hundred
and
twenty-five
million
dollars.
The
proposed
deal would allow
most
People
Express employees to
keep their jobs, although the company will eventually lose its identity and become part of Texas Air.
Federal officials must approve the merger. Texas Air is also trying to buy Eastern Airlines.
A rally on Wall Street today after six consecutive losing sessions, the Dow Jones Industrial Average
ended the day up nearly nine points, to close at seventeen sixty- seven point fifty-eight.
What's being called a
today
to
an
ecstatic
reception
by
thousands
of
relatives
and
well-wishers.
The
plane
also
carried
forty- one relatives of former prisoners. The flight culminated nearly two years of negotiations with the
Castro regime.
Texas
Air
Corporation
today
announced
that
it
has
agreed
to
buy
People
Express
Airlines
for
one
hundred twenty-five million dollars in securities. Texas Air already owns Continental Airlines and New
York Air. It is in the process of acquiring Eastern Airlines. People Express, one of the first no-frills,
low-fare
air
carriers,
has
been
in
financial
trouble
lately.
It
was
forced
to
shut
down
its
subsidiary,
Frontier Airlines. Texas Air now says it
will acquire Frontier's assets as part of its deal with People
Express. Joining us now from New York, NPR's business reporter Barbara Mantel.
very attractive low price, this one hundred twenty-five million dollars in
securities. Besides that, why does Texas Air want People Express?
might need. He will get the lowest cost work-force in the industry at People Express. He will get a new
terminal at Newark, New Jersey that People Express is building. He'll get flights to London, and he will
get control over competition. People Express competes heavily, especially in the northeast corridor,
with Texas Air.
two airlines wanted to get together. How will Texas Air get around it this time?
Department
of
Transportation
said,
'No,
not
unless
you
sell
more
landing
slots,
more
slots
in
the
northeast corridor to Pan Am so that we'll have some competition there.' And Texas Air agreed to that
just last week. That may happen again here. The Department of Transportation may require that Texas
Air
sell
some
slots
or
some
gates
to
another
airline
to
ensure
that
there
is
still
competition
in
the
northeast
part
of
the
marketplace.
But
Texas
Air
has
some
leverage
here
with
the
Department
of
Transportation because People Express is a failing company. And the Department of Transportation
may feel, 'Well, we'll let them buy People Express and keep it running, rather than let it fail and lose all
those jobs.
consumers? If there's less competition the fares could possibly go up.
that prices would just have to go up. But I want you to keep in mind that unrestricted fares of the kind
People Express offered, you know, wholesale unrestricted fares, were being eliminated and phased
out anyway, because they were not profitable. And the Department of Transportation theory here is
that
if
you
allow
mergers
to
take
place,
or
many
mergers
to
take
place,
you
might
create
more
efficiencies and low costs, leading possibly to lower fares. And also the Department of Transportation
believes that there's a lot of potential competition in the marketplace. Airlines can move planes around
and buy gates, and so that if an airline in a particular market segment was making a lot of money and
raising prices excessively, other airlines would move in and prices would be brought down through
competition. So that it's a nice theory, the theory of potential competition keeping prices in line, but it's
sort of a new idea and it's not clear that that's really the way it would work.
and grown and the country audience has been just as kind and as supportive as the folk audience has
been.
was
thinking
though,
nonetheless,
when
I
put
on
this
album,
'The
Last
of
the
True
Believers,'
especially the title cut, that I heard more country there than I'd perhaps heard before.
My natural roots are there in country and hillbilly music. And so I think that just comes out more when
you put the band with it.
inside right now, but what's on the outside
—
a picture on the front of you in front of a Woolworth store,
someplace, I guess, in Texas or Tennessee, and ...
back and that sort of thing?
It's a two-storey and it's got the escalator that does a little pinging noise every couple of minutes. And
it takes up a whole city block.
cut this year and had my first, you know, top five country hit
with. And it deals with the Woolworth
store.
book on the cover you're holding?
on
the
back
is
Larry
McMurtrie's
book
about
a
cattle
drive
around
the
turn
of
the
century,
Lonesome Dove .
fourteen and twenty-five. And I read a lot, and I also write short stories and have written a novel. And I
just feel like young people are missing out because they don't read books. And any time I have the
opportunity to influence the young person to pick up a book and read it, I would try to do that.
as music?
And the music and the lyrics come at the same time. Sometimes they shoot me straight up in bed, you
know, in the middle of the night. The Wing and the Wheel' is a very special song to me. It's probably
my favorite song that I've ever written. And that song was inspired at the Vancouver Folk Festival by
two people who are from Managua, Nicaragua. They have a duo call Duo Guar Buranco. And just
about four o'clock in the morning, I was sitting in my hotel room and listening to them sing in the room
next door, and looking out the window at this little fingernail moon hanging out over the Vancouver Bay,
and that song just came flowing, you know, and was inspired by those two people.
it
IS
easy.
If
you
listen
to
yourself
and
you
listen
to
the
inspiration
that's
bringing
on
that
particular song, it's easy. It's just a matter of getting up and writing it down.
Nancy Griffith, talking with us in WPLN in Nashville. She is continuing her national tour with the Everly
Brothers. Her latest album is called
英语高级听力教程
Listen12
American reporter Nicholas Daniloff is in Frankfurt, West Germany, on his way home from Moscow
after
being
detained
for
a
month
on
espionage
charges.
President
Reagan
in
Kansas
City
on
a
campaign swing announced Daniloff's release, denying that any trade had been agreed to in order to
win his freedom. Asked by reporters if he blinked in staring down Soviet leader Gorbachev over the
Daniloff
affair,
the
President
said
they
blinked.
The
agreement
to
release
Daniloff
came
after
a
three-hour
meeting
last
night
in
New
York
between
Secretary
of
State
George
Shultz
and
Soviet
Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. No details of the agreement have been released, and it is not
known if Daniloff's freedom is the first step in a trade involving accused Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov.
When he arrived in Frankfurt, Daniloff thanked President Reagan, Secretary of State Shultz, and other
US officials for
The House of Representatives is expected to vote soon to override President Reagan's veto of a bill
imposing economic sanctions against South Africa. NPR's Cokie Roberts reports that the President
has promised to expand economic sanctions on his own in hopes of getting Congress to sustain his
veto.
margins to override a presidential veto. And it's expected the House will easily garner the two-thirds
vote
necessary
for
override.
So
it's
in
the
Senate
the
President
is
concentrating
his
efforts.
Today
President Reagan sent a long letter to majority leader Robert Dole, restating his opposition to 'punitive
sanctions
that
harm
the
victims
of
apartheid.'
The
letter
went
on
to
outline
an
executive
order
the
President plans to sign which would impose some but not all of the sanctions passed by Congress.
For example, there'd be a ban on some new investments in South Africa, but not all and a ban on
some imports from South Africa, but not as many as called for by Congress. The President hopes the
executive
order
will
win
over
the
fourteen
additional
senators
he
needs
to
sustain
his
veto.
The
Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee said today that Congress would simply come back
next year with tougher sanctions if the veto is sustained. I'm Cokie Roberts at the Capitol.
American
reporter
Nicholas
Daniloff
was
freed
today
in
Moscow.
He
flew
into
Frankfurt,
West
Germany this afternoon and spoke with reporters gathered at the airport.
last month. I was arrested without an arrest warrant. A case was fabricated against me with a narrow
political purpose of giving the Soviet Union some political leverage over the case of Gennadi Zakharov
in New York. The KGB did not punish me; the KGB punished itself. I cannot tell you anything about
any other arrangements. All I know is that I am free in the West, very grateful, delighted to see you.
Nicholas Daniloff.
When
Daniloff
left the
Soviet
Union
today
he
had
been
detained there for thirty-one days, facing a
possible trial on espionage charges. Daniloff left Moscow only hours after Secretary of State Shultz
and Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze met last night in New York in the latest of four negotiating
sessions concerning the fate of the American journalist. But so far no details have emerged about the
arrangements that brought Daniloff his freedom. NPR's Mike Shuster has more from New York.
Reporters
in
Moscow
who
had
been
staking
out
the
American
Embassy
there
first
got
wind
this
morning
that
Daniloff
might
be
released,
after
he
left
the
Embassy
in
a
car
and
flashed
the
for
Victory
sign.
Apparently
Daniloff
was
simply
informed
that
he
could
leave,
and
his
passport
was
returned to him. He was then taken to the airport along with his wife, and soon thereafter boarded a
Lufthansa flight to Frankfurt, West Germany. The official American announcement of his release came
from President Reagan mid-day today as he was campaigning in Kansas City, Missouri.
already, that at twelve o'clock, twelve o'clock Central time, a Lufthansa Airliner, left Moscow bound for
Frankfurt West Germany, and on board are Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Daniloff.
So far though neither the White House nor the State Department has said anything about the specific
agreements
that
ended
the
negotiations
on
Daniloff.
And
lacking
any
fuller
explanation
from
the
government,
many
questions
remain.
First,
what
will
happen
to
the
Russian
scientist
Gennadi
Zakharov
whose
arrest
last
month
in
New
York for spying
led
to Daniloff's detention? No
date
has
been set for Zakharov's trial in Brooklyn, and a representative of the Justice Department in Brooklyn
said
today
the
US
attorney
there
was
waiting
for
instructions
on
the
handling
of
Zakharov's
case.
There have been suggestions that Zakharov might be returned to the Soviet Union at a later date in
exchange for one or more jailed Soviet dissidents. There is also the question of the American decision
to expel twenty-five Soviet personnel from their United Nations Mission here. Several have already left
New York and the deadline for the expulsion of the rest is Wednesday. The Soviets have threatened to
retaliate
if
the
order
is
not
rescinded.
There
is
no
word
whether
the
agreement
that
freed
Daniloff
includes anything on the twenty-five Soviets, which naturally leads to the final question: Has Daniloff's
release
today
brought
the
United
States
and
the
Soviet
Union
any
closer
to
a
summit
meeting?
Secretaqry Shultz has said that a summit could not take place without Daniloff gaining his freedom.
That has now been removed as an impediment to a summit, but the Soviets have called the Zakharov
case and the matter of the twenty-five Soviet diplomats obstacles to a summit as well. Until the details
are made public of the agreement Shultz and Shevardnadze worked out, it will not be known what the
prospects for a summit truly are. This is Mike Shuster in New York.
One year ago this month, a powerful earthquake in Mexico City killed more than nine thousand people.
Tens of thousands of people lost their jobs because of the massive damage. Among those hardest hit
by the quake were women garment workers, who worked in sweatshops concentrated in the heart of
Mexico
City.
One
year
after
the
earthquake,
Lucie
Conger
reports
that
some
of
the
forty
thousand
seamstresses who lost their jobs are changing their attitudes about work.
On the fifth floor of a small office building in the heart of downtown, some thirty garment workers are
back
at
work.
Just
as
before
the
earthquake
they're
working
on
an
assembly
line.
Each
woman
is
specialized in one operation, like sewing cuffs or putting buttonholes on a fancy cocktail dress. But
there the similarities with their past work end. The women here on Uruguay Street are running their
own cooperative with machines they got from their former employer in a settlement when he closed
his
factory
which
was
damaged
by
the
earthquake.
About
fifteen
groups
of
women
have
former
cooperatives, setting up shop with equipment they received instead of an indemnification when factory
owners shut down their former places of work. Running their own business has meant big changes for
these women. All thirty-five women in this cooperative agree that they prefer working without a boss
looking over their shoulder. For Juana Arias, who used to cut patterns for dresses, not having a boss
has given her the chance to develop new skills.
we run out of thread and needles, that's my job to decide on things that are needed.
At the same time, since they set up the cooperative five months ago, the women have had the chance
to
realize
that
the
old
system
of
working
for
the
patron
or
boss
man
had
its
good
points.
At
the
cooperative, the women only get paid when they complete a factory order. Last Friday came and went
without a pay-check. Their income is low now, because they're assembling dresses instead of earning
more by producing ready-made dresses of their own design. There are other concerns as well. While
the
seamstresses
are
grateful
for
the
loans
and
technical
assistance
that
they're
getting
from
a
Catholic
church
foundation,
they
worry
about
repaying
the
loans
and
keeping
up
with
operation
expenses
like
rent
and
phone
bills.
And
leaving
behind
the
tradition
of
having
a
boss
is
a
difficult
transition for Mexican women
who
are
accustomed from childhood
to
responding
to
male
authority
figures. Paula Socer, a leader at another seamstresses' cooperative.
what we want.
Other
garment
workers
are
still
working
under
the
patron.
But
after
the
earthquake,
many
of
the
women began to question their position at work when they saw some factory owners moving more
quickly to salvage machinery and cash boxes than to rescue trapped
workers. Dramatic events like
these moved some four thousand seamstresses to join the September 19th Garment Worker's Union.
The women blocked traffic and marched to the presidential palace before getting official recognition as
an independent union not forced to affiliate with the ruling party. Through the union, the seamstresses
are
demanding
that factory
owners respect
the
law
by
giving
overtime pay for extra
work,
allowing
workers to take vacation, and providing standard benefits. So far, nine factory owners have signed
agreements with the union to guarantee workers' rights. But the union continues to face hurdles. Maria
Hernandez worked in an illegal, clandestine sweatshop before the earthquake and is now press chief
for the union.
them, saying that they're going to close down the business, but that if they continue to organize, one
day something is going to happen to their family. And then they start firing people. They offer them
money to turn in the ones who are organizing, to tell them who the leaders are.
Manuela
Purras
is
a
seamstress
who
was
fired
in
May
for
organizing
the
thirty-five
women
at
the
factory where she had worked for thirteen years. Today she's operating a small business on the edge
of the empty paved lot where the union has its offices in temporary quarters provided by the municipal
government.
Here,
alongside
a
busy
thoroughfare,
Manuela
spends
her
days
cooking
tacos
and
selling them to passers-by to make a living until she can go back to work. The union is fighting to get
Manuela and her co-workers reinstated in their jobs. Manuela Purras:
think that it will help us. Well, economically it is helping us, and legally too, because at least until now
it's not one of those soldout unions.
The garment workers still have an uphill battle to fight, to secure a decent living for themselves and
their children. In the year since the earthquake, they've made important strides in assuring that they
get a fair shake. University students, lawyers and feminists have joined the seamstresses in their fight
to set new terms at the work place. The creation of new organizations, like cooperatives and unions,
and the forging of new alliances between educated elites and popular groups may be the most lasting
legacy wrought from the devastation left by the earthquake. For National Public Radio, this is Lucie
Conger in Mexico City.
英语高级听力教程
Listen13
A special committee of twelve senators today began the impeachment trial of Federal Judge Harry
Claiborne. It's the first such proceeding in fifteen years. Claiborne is serving a jail sentence for tax
evasion.
President
Reagan
today
continued
his
campaign
for
a
drug-free
America.
He
ordered
mandatory
testing for federal workers in sensitive positions. And he also sent Congress a legislative package that
would increase federal anti-drug spending by nine hundred million dollars, much of that on increased
border patrols. The President said the legislation is the federal government's way of just saying no to
drugs.
say 'Stop.' And to those who are pushing drugs, we say 'Beware.'
federal workers is the most controversial part of the President's plan. It's been condemned by some
employee groups.
One person was killed and more than fifty injured today in Paris when a bomb exploded at the drivers'
permit office at police headquarters. It was the fourth blast in seven days in the French capital.
In Paris today, one person was killed and more than fifty were injured when a bomb exploded at police
headquarters. This is the fourth attack on a crowded public target in a week. A police officer was killed
yesterday while removing a bomb from a restaurant on the Avenue Champs Elysee. Minutes after that
incident, Prime Minister Jacques Chirac announced new security measures aimed at curbing terrorist
activities in France. Melodie Walker reports from Paris.
A
group
calling
itself
Committee
for
Solidarity
with
Arab
and
Middle-Eastern
Prisoners
has
claimed responsibility for the current series of bombings in Paris, in addition to ten other attacks in the
French capital over the past year. The Committee has delivered messages to news agencies in Beirut
threatening to continue its bombing campaign in Paris until the French government agrees to release
three men jailed in France on charges of terrorism. One of the convicted prisoners, George Ibraham
Abdullah, is believed to be the leader of the Lebanese Army Faction suspected of killing a US Military
Attache in Paris in 1982. The French government has officially declared it will not release the prisoners.
In
response
to
the
repeated
attacks
in
Paris,
Prime
Minister
Chirac
last
night
announced
new
anti-terrorist
measures:
military
patrols
along
the
French
borders
will
be
increased
and,
beginning
today,
all
foreigners
will
require
a
visa
to
enter
France.
Citizens
of
European
Common
Market
countries and Switzerland will be exempt from the visa requirement. But Americans planning to visit
France will need to apply for visas at the nearest French consulate. For an initial period of fifteen days,
however, emergency visas will be granted at French airports and other border checkpoints. France
has been plagued with terrorism at home and abroad in recent years. In the past two weeks, three
French
members
of
the
United
Nations
peace
keeping
force
in
Lebanon
have
been
killed
by
remote- controlled bombs. Today, France called for an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council
to discuss the role and safety of the force. Seven French hostages in Beirut are also a major concern
for
the
Chirac
government.
Dominique
Moazi,
Associate
Director
of
the
French
Institute
for
International Relations, says the bombings in Paris, the attacks on the UN troops, and the hostage
situation are all indirectly related.
Middle-Eastern affairs, either Lebanon or the war between Iran and Iraq. And France is, at the same
time, more visible than any other European actors, in Lebanon and in the Gulf.
According to Moazi, the long French tradition of granting political asylum has made France more open
and accessible to terrorist activities.
resolute
in
our
treatment
of
terrorist
action
than,
for
example,
the
Israelis.
So
that
combination
of
visibility, vulnerability, and lack of resolution has made us the ideal target for terrorists now.
In a statement released today, President Francois Mitterand said,
business of the entire nation.
question
of
how
to do
it
remains unanswered.
For National
Public
Radio, this is
Melodie Walker in
Paris.
The
United
States
Senate
Intelligence
Committee
today
released
a
report
calling
for
sweeping
changes
in
US
security
policies
and
counter-intelligence,
its first
unclassified assessment
of
recent
spy cases the Committee says the damage done has cost billions of dollars, threatening America's
security as never before. NPR's David Malthus has the story.
The
report
states
that
damage
done
from
espionage
and
lax
security
is
worse
than
anyone
in
the
government has yet acknowledged publicly. It concludes that US military plans and capabilities have
been seriously compromised, intelligence operations gravely impaired. US technological advantages
have
been
overcome
in
some
areas
because
of
spying.
And
diplomatic
secrets
were
exposed
to
adversaries.
Vermont
Democrat
Patrick
Leahy
is
Vice-Chairman
of
the
Senate
Intelligence
Committee.
buildup of Soviet personnel, or breakthrough in weapon development.
The Committee report says foreign intelligence services have penetrated some of the most vital parts
of US defense, intelligence, and foreign policy structures. The report cites a string of recent cases,
including the Walker-Whitworth spy ring, which gave the Soviets the ability to decode at least a million
military communications. Despite some improvements by the Reagan Administration in security and
tough talk over the last two years, the report also concludes that the administration has failed to follow
through with enough specific steps to tighten security, and that its counter-intelligence programs have
lacked the needed resources to be effective. Republican Dave Durenberger of Minnesota, Chairman
of the Intelligence Committee, sums up the current situation this way:
our national secrets, and too little effort given to combating the very real threat which spies represent
to our national security.
Senator
Durenberger
said
the
Committee
found
some
progress
has
been
made
in
toughening
up
security clearances for personnel, and some additional resources have been devoted to countering
technical espionage, but he said much more needs to be done and he described the current security
system
as
one
by
bureaucratic
inertia.
The
Committee
makes
ninety-five
specific
recommendations,
including
greater
emphasis
on
re- investigations
of
cleared
personnel,
a
streamlined classification system, more money for counter-intelligence elements of the FBI, CIA and
the military services, and tighter controls on foreign diplomats from hostile countries. The report cites
FBI assessments on how extensively the Soviets use diplomatic cover to hide spying activity. There
are twenty-one hundred diplomats, UN officials, and trade representatives from te Soviet Union and
Warsaw
Pact
countries
living
in
the
United
States.
And
according
to
the
FBI,
30%
of
them
are
professional intelligence officers. The Committee report also says the Soviet Union is effectively using
United
Nations
organizations
worldwide
to
conduct
spying
operations.
It
says
approximately
eight
hundred Soviets work for UN agencies, three hundred of them in New York, and one fourth of those
are
working
for
the
KGB
or
the
Soviet
military
intelligence,
the
GRU.
Next
week,
the
Reagan
Administration
is
to
deliver
to
the
Congress
its
classified
report
on
counter-intelligence.
I'm
David
Malthus in Washington.
英语高级听力教程
Listen14
State Department spokesman Bernard Kalb resigned today because of the Reagan Administration's
alleged
disinformation
campaign
against
Libya.
The
Washington
Post
reported
last
week
that
the
administration
planted
false
information
about
Libya
in
an
effort
to
destabilize
the
government
of
Muammar Quddafi. Kalb today did not confirm or deny that such a campaign took place, but he said
reports about it had damaged the credibility of the US. The State Department would not comment on
Kalb's resignation.
The State Department today criticized the Nicarguan government for allegedly refusing to grant US
officials
access
to
Eugene
Hasenfus.
He's
the
survivor
of
Sunday's
plane
crash
inside
Nicaragua.
State
Department
spokesman
Charles
Redmond.
representative
was
not
received
by
the
Nicaraguan
government.
And
we
view
this
with
the
utmost
seriousness.
The
rendering
of
consular
services
is
an
essential
part
of
the
function
of
an
embassy.
The
Sandinista
government
has
once
again taken action to make that function difficult and has raised the question of whether, indeed, a US
embassy
can
function
normally
within
Nicaragua.
We
frankly
cannot
accept
the
delay
in
granting
consular access since the Sandinista government has apparently gone to some lengths to parade Mr.
Hasenfus before the press, and considering the fact that a government spokesman stated clearly last
night
on
American
television
that
access
would
be
granted.
Meanwhile
President
Reagan
today
denied that the downed plane allegedly carrying arms to Contra rebels was operating under official US
orders. He also acknowledged that the government has been aware that private American groups and
citizens have been helping the anti-government forces in Nicaragua.
Last week the Washington Post reported that top-level officials had approved a plan to generate real
and illusionary events to make Libya's Colonel Muammar Quddafi think the United States might once
again
attack.
Bernard
Kalb's
resignation
is
the
first
in
protest
of
that
policy.
A
similar
resignation
occurred at the White House in 1983 when a deputy quit to protest misleading statements given to the
press shortly before the American invasion of Grenada. NPR's Bill Busenberg has more on today's
announcement.
Bernard Kalb had been a veteran diplomatic correspondent for CBS and NBC before being picked two
years ago by Secretary of State George Shultz to be the Department's chief spokesman, officially an
Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. His brother, Marvin Kalb, is still with NBC. Today, Bernard Kalb
surprised his former colleagues in the news media by quitting over the issue of the administration's
disinformaton program. Kalb would not confirm that there was such a program, but he said he faced a
choice of remaining silent or registering his dissent. And even though the issue appeared to be fading
from the news, Kalb grappled with it privately and decided he had to act.
the step of stepping down.
The
State
Department
has
reportedly
been
involved
in
the
disinformation
issue,
but
Kalb
said
his
guidelines have always been not to lie or mislead the press, and he has not done so. Kalb went out of
his way today to praise Secretary Shultz, a man, he said, of such overwhelming integrity that he allows
other people to have their own integrity.
credibility, rather I am dissenting from the reported disinformation program.
Kalb's comments suggested Shultz perhaps did not go along with the disinformation program, but in
public, the Secretary of State has defended the administration's policies against Libya, saying in New
York last week:
also quoted Winstion Churchill as saying,
bodyguard of lies.
news media for some effect. And if somebody did that, he was doing it against policy. Now having said
that, one of the results of our action against Libya, from all the intelligence we've received, was quite a
period of disorientation on the part of Quddafi. So, to the extent we can keep Quddafi off balance by
one means or another, including the possibility that we might make another attack, I think that's good.
In a sometimes emotional session with reporters today, Bernard Kalb said that neither he personally
nor the nation as a whole can stand any policy of disinformation.
faith
in
the
word
of
America,
is
the
pulse
beat
of
our
democracy.
Anything
that
hurts
America's
credibility hurts America. And then on a much, much, much lower level, there's question of my own
credibility, both as a spokesman and a journalist, a spokesman for a couple of years, a journalist for
more years than I want to remember. In fact, I sometimes privately thought of myself as a journalist
masquerading as a spokesman. In any case, I do not want my own credibility to be caught up, to be
subsumed in this controversy.
The timing of Kalb's action today is likely to add to the controversy over government deception. And it
comes
at
an
awkward
moment
for
the
Reagan
Administration,
just
days
before
an
important
pre-summit meeting
with
the
Soviets
in
Iceland and
in
the
wake
of
official denials
about a
downed
guerrilla
resupply
plane
in
Nicaragua.
One
American
was
captured
and
others
were
killed
in
that
action, but officials have said the flight was in no way connected with the US government. Kalb said
his resignation today had nothing to do with any other incident. I'm Bill Busenberg in Washington.
The history of Jews in Poland is not always thoroughly told in the country. And the story of the World
War II freedom fighters in the Jewish ghetto of Warsaw is one of the saddest chapters. The Nazis took
hundreds of thousands of Jews to their deaths, and seven thousand more died defending the area
when the Germans invaded. Dr. Merrick Adelman is one of the very few who survived. A book called
Shielding
the
Flame
is his story.
It
was
written
in
Poland ten
years
age
by
Hannah
Kroll.
It
is now
available
in
this
country
in
English.
Yohannes
Toshimska
is
one
of
the
translators.
She
says
that
Merrick Adelman's view of the ghetto uprising is regarded as unconventional.
doesn't
use
the
language
or
even
he
doesn't
have
the
attitude
people
usually
have
to
the
holocaust and to the ghetto uprisings. One thing he's consistently talking about is the fact that people
thought was the arms in the ghetto. It wasn't heroic; it was easier than to die going to the train cars.
And that people who participated in the ghetto uprising were actually, in a sense, lucky. They had arms;
they could do something about what was going on while those hundreds of thousands who were led to
the train cars were equally heroic, but their death was much more difficult.
Adelman
was
stationed ...
he
was
working
in
a
clinic;
he
was
not
a
doctor
then;
but
he
was
working
in
a
clinic
that
was
nearby
the
train
station
where
the
Jews
were
taken
to
go
off
to
the
concentration camps.
was standing at the gate to the Hmflat Platz, which was the
place from where the Jews were taken into the train cars. He was a member of the underground in the
ghetto, and he was choosing the people who were needed by the underground. They were perhaps
one or two in many thousands of them led every day to the cars. And he would pick these people up,
and
then
young
girls
who
were
students
at
the
nurses'
school
would
disabilitate
these
people.
He
describes in the book, it's a very powerful scene, how these girls, who were wearing beautiful clean
white uniforms of nurse students, would take two pieces of wood and with these two pieces of wood
would break legs of the people who were supposed to be saved for the Jewish underground. But the
Germans, to the last moment, wanted to maintain the fiction that people who were taken to the trains
were being taken for work. And obviously a person with a broken leg couldn't work. So breaking a leg
would temporarily save that person from being taken into gas.
American professor who comes to visit the doctor many years later, and is critical of what happened.
He says of the Jews, 'You were going like sheep to your deaths.' The professor had been in World War
II; he'd landed on a French beach, and he said that 'Men should run, men should shoot. You were
going like sheep.' And Adelman explains this, and let me quote him. 'It is a horrendous thing when one
is going so quietly to one's death. It is infinitely more difficult than to go out shooting. After all, it is
much easier to die firing. For us, it was much easier to die than it was for someone who first boarded a
train car, then rode the train, then dug a hole, then undressed naked.' That's difficult to understand, but
then Hannah Kroll says that she understands it because it's easier for people who are watching this to
understand, when the people are dying shooting.
ghetto encountered is just beyond comprehension.
reason
that
Dr.
Adelman
becomes
a
physician,
a
cardiologist,
after
the
War,
is
that
he
wants
this
opportunity to deal with people who are in a life-or-death situation.
doctor is like to shield the flame from God who wants to blow this little tiny flame and kill the person,
that what he was doing during the War and after the War was, in a way, doing God's work or doing
something against God, even if the God existed.
free in form and in style. It lacks a chronology; certain details are not there or are pre-supposed that
one knows.
someone else is listening to it. And they don't care about this other person who might be listening to it.
They don't help this person to follow it. I had a hard time even when I read it for the first time in Polish.
However, for me, it has magnetic power and, despite the confusion, I always wanted to go back and to
go on.
Yahannes Tashimska, the translator, along with Lawrence Weshler, of Shielding the Flame by Hannah
Kroll.
英语高级听力教程
Listen15
American reporter Nicholas Daniloff arrived back in the United States today, and accused Soviet spy,
Gennadi Zakharov, left for the Soviet Union. Administration officials insisted that there is no connection
between the two as they announce plans for a meeting in Iceland, October 11th and 12th, between
President Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev. We have two reports on today's developments. First,
NPR's Jim Angle at the White House.
Gorbachev in a letter to President Reagan September 19. Secretary Shultz said, today, the meeting
will give the two leaders an opportunity to give a special push to preparations for a full-fledged summit
later this year in the United States. President Reagan made clear his agreement to the meeting came
after
an
agreement
between
the
two
nations
on
how
to
resolve
the
Daniloff
affair.
'The
release
of
Daniloff made the meeting possible. I could not have accepted and held that meeting if he was still
being
held.'
But
the
President
and
others
insisted
that
Daniloff's
release
without
trial
had
no
connection with Gennadi Zakharov, the accused Soviet spy who was allowed to plead no contest to
espionage charges today and ordered out of the country. Secretary Shultz tied Zakharov's departure
to the Soviet agreement to release human rights' activist, Yuri Orlov, and allow him and his wife to
emigrate. I'm Jim Angle, at the White House.
The Vatican today denounced all homosexual activity as morally evil and said homosexuals should be
taught that their sexual practices are unacceptable to the Catholic church. The document was relayed
to Catholic bishops and restates the church's position that homosexual tendencies are not sinful but
activity is. This is NPR in Washington.
University
of
Maryland
basketball
coach
Lefty
Dresell
resigned
today,
another
victim
of
the
cocaine-induced death of basketball star Len Bias. Paul Guggenheimer reports.
came
as
no
surprise
today.
In
recent
weeks,
advisors
to
Maryland
Chancellor
John
Slaughter
and
some
members
of
the
Board
of
Regents
were
pushing
for
Dresell's
removal.
This
morning,
at
Maryland's Cole Field House, Dresell made it official. 'I want to announce that I am stepping down as
the head basketball coach at Maryland. I will remain at Maryland in the position of Assistant Athletic
Director. The University has agreed to honor the financial terms of my contract, which has 8 years
remaining.' Dresell coached basketball at Maryland for 17 years, but following Bias's death, Dresell
told a Grand Jury that he ordered an assistant to remove evidence of drug use from Bias's room, and
subsequent
revelations
that
his
players
were
having
academic
problems
proved
to
be
Dresell's
undoing. For National Public Radio, I'm Paul Guggenheimer in Washington.
American journalist, Nicholas Daniloff, returned to the United Stated today, a free man. He walked off a
plane at Dulles Airport outside Washington late this afternoon after a month's detention in the Soviet
Union. Daniloff had these words for members of his family and journalists at the airport:
cloud that hung over Soviet-American affairs is dissipating. I understand that the President is going to
meet
with
Mr.
Gorbachev
shortly
in
Iceland,
and
this
to
me,
is
a
wonderful
thing.
In
my
case,
the
investigation into the charges against me was concluded. There was no trial, and I left as an ordinary,
free American citizen. In Zakharov's case, there was a trial, and he received a sentence. I'm sorry I
don't remember the exact terms of the sentence, and he left. I do not believe that these two things are
in any way equivalent.
NPR's Richard Gonzalez is at Dulles Airport now.
greeted
by
his
daughter
Miranda
and
his
son,
Caleb.
They
celebrated
his
arrival
with
a
bottle
of
champagne. And they bought a dozen of yellow roses for their father. Caleb presented his father with
a T-shirt that had been printed to say
Nick Daniloff
were gathered there.
as
you
heard
him
say,
Daniloff
seemed
very,
very
relieved
that
his own
personal
honor
and
integrity as a journalist had been preserved in the negotiations that had freed him. And he repeated
once or twice that that he felt that he had not been traded for Zakharov as a spy.
the Soviet Union?
multiple-entry visa, 'which is still valid,' he said. And he ended his news conference by telling reporters
that yesterday in Moscow, feeling that he might be leaving the Soviet Union soon, he had placed new
flowers on the grave of his great grandfather who was buried in Moscow. And he said, 'I'm hopeful that
I'll be able to do that again, some time.'
Daniloff with applause, and that it took a while for Daniloff to get their attention so that he could tell
them what they wanted to hear. I think that the most obvious thing is that he had a lot of friends here,
among the press corps, that were very happy to see him, and I think that he really …
he had a sparkle
in his eye that said, 'Well, I'm finally home.'
Today, Van Gordon Sauter, the President of CBS News resigned from his job. This resignation, the
latest move in a CBS shake-up, which yesterday brought the ouster of CBS Chief Executive Officer
Thomas Wyman. He was replaced by Laurence Tisch, the company's leading stockholder.
Also, yesterday, the 82-year-old founder of CBS, William Paley, came out of retirement to become the
company's Chairman. Writer Ken Aleter says the CBS Board probably put the changes into motion
even before the Board meeting yesterday.
for a monthly Board meeting. And Wyman cancelled it, feeling that the Board was so polarized in the
battle between Laurence Tisch and Paley on one side, and Thomas Wyman and some of the Board
members who are supporters of his on the other. But the Board decided to meet anyway without Tisch
or Paley or Wyman, and they apparently met till quite late, which would be Tuesday night. Then at the
meeting
yesterday,
Mr.
Wyman
presented
a
budget
as
planned,
and
apparently,
the
Board
unanimously was dissatisfied with that budget presentation. And then it was learned that, in fact, there
had been, at least I'm informed, that there were overtures made by Wyman and by others aligned with
him to try and sell the company, try and find a white knight to stave off Laurence Tisch and Bill Paley.
So the 3 principle actors in this drama were out of the room when the Board discussed it, and I'm told,
unanimously reached the judgment that it was time for a change.
ready to support Tom Wyman. Something happened in the last several days to turn this Board around.
And I think, in part, that something that happened was a growing sense of dissatisfaction with Wyman.
And I suspect also, a sense that the Board probably had that the continued blood-letting in the press,
would only continue if Wyman remained the helm, and they had to stop it.
sort
of
trouble
because
of
problems
endemic
to
the
television
industry
now,
or
because
of
mismanagement of CBS?
Clearly,
same
thing
is
happening
in
all
the
networks.
They're
facing
a
future,
at
least
the
immediate future, where revenues no longer grow at the same rate they used to, which is 10, 12, 14
percent a year. Revenues are declining at all three networks. Advertisers are finding other outlets for
their money, more efficient outlets, cheaper outlets for their money. There's new competition from the
4th network, from technology, from cable. Second, there was a feeling that, Wyman, though he was a
good manager on paper and had a good strong managerial background, was not a people manager.
Television is populated by a lot of famous people, who have rather large egos. They're also rather
large
talents.
But
in
any
case,
those
egos
require
some
stroking.
Tom
Wyman
was
not
was
not
a
stroker. He was a go-by-the-book kind of manager. So he was a stranger, for instance, to the most
important division of CBS, not the division that produces the most money, but the one that produces
the most prestige, and that's the news division.
CBS
News
people,
as
you
mention,
have
been
disenchanted
of
late,
and
they're
probably
encouraged
by
this
move,
but
specifically,
what
were
they
fussing
about?
How
have
they
been
mismanaged? Can anyone say?
I
think
there
are
probably
a
thousand
different
stories.
One
story
that's
received
a
lot
of
prominence in the last week is Bill Moyer's story, which is a feeling that the entertainment values at
CBS
have
been
enshrined
at
the
expense
of
news
values.
That,
however,
is
probably
also
a
little
simplistic if you go back to Edward R. Morrow, the late sainted Edward R. Morrow, who's a wonderful
journalist, but who was also a journalist who sometimes enshrined entertainment values, for instance,
if
you
go
back
and
look
at
person-to- person
interviews
that
he
did
on
a
program
called
'Person
to
Person', it was a kind of a 'Gee, whiz, oh gosh, it's so nice to be invited into your home' kind of an
atmosphere, and hardly hard news. But I think Moyers' complaint suggests how polarized the situation
at CBS is.
York.
英语高级听力教程
Listen16
President Reagan announced today that he and Soviet leader Gobachev will meet in Iceland October
11th and 12th to prepare for a summit between the two leaders in the United States later this year. The
announcement came after the release yesterday from Moscow of American reporter Nicholas Daniloff
and
a
court
appearance
in
New
York
this
morning
by
accused
Soviet
spy
Gennadi
Zakharov,
who
pleaded no contest to espionage charges and was told to leave the United States within twenty-four
hours.
Zakharov
is
now
on
his
way
back
to
the
Soviet
Union
and
Daniloff
has
arrived
back
in
the
United States. The movement of Daniloff and Zakharov and plans for the meeting in Iceland were also
announced today in Moscow. The BBC's Peter Ruff reports.
this
was
at
Mr.
Gorbachev's
invitation,
and
it's
also
pointed
out
that
this
is
simply
a
preparatory
meeting to a possible summit. It's pointed out here that it will enable the Soviet Union to focus on arms
issues, particularly the Strategic Defense Initiative, or Star Wars program, President Reagan's refusal
to join a test moratorium, and a possible arms deal involving medium-range missiles in Europe. In a
separate announcement, the official news agency Tass revealed that Gennadi Zakharov had, as they
put it, been released from custody and was returning home. It made no mention of the fact that he'd
pleaded no contest in a court in New York. Then came the first official confirmation from the Soviet
Union that the American reporter Nicholas Daniloff had been expelled. The news item did not refer to
him as a spy but as someone who'd been engaged in inadmissible activity.
Ruff in Moscow.
There was no mention in the Soviet press today that prominent Soviet dissident Yuri Orlov and his wife
will
be
allowed
to
leave
for
the
United
States
by
October
7th.
Secretary
of
State
Shultz
made
that
announcement in Washington saying Orlov was the driving force behind the Helsinki Monitoring Group
of Civil Rights Activists. In 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years in a prison camp to be followed
by five more years in internal exile. Shultz said Orlov's release was in exchange for that Zakharov and
had nothing to do with Daniloff's freedom.
In just eleven days President Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev will meet in Iceland for what is
described by the two sides as an interim summit or a preparatory summit. The announcement was
made at the White House this morning at a news conference held by President Reagen and Secretary
of State George Shultz called to discuss the Iceland meeting and the negotiations which had led up to
the release of Nicholas Daniloff yesterday. Negotiations for the release of Daniloff went on for over a
month. Today, at the same time that the White House news conference was going on, Soviet Foreign
Minister Shevardnadze met with the press in New York. NPR's Jim Angle was at the White House, and
Mike Shuster was with the Soviet Foreign Minister.
release
were
not
known
yesterday,
didn't
announcement
of
a
summit
announced
before
any
discussion of the Daniloff affair come as a surprise?
context of preparations for a summit and the discussions so far. Of course, the US had said it would
not attend a summit until the Daniloff case was resolved, and the President said today that he could
not
have
accepted
this
pre-summit
preparatory
meeting
if
Daniloff
were
still
being
held.
Today
the
matter was resolved. At least we heard that the other details of the matter's resolution, including the
fact that Gennadi Zakharov, the accused Soviet spy, was allowed to plead no contest in a New York
court and allowed to leave the United States. The resolution of that matter cleared the way for summit
preparations.
The
meeting,
of
course,
this
pre-summit
meeting,
was
proposed
by
Secretary
Gorbachev,
in
a
letter
delivered
to
President
Reagan
by
Soviet
Foreign
Minister
Shevardnadze
on
September
19th.
The
announcement
of
this
meeting
today
at
the
same
time
as
the
resolution
of
Zakharov's status is a way of both sides saying that they consider the Daniloff matter resolved with the
exception of one or two details and that no obstacles now exist in the preparations for summit later this
year in the US.
there had been no trade for Nicholas Daniloff. Jim, was this a trade?
dissident were all part of one package. But to the extent that definitions are important, especially in the
diplomatic
world
and
in
terms
of
principles
and
precedents,
the
US
has
insisted
that
there
was
no
trade involved here. They say Daniloff was released without a trial, an implicit acknowledgement, if
you will, by the Soviet, that he is not a spy. Zakharov, on the other hand, in pleading no contest to
espionage charges, allows, in a sense, the US assertion that he was a spy to stand. President Reagan
sought to emphasize today in his remark at the White House that these were separate matters.
is no connection between these two releases. And I don't know just what you have said so far about
this.
But
there
were
other
arrangements
with
regard
to
Zakharov
that
resulted
in
his
being
freed.
Margo, the President's referring there to what the US sees as the only trade involved in this whole
package, and that is the Soviet agreement to allow Soviet human rights activist Yuri Orlov and his wife
to leave the Soviet Union by October 7th.
Today in the Supreme Court of the United States, a case involving maternity leave: at issue whether
states may require employers to guarantee that pregnant workers are able to return to their jobs after
a limited period of unpaid disability leave. NPR's Nina Totenberg reports.
Nice states already have laws or regulations that require all employers to protect the jobs of workers
who are disabled by pregnancy or childbirth. Depending on what the Supreme Court rules in the case
it heard today, those laws will either die or flourish. The test case is from California. It began with Lillian
Garland, the receptionist at California Federal Savings and Loan. In 1982, she returned to work after
having a child and found she had no job.
longer had a position available for me. My question was, 'Well, what about the job that I've had for so
many years?' And they said, 'We hired the person that you trained in your place.' I was in shock.
Officials at California Federal say Garland should not have been surprised, that she'd been told at the
time
she
took
pregnancy
leave
that
her
job
was
not
guaranteed.
But
the
fact
is
that
California
law
requires all employers in the state to provide up to four months' disability leave for pregnant workers.
The leave time is unpaid, and it is only a available to women who, because of pregnancy or childbirth,
are physically unable to work. The law does require that such workers get back the same job unless
business necessity makes that impossible. So when Lillian Garland was told she couldn't have her old
job back, she filed discrimination charges against the bank. The bank then challenged the California
pregnancy disability law in court, claiming that the state law amounted to illegal sex discrimination.
The
bank's
reasoning
went
like
this:
Federal
law
bans
discrimination
in
employment
based
on
pregnancy,
but
the
state
law
mandates
disability
leave
to
women
for
pregnancy
while
denying
the
same
leave
time
to
men
who
are
disabled
by
other
ailments,
such
as
heart
attacks
and
strokes.
California counters that the state law does not discriminate between men and women, that it treats
them both the same as to all ailments, but grants disability leave only to pregnant workers. Moreover,
California argues that the state law in fact equalizes the situation between man and woman, allowing
them both to have children without losing their jobs. The pregnancy disability case has produced some
strange bedfellows. The Reagan Administration is siding with the California business community in
arguing
that
federal
law
requires
no
special
treatment
for
pregnancy.
Many
of
the
major
national
women's organizations agree, but argue that the way to cure the problem is to give everybody unpaid
disability leave in case of illness. Other women's organizations, particularly in California, argue that
singling out pregnancy for special treatment is not sex discrimination. Feminist Betty Friedan defends
the California law.
It's a fact of life. If men could carry the baby, if men could go through the nine months, if men could
have
the
labor
pain,
you
know,
they
also
should
have
coverage
for
pregnancy.
You're
not
discriminating against men; you're recognizing a fact of life: that women are different than men.
On the other side, the lawyer for the bank, Ted Olson, argues that special treatment for pregnancy is
obviously discrimination, and that California companies risk being sued by one group of people if they
follow federal law and by another group of people if they follow state law.
of pregnancy. An employer is entitled to know which law it must follow.
The fact is, though, that much of the California business community objects, most of all, to being told
that
it
has
to
provide
any
disability
leave.
Here
is
Don
Butler,
President
of
the
Merchants
and
Manufacturers Association, which is a party to this law suit.
government,
is the
state
of
California,
or are
we,
the
employers, going
to
set?
You,
the employee,
have
the
choice
of
working
for
our
company
under
the
following
conditions
or
working
for
another
company under other conditions. And I believe that that was what built this country to be a great free
enterprise system. And if we're going to legislate it, then we're going to destroy a lot of the incentives
to ...
In the Supreme Court this morning, perhaps the pivotal question was asked by Justice Louis Powell,
who
posed
a
hypothetical
situation
to
California
Deputy
Attorney
General
Marion
Johnston.
assume,
same day: he, because he is ill; she, because she's about to have a child. And they return on the same
day, but under the California law she gets her job back and he does not. Is that fair?
Powell. Lawyer Johnston responded,
requires that employers treat all their employees, men and women, in the same way with respect to
pregnancy. But, since men don't get pregnant, they don't get the time off.
case is not expected until next year. I'm Nina Totenberg in Washingtom.
英语高级听力教程
Listen17
Two
of
the
American
hostages
being
held
in
Lebanon
appeared
in
a
videotape
released
today,
appealing
to
the
Reagan
Administration
to
work
as
hard
for
their
release
as
it
did
to
get
Nicholas
Daniloff out of the Soviet Union. Hostage David Jacobsen:
respect and the honorable treatment by the United States government? Don't we deserve the same
attention and protection that you gave Daniloff?
Hospital
in
Beirut,
has
been
held
for
sixteen
months.
Also
appearing
on
the
videotape
was
the
Associated
Press
correspondent
Terry
Anderson,
the
first
time
he's
been
seen
since
his
capture
eighteen months ago. Anderson and Jacobsen had said they were also speaking on behalf of hostage
Thomas Sutherland. And they spoke of the death of William Buckley whom Islamic Jihad has claimed
to have killed. Sutherland blamed President Reagan for Buckley's murder.
his first mistake in the hostage crisis and Buckley died. Mr. President, are you going to make another
mistake at the cost of our lives?
release. Speaking to reporters as he left for Camp David, Mr. Reagan said there has never been a day
that
the
administration
has
not
been
trying
every
channel.
But
he
said
there
was
no
comparison
between
the
case
of
Nicholas
Daniloff
and
the
hostages
in
Lebanon
he
was
held
by
a
government
and
we
don't
know
who's
holding
the
hostages.
Daniloff
himself
commented
on
the
hostages' appeal, saying his heart goes out to them and they will not be forgotten.
The White House today gave its view of the upcoming meeting between President Reagan and Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Iceland. And officials made it clear that the US intends to pursue a much
broader agenda than the Soviets are proposing. NPR's Jim Angle reports.
Larry Speakes emphasized today the US does not see the Iceland meeting as a discussion primarily
about arms control. 'That issue is important to both nations and the world, ' he said, 'and the US will be
diligent
in
its
efforts
to
seek
common
ground
that
could
be
the
basis
for
progress
in
arms
talks.'
Speakes
emphasized,
however,
that
the
US
agenda
will
be
broader
than
that,
even
though
Soviet
statements about the meeting have focused largely on arms control. Speakes says the US will raise all
the
issues
as
it
usually
does,
including
regional
conflicts
and
tensions
in
Afghanistan,
Africa,
the
Caribbean, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Speakes said that the US will also raise its concern
over
human
rights
issues.
Speakes'
statement
on
the
Iceland
meeting
today
sought
to
keep
expectation
to
its
minimum.
The
President's
goal,
he
said,
is
that
both
sides
gain
a
better
understanding of each other's position at this time and move forward toward a summit in the United
States.
But
Speakes
said
that
the
US
will
be
satisfied
with
the
meeting
if
we
accomplish
better
understanding. If no date is set for a summit in the US, he said, that could be done later. I'm Jim Angle
at the White House.
From Beirut today, the tired voices of two American hostages, a crudely made videotape of journalist
Terry
Anderson
and
American
University
employee
David
Jacobsen
was
released
this
morning
by
their captor, the Islamic Jihad. The two men read from texts that seemed to have been written by the
captors. They sounded bitter as they assailed what they called the Reagan Administration's refusal to
act
to
secure
their
release.
And
Anderson
confirmed
the
death
of
his
fellow
hostage,
American
diplomat, William Buckley. Islamic Jihad claims it murdered Buckley in October of last year, but no
conclusive proof of his death has ever been found. From Beirut, the BBC's Jim Muir reports.
Beirut Bureau Chief of the Associated Press, has been seen on video. He looked fit but thinner and
paler
than
when
he
was
abducted.
He
bitterly
accused
the
Reagan
Administration
of
ignoring
the
plight of the American hosetages in Beirut while surrendering to the Russians over the Daniloff case.
given ours? Do the American people know why we are in captivity? Why the marines and others were
killed in bombings at Beirut Airport and the Embassy building? Why they can't roam freely about the
Middle East but are always in danger? All this is the result of Reagan's policy, a policy against the
people of the Middle East. Our captivity is one part of the result of this policy. William Buckley's murder
and the killings of many, many others are another part. Your lack of freedom to travel is another result
of that policy. We are not surprised that Mr. Reagan is not paying attention to our case. More than four
hundred
Americans
have
been
killed
in
Beirut
without
causing
him
to
feel
any
responsibility
or
to
change that policy. We are surprised that the American government has put pressure on some of the
European
governments
not
to
negotiate
in
such
cases
as
ours
and
has
surrendered
itself
in
the
Daniloff case, releasing a Russian spy, Zakharov, who was working against our people. We are more
surprised that the American people still listen to what Reagan says. How long must we stay in captivity?
How
long
will
the
American
government
not
pay
attention?'
The
same
message
was
put
across
strongly
by
one
of
Mr.
Anderson's
fellow
captives,
Mr.
David
Jacobsen,
Director
of
the
American
University Hospital in Beirut, who was kidnapped in May last year. He said that the conditions of the
hostages were very bad and had worsened over the past two months. But he said the worst pain came
from
being
ignored
by
his
government.
The
Islamic
Jihad
is
demanding
the
release
of
a
group
of
Moslem
extremists
jailed
for
bomb
attacks
in
Kuwait.
But
both
Washington
and
Kuwait
itself
have
refused to negotiate over their release.
From Beirut, the BBC's Jim Muir.
Embo has been a controversial leader charged with mismanaging UNESCO while taking the agency
in an anti-Western direction. The Reagan Administration cited those reasons when pulling the US out
of UNESCO in 1984. Last year, the same charges were behind Britain and Singapore's decision to
withdraw. Those three defections forced UNESCO to cut its budget by thirty percent and intensified
the crisis around Embo's leadership. Jean Gerard, now US Ambassador to Luxembourg, is the former
US
delegate
to
UNESCO.
Gerard
recommended
the
US
withdraw,
because
she
felt
UNESCO's
programs were moving away from international cooperation toward confrontation.
for
example,
the
New
World
Information
Order,
where
in
their
documents
they
say
that
the
press should be an instrument of the state. Now this, of course, is totally contrary to our concept of a
free press. There are more and more programs which emphasize statist type of solutions to problems.
In
education,
for
example,
in
the
teacher- training
program
in
Afghanistan,
it's
run
solely
by
Soviet
teachers with a Soviet coordinator. So, in essence, we were paying for the indoctrination of the Afghan
people, which again is not my idea of what an international organization ought to be doing.
what
extent
do
you
think
Embo
is
responsible
for
the
directions
that
you
disproved
of
in
UNESCO?
think
some
of
them,
of
course,
were
already
there,
but
I
think
they
have
been
very
much
accentuated
under
his
tenure.
And
instead
of
taking
the
opportunity
to
reform
the
organization,
to
make it work more efficiently and in a more unbiased way, when we gave our notice of withdrawal,
there was a great clamor that there was no crisis and initially very little need for reform aside from
some cosmetic reform, and a general resentment of the idea.
leader?
management style, and, I think, he tended to take criticism personally. When we had discussions with
him about the budget, the Assistant Secretary of State and myself in 1983, since we pointed out that
his figures were very different from the figures that we had under discussion, he then said that the
United
States,
in
essence,
was
behaving
in
a
racist
manner,
that
we
had
deep
psychological
problems.
That
does
not
preclude,
of
course,
some
countries
from
urging
him
to
be
the
candidate,
and
the
Executive Board nominates the candidate to the general conference.
a third term. That includes the Nordics, who went and informed him of that a few months ago. That
includes Japan. And so if you call that pressure, there certainly were several countries that indicated
that they were not in favor of his having a third term.
UNESCO?
wouldn't
say
it
in
those
words
frankly.
I
think
it's
a
pity
he
didn't
take
the
opportunity
to
be
the
champion of reform. On the other hand, that's his decision.
management and in the programs. I think that's the kind of thing that would influence many people to
take
another
look
at
it.
From
Luxembourg,
Ambassador
Jean
Gerard,
former
US
delegate
to
UNESCO.
英语高级听力教程
Listen17
Two
of
the
American
hostages
being
held
in
Lebanon
appeared
in
a
videotape
released
today,
appealing
to
the
Reagan
Administration
to
work
as
hard
for
their
release
as
it
did
to
get
Nicholas
Daniloff out of the Soviet Union. Hostage David Jacobsen:
respect and the honorable treatment by the United States government? Don't we deserve the same
attention and protection that you gave Daniloff?
Hospital
in
Beirut,
has
been
held
for
sixteen
months.
Also
appearing
on
the
videotape
was
the
Associated
Press
correspondent
Terry
Anderson,
the
first
time
he's
been
seen
since
his
capture
eighteen months ago. Anderson and Jacobsen had said they were also speaking on behalf of hostage
Thomas Sutherland. And they spoke of the death of William Buckley whom Islamic Jihad has claimed
to have killed. Sutherland blamed President Reagan for Buckley's murder.
his first mistake in the hostage crisis and Buckley died. Mr. President, are you going to make another
mistake at the cost of our lives?
release. Speaking to reporters as he left for Camp David, Mr. Reagan said there has never been a day
that
the
administration
has
not
been
trying
every
channel.
But
he
said
there
was
no
comparison
between
the
case
of
Nicholas
Daniloff
and
the
hostages
in
Lebanon
he
was
held
by
a
government
and
we
don't
know
who's
holding
the
hostages.
Daniloff
himself
commented
on
the
hostages' appeal, saying his heart goes out to them and they will not be forgotten.
The White House today gave its view of the upcoming meeting between President Reagan and Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Iceland. And officials made it clear that the US intends to pursue a much
broader agenda than the Soviets are proposing. NPR's Jim Angle reports.
Larry Speakes emphasized today the US does not see the Iceland meeting as a discussion primarily
about arms control. 'That issue is important to both nations and the world, ' he said, 'and the US will be
diligent
in
its
efforts
to
seek
common
ground
that
could
be
the
basis
for
progress
in
arms
talks.'
Speakes
emphasized,
however,
that
the
US
agenda
will
be
broader
than
that,
even
though
Soviet
statements about the meeting have focused largely on arms control. Speakes says the US will raise all
the
issues
as
it
usually
does,
including
regional
conflicts
and
tensions
in
Afghanistan,
Africa,
the
Caribbean, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Speakes said that the US will also raise its concern
over
human
rights
issues.
Speakes'
statement
on
the
Iceland
meeting
today
sought
to
keep
expectation
to
its
minimum.
The
President's
goal,
he
said,
is
that
both
sides
gain
a
better
understanding of each other's position at this time and move forward toward a summit in the United
States.
But
Speakes
said
that
the
US
will
be
satisfied
with
the
meeting
if
we
accomplish
better
understanding. If no date is set for a summit in the US, he said, that could be done later. I'm Jim Angle
at the White House.
From Beirut today, the tired voices of two American hostages, a crudely made videotape of journalist
Terry
Anderson
and
American
University
employee
David
Jacobsen
was
released
this
morning
by
their captor, the Islamic Jihad. The two men read from texts that seemed to have been written by the
captors. They sounded bitter as they assailed what they called the Reagan Administration's refusal to
act
to
secure
their
release.
And
Anderson
confirmed
the
death
of
his
fellow
hostage,
American
diplomat, William Buckley. Islamic Jihad claims it murdered Buckley in October of last year, but no
conclusive proof of his death has ever been found. From Beirut, the BBC's Jim Muir reports.
Beirut Bureau Chief of the Associated Press, has been seen on video. He looked fit but thinner and
paler
than
when
he
was
abducted.
He
bitterly
accused
the
Reagan
Administration
of
ignoring
the
plight of the American hosetages in Beirut while surrendering to the Russians over the Daniloff case.
given ours? Do the American people know why we are in captivity? Why the marines and others were
killed in bombings at Beirut Airport and the Embassy building? Why they can't roam freely about the
Middle East but are always in danger? All this is the result of Reagan's policy, a policy against the
people of the Middle East. Our captivity is one part of the result of this policy. William Buckley's murder
and the killings of many, many others are another part. Your lack of freedom to travel is another result
of that policy. We are not surprised that Mr. Reagan is not paying attention to our case. More than four
hundred
Americans
have
been
killed
in
Beirut
without
causing
him
to
feel
any
responsibility
or
to
change that policy. We are surprised that the American government has put pressure on some of the
European
governments
not
to
negotiate
in
such
cases
as
ours
and
has
surrendered
itself
in
the
Daniloff case, releasing a Russian spy, Zakharov, who was working against our people. We are more
surprised that the American people still listen to what Reagan says. How long must we stay in captivity?
How
long
will
the
American
government
not
pay
attention?'
The
same
message
was
put
across
strongly
by
one
of
Mr.
Anderson's
fellow
captives,
Mr.
David
Jacobsen,
Director
of
the
American
University Hospital in Beirut, who was kidnapped in May last year. He said that the conditions of the
hostages were very bad and had worsened over the past two months. But he said the worst pain came
from
being
ignored
by
his
government.
The
Islamic
Jihad
is
demanding
the
release
of
a
group
of
Moslem
extremists
jailed
for
bomb
attacks
in
Kuwait.
But
both
Washington
and
Kuwait
itself
have
refused to negotiate over their release.
From Beirut, the BBC's Jim Muir.
Embo has been a controversial leader charged with mismanaging UNESCO while taking the agency
in an anti- Western direction. The Reagan Administration cited those reasons when pulling the US out
of UNESCO in 1984. Last year, the same charges were behind Britain and Singapore's decision to
withdraw. Those three defections forced UNESCO to cut its budget by thirty percent and intensified
the crisis around Embo's leadership. Jean Gerard, now US Ambassador to Luxembourg, is the former
US
delegate
to
UNESCO.
Gerard
recommended
the
US
withdraw,
because
she
felt
UNESCO's
programs were moving away from international cooperation toward confrontation.
for
example,
the
New
World
Information
Order,
where
in
their
documents
they
say
that
the
press should be an instrument of the state. Now this, of course, is totally contrary to our concept of a
free press. There are more and more programs which emphasize statist type of solutions to problems.
In
education,
for
example,
in
the
teacher- training
program
in
Afghanistan,
it's
run
solely
by
Soviet
teachers with a Soviet coordinator. So, in essence, we were paying for the indoctrination of the Afghan
people, which again is not my idea of what an international organization ought to be doing.
what
extent
do
you
think
Embo
is
responsible
for
the
directions
that
you
disproved
of
in
UNESCO?
think
some
of
them,
of
course,
were
already
there,
but
I
think
they
have
been
very
much
accentuated
under
his
tenure.
And
instead
of
taking
the
opportunity
to
reform
the
organization,
to
make it work more efficiently and in a more unbiased way, when we gave our notice of withdrawal,
there was a great clamor that there was no crisis and initially very little need for reform aside from
some cosmetic reform, and a general resentment of the idea.
leader?
management style, and, I think, he tended to take criticism personally. When we had discussions with
him about the budget, the Assistant Secretary of State and myself in 1983, since we pointed out that
his figures were very different from the figures that we had under discussion, he then said that the
United
States,
in
essence,
was
behaving
in
a
racist
manner,
that
we
had
deep
psychological
problems.
That
does
not
preclude,
of
course,
some
countries
from
urging
him
to
be
the
candidate,
and
the
Executive Board nominates the candidate to the general conference.
a third term. That includes the Nordics, who went and informed him of that a few months ago. That
includes Japan. And so if you call that pressure, there certainly were several countries that indicated
that they were not in favor of his having a third term.
UNESCO?
wouldn't
say
it
in
those
words
frankly.
I
think
it's
a
pity
he
didn't
take
the
opportunity
to
be
the
champion of reform. On the other hand, that's his decision.
management and in the programs. I think that's the kind of thing that would influence many people to
take
another
look
at
it.
From
Luxembourg,
Ambassador
Jean
Gerard,
former
US
delegate
to
UNESCO.
英语高级听力教程
Listen18
Much of the flood-plagued Midwest got more rain today. Flood waters have forced more than 2,000
families out of their homes. Illinois has suffered heavily with 4 deaths and $$ 30,000 damage blamed on
flooding. There are also reports that one man was killed today in Oklahoma when his car was swept
off a bridge. A partially-ruptured dam was in Wisconsin and remains standing but leaking, and officials
are fearful more rain could cause it to burst.
A French television cameramen reported kidnapped in Lebanon on Sunday has been freed according
to
the
French
Foreign
Ministry.
A
spokesman
says
Jean
Marc
Srucie
was
released
today
in
the
southern suburbs of Beirut and has returned to the Christian east sector of the city. No group claimed
responsibility for his kidnapping and the Foreign Ministry did not provide any details about his captivity
or his return.
President Reagan paid tribute today to former president Jimmy Carter during dedication ceremonies
for Mr. Carter's presidential library near Atlanta. President Reagan, who soundly defeated Carter in the
1980
election,
said
there
was
no
need
to
downplay
differences
between
the
two
men:
very
differences attest to the greatness of our nation, for I can think of no other country on earth where two
political leaders could disagree so widely, yet come together in mutual respect.
to say former President Carter graced the White House with his passion,
intellect and commitment.
The library was dedicated on Mr. Carter's sixty-second birthday. And President Reagan advised his
predecessor that life begins at seventy.
There
was
more
rain
in
the
Midwest
today,
where
several
states
are
facing
rising
flood
waters.
Thousands of people in Illinois and Wisconsin have been forced from their homes. And in Oklahoma,
the State National Guard was called upon to rescue stranded homeowners who had been cut off and
trapped.
In
northeastern
Illinois,
the
floods
follow
5
straight
days
of
heavy
rain.
Cheryl
Coralie
of
member station, WBEZ, reports that the governor of Illinois was on the scene with a promise for the
people:
governor,
James
Thompson,
tried
to
buoy
the
spirits
of
weary
residents,
alerting
them
that
much
coveted sandbags were on the way. Three northern and western counties near Chicago, hard hit by
storms, have seen the burgeoning Foy and Desplaines Rivers spill into their streets, their garages and,
ultimately, their homes.
Residents and authorities had been pinning their hopes on sandbagging. Public works trucks line up to
load
sand
onto
their
flatbeds.
The
US
Army
Corps
of
Engineers
with
state
officials
today
are
distributing a quarter million of the bags to communities stricken or threatened by ever expanding flood
waters. But for some residents, even the sandbags have failed.
And, within a matter of a minute, every wall came down, and I was standing in water this deep.
State
emergency
officials
say
the
state
could
suffer
$$
30,000,000
in
damages
and
what
is
one
of
Illinois' worst flooding disasters. Most residents have been trying to tough it out, but rescue worker,
Dave Besh, says that's changing:
getting hold of our trucks verbally because their phones are out, that want to be evacuated now and
they're trying to get the boats to get them out of there.
The
floods
have
driven
more
than
2,000
people
from
their
homes.
They
have
also
forced
road
closures
and
businesses
and
schools
to
shut
down.
In
Gurney,
Illinois,
the
elementary
school
classrooms sit under 5 feet of water and Gurney Deputy Fire Chief, Tim McGrath, says there's little
that can be done.
confining the river, of course, there's no controlling the river.
Today, Governor Thompson declared a number of additional community state disaster areas, setting
up the first step for Federal help. The rainy weather forecast is not of much comfort, and some weary
workers and homeowners say the only thing left to do now is wait until the flooding passes and put
everything back together again.
For National Public Radio, I'm Cheryl Coralie in Chicago.
Fast food restaurants have made some Americans rich. It's been more than 30 years since the first
McDonald's opened, and this nation's eating habits have been transformed by fast food. Today, we
spend over $$50,000,000,000 a year on Whopper's Big Macs and the Colonel's Fried Chicken. The key
is convenience. The ignored factor is nutrition. That's something Michael Jacobson cares about. He's
written a Fast Food Guide to tell consumers what's under the bun. As far as hamburgers go, Jacobson
says one chain's burger is as good nutritional as the next.
baconburger, mushroom burgers, and generally, when they start gussying up the hamburger with the
toppings, you're going to get more fat, more salt, and less nutritious product.
but rather whether you're getting the simple, naked burger, or the burger with all the fillings on it. That's
where a lot of the fat comes in.
fat,
or
you
can
get
then
triple
cheeseburger
with
15
teaspoons
of
fat,
and
that's
a
tremendous
difference. I think the message for hamburgers and many other fast foods is to keep it simple, keep it
small.
bought meat?
grade hamburger meat for most of the chains. You can get much leaner meat at the grocery store, or if
you get ground round. If you want red meat and you want to eat at a fast food restaurant, I recommend
going for the roast beef. All roast beef was leaner than all hamburger meat in the tests we conducted.
listed as having 2% fat whereas Arby's roast beef, 13%.
Roy Roger's. Also, Roy Roger's had real roast beef, whereas Arby's has kind of a composite roast
beef, where the beef is chipped and scrunched together with sodium phosphate and other chemicals.
another. What are chicken nuggets made out of?
chicken. Rather it's composite chicken made with ground-up chicken skin held together with sodium
phosphate
and
salt.
It's
a
relatively
fatty
product,
about
5
teaspoons
of
fat
for
a
small
order
of
McNuggets. The competition at, say, Burger King, which makes chicken tenders, uses real chicken.
And the fat content, partly because it doesn't have ground up chicken skin in it, is much lower, about 2
teaspoons for a small order of chicken tenders.
fat conscious, because it's a food low in fat. But once you get the chicken and you deep fry it, as they
do at all the fast food chains, is it still a nutritionally good food?
outside.
If
you're
getting
fried
chicken,
you
ought
to
take
off
the
skin,
take
off
the
breading.
That's
where most of the fat, most of the sodium are. So you can turn kind of a mediocre product into really
quite a nutritious product.
what would you tell them?
chicken, and that lean roast beef. It is possible to offer nutritious tasty foods at a fast food restaurant,
and I hope that the chains are moving in the right direction with the proliferation of salad, salad bars,
and the like.
In Washington, Michael Jacobson, Director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest
英语高级听力教程
Listen19
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze said today that some Soviet troops will begin pulling
out of Afghanistan within a few days. The remarks came during a news conference held in Ottawa.
Shevardnadze
told
reporters,
would
like
to
see
our
boys
back
home
as
soon
as
possible.
Shevardnadze is now in Mexico where he will meet with top government officials over the weekend.
The next space shuttle mission is planned for lift-off on February 18th, 1988. Today NASA announced
its
schedule
of
launches
for
the
next
7
years.
NPR's
Daniel
Zwerding
reports:
new
launch
schedule
is
pretty
much
what
NASA's
been
predicting
since
shortly
after
the
challenger
exploded,
NASA administrator James Fletcher said the agency will shoot for only five shuttle launches the first
year, 1988, and that's less than half the number that NASA had been planning for this year until the
accident happened. Fletcher said NASA will slowly work its way up to 16 launches a year in the early
1990s. And as administration officials have been predicting, those shuttles will carry a much different
mix of cargoes than the shuttles of the past. For at least the first three years, military projects will fill
more than half the flight. The Pentagon is way behind launching secret Star Wars tests and military
communication satellites. NASA space exploration projects will get next priority, such as the Galileo
and Ulysses satellites to study Jupiter and the sun. And commercial business satellites, which were
originally supposed to be the financial backbone of the shuttle program, will get only a small fraction of
the space in the shuttle cargo bays. I'm Daniel Zwerdling in Washington.
There
are
reports
today
that
John
Zaccaro,
husband
of
former
presidential
candidate,
Geraldine
Ferarro,
has
been
indicted
by
a
local
grand
jury
in
Queens,
New
York.
The
Associated
Press
and
United
Press
International
quote
a
source
close
to
a
criminal
investigation
of
Zaccaro,
saying
the
indictment is the result of a probe of bribery allegations in the awarding of cable television contracts.
The
grand
jury
has
been
investigating
the
activities
of
Zaccaro and
Michael Nussbaum,
Campaign
Manager of the late Queens Borough President, Donald Mannis.
If you want to watch the next space shuttle take-off, mark your calendar for February 18th, 1988. That
is
according
to
NASA's
official
new
7-year
space
shuttle
schedule
announced
today.
NPR's
Daniel
Zwerdling reports:
the
first
year,
1988,
the
agency
plans
to
launch
only
5
shuttles,
less
than
half
the
number
they'd
been
planning
to
launch
this
year
until
the
Challenger
accident
happened.
In
1989,
they'll
launch 10 shuttles, and then slowly work their way up to 16 flights a year in the early '90s. By then, the
Agency officials said today, they'll have built the new 4th safer shuttle although they don't know yet
exactly
where
they'll
get
the
money
and
they'll
start
building
a
permanent
space
station.
The
new
shuttle
program
looks
a
lot
more
sober
than
the
previous
one
did.
said
NASA
administrator
James
Fletcher,
are
no
specific
plans
to
send
up
another
teacher
or
journalist.
Until
the
Challenger exploded, of course, NASA was holding a widely publicized competition to send a reporter
into space.
that yes, in time, civilians will be flying again back in space, but certainly not in the first year. I think we
want to get our act together first before we start taking a risk of that sort. And as administrative officials
have
been
predicting, the
shuttles
will carry
a
much
different
mix
of
cargoes
than
NASA
had been
planning until the accident. The military will be much more prominent than ever before. For at least the
first two years, the Pentagon will fill more than half the shuttle flights with secret Star Wars tests and
military communication satellites. NASA space exploration projects will get next priority, such as the
Hubble Telescope, which will see closer to the edges of the universe than any telescope in the past.
As for commercial business satellites, which were originally supposed to be the financial backbone of
the program, most of them will be bumped for lack of space. Under President Reagan's orders, all
commercial
space
cargo
launched
in
the
US
will
eventually
have
to
fly
on
private
industries'
own
rockets. I'm Daniel Zwerdling in Washington.
Forbes magazine yesterday published its annual list of the 400 wealthiest people in America. Sam
Moore Walton, founder of the Wal-Mart Department Store chain heads the list for the second year in a
row with a total worth of 4.5 billion dollars. Other familiar names on the list include chicken producer
Frank Perdue; fashion designer Ralph Lauren, and TV producers Merv Griffin and Dick Clark, each
worth more than the minimum $$180,000,000 needed to get on the list. That minimum figure was up
from 150,000,000 last year. Also the number of billionaires jumped from 14 to 26. We asked Forbes'
Editor Harry Seneker to help us interpret those figures.
homework each year. It's quite a lot of work to refine your estimates of what people's assets are worth
when they are not very eager to co-operate with you. And each year we get a little better. Each year
we find a few new ones that we'd missed before.
would be interested in it and insisted on us doing it and doing it right.
You want to negotiate that figure, or your heirs do.
there
any
commonality
to
how
these
people
have
achieved
such
wealth?
Did
they
earn
it
the
old-fashioned way?
at
some
point,
everybody,
every
fortune
had
to
be
earned
the
old-fashioned
way.
And
the
old-fashioned way is, you set up a business that can be multiplied indefinitely beyond the limitations of
your own personal efforts. It can be an oil business, like John D. Rockefeller did with the Standard Oil
Trust.
It
could
be,
you
know,
an
organization
that
can
produce
dozens
of
game
shows
like
Merv
Griffin.
mostly inherited fortunes?
find
a
branch
of
an
old
family
that
we
really
should
have
included.
And
this
year
we
found
a
few
Melons out there in Pittsburgh.
of
those.
His
name
is
Michael
Carrier.
But,
you
know,
he
goes
back
to
the
Melons
on
his
mother's side.
the
order
of
a
couple
of
hundred
million
dollars.
You
should
understand
with
people
like
the
Melons,
it
is
enormously
hard
to
get
a
sense
of
just
how
much
is
out
there. We
think
we're
being
conservative with that figure.
has some radio stations and real estate out there. The lady is ninety-four.
writes in and says, 'You missed me.' He's usually exaggerating.
Harry Seneker, Senior Editor of Forbes magazine.
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The Pentagon today called on the highly publicized withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan a
sham. Moscow announced earlier this month that it would complete the withdrawal of 6,000 men from
Afghanistan
by
the
end
of
October.
NPR's
Allen
Burlow
has
the
story.
head
of
the
Defense
Intelligence Agency, Lieutenant General Leonard Perutz said the Pentagon has developed clear and
convincing
evidence
that
the
Soviet
troop
withdrawals
are
a
deception.
Perutz
said
the
Soviets
deliberately inserted additional tank and rifle regiments into Afghanistan for no reason other than to
withdraw
them.
'What
the
Soviets
have
done
is
to
remove
some
unneeded
units
and
to
substitute
others, so that the number of military useful troops in Afghanistan is basically unchanged.' Perutz said
half of the Soviet units withdrawn were for air defense. Since the Afghani Mujahidin rebels have no air
force, Perutz said, the Soviet withdrawals have no military significance. Perutz said the withdrawals
were designed to enhance General Secretary Gorbachev's image at home and abroad. He said about
116,000 Soviet troops remain in Afghanistan. I'm Allen Burlow in Washington.
South African's black miners have observed a one-day strike to mourn the death of one hundred and
seventy-seven of their co-workers killed in a fire at the Kinross gold mine last month. Workers in other
industries
also
participated
in
the
symbolic
action.
Nigel
Rench
reports
from
Johannesburg.
than a quarter of a million black miners were on strike to protest their colleagues' deaths, about half
the
country's
total
of
600,000
gold
and
coal
miners,
costing
the
mining
industry
an
estimated
$$4,000,000. The stay-away was total at the Kinross gold mine where last month's disaster occurred.
Black miners stayed inside their barrack-like hostels. Reporters were barred from the mine. In central
Johannesburg, a protest meeting was held by the Black National Union of Mineworkers which called
the
strike
action.
A
union
spokesman
said
miners
had
gathered
not
to
mourn,
but
to
commit
themselves
to
liberation
from
apartheid
and
economic
exploitation.
White
church
leader,
Bayers
Nordea, told the crowd, 'The accident at Kinross need never have occurred, and the one hundred and
seventy-seven
men
need
not
have
died.'
For
National
Public
Radio,
this
is
Nigel
Rench
in
Johannesburg.
The
King
of
Saudi
Arabia
has
removed
Sheik
Ahmed
Zaki
Yamani
as
Saudi
Arabia's
Oil
Minister.
Yamani had held the job for twenty-four years. Although it's been rumored for a few years that Yamani
was out of favor with the King, his firing shocked the oil market. Yamani's replacement, Hicham Niza,
is Saudi Arabia's Planning Minister. NPR's Barbara Mantell has details.
on the mercantile exchange said they had no idea that Yamani was about to be fired, but they took it
as a sign that world oil prices would start to rise. Yamani had been leading OPEC in a price war over
the past ten months. Saudi Arabia, the largest producer in the cartel, had raised its production and
created
an
oil
glut.
That
lowered
the
price
of
oil
by
50%.
Analysts
say
Saudi
Arabia's
King
Fahd's
supposedly had enough of the price war and of Yamani. King Fahd has said that he would like to see
the price of oil rise to about $$18 a barrel. And at noon today, New York time, when Saudi Arabia's new
Oil Minister called for an emergency OPEC meeting, traders at the mercantile exchange frantically bid
up oil prices. They were betting that King Fahd and his new Minister were going to try to set a new
policy of higher prices in motion. I'm Barbara Mantell in New York.
Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani is generally regarded as the mastermind behind the Arab oil strategy of the
1970s. The man who introduced the word
about
one
of
the
most
dramatic
shifts
of
international
economic and
political
power
in
this
century.
NPR's Elizabeth Coulton has a report:
Yamani was appointed to the post of Saudi Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources in 1962, and
it was then he began leading the campaign to wrest control of Arab oil resources from foreign- owned
companies. He was only thirty-two years old when he took over his country's oil ministry. But he was
then among the few Saudis to have had higher western education, including, in his case, legal training
at Harvard. Although Yamani was only a commoner in the Kingdom, some members of the royal family
had begun to recognize the contribution such a technocrat could make to the Saudi government. Then
crown prince Faisal, later the King, championed young Yamani and gave him a clear mandate to do
whatever
necessary
to
keep
his
country's
oil
benefits
home
in
Saudi
Arabia.
A
natural
diplomat,
Yamani
quickly
became
the
unproclaimed
leader
of
the
Organization
of
Arab
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
as
well
as
the
global cartel,
OPEC.
In
November and December of 1973,
Sheik Yamani
toured western capitals to explain OPEC's radical policies, including why oil prices were going to go up
by 70%.
His
announcement
shocked
the
world
and
his
name
became
an
international
household
word.
In
London, one journalist wrote at the time that Sheik Yamani of Saudi Arabia was the most formidable
eastern emissary to arrive in Europe since the Tartars swept into Russia or the Muslim hordes reached
the walls of Vienna in the Middle Ages. In 1975, Yamani was the target when terrorists seized OPEC
headquarters
in
Vienna
and
took
the
ministers hostage
for several days.
Ever since,
then,
Yamani
surrounded himself with tough British bodyguards, and he kept his movements secret. Whenever he
was seen abroad, he appeared as a superstar with his entourage.
At
home,
in
the
royal
kingdom
however,
his
position
was
somewhat
different.
He
remained
a
commoner and, consequently, always an outsider, useful to the monarchy only as a technocrat who
could manage Saudi wealth for the true owners, the royal family. Sometimes, at OPEC meetings, he
would have to fly back home to consult with the King before proceeding with negotiations. At such
times, ministers from revolutionary member states, like Iran, would criticize Yamani for being only a
lackey with no power to make decisions on his own. At the same time, many observers believe that
Yamani's ouster yesterday was caused by King Fahd's irritation with Yamani's power base outside the
kingdom. OPEC specialist, Yousef Ibrahim of the Wall Street Journal , say Yamani got caught between
demands.
Yamani
is
also
said
to
be
an
extremely
sensitive
and
religious
man.
He
has
been
concerned
that
peoples of the world should try to understand each other. For example, in a conversation once with
this reporter, Sheik Yamani said he believed all world leaders, like himself, should have at least an
introductory course in social anthropology in order to be tolerant of other cultures. The cosmopolitan
Sheik
Yamani
will
be
remembered
as
not
only
a
wizard
of
oil
economics,
but
perhaps
more
as
a
leading
diplomat
who
brought
the
Arab
world
into
the
fore
again,
and
changed
the
course
of
late
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