hinting去年英译汉范围

2021年1月22日发(作者：奥蒂戈萨)
Text1
:

From Competence to Commitment

Ernest Boyer
1.

Today's students
have ambiguous
feelings about their role
in the world.
They are
devoting
their energies to
what seems
most
real to
them:
the pursuit of
security,
the accumulation of
material
goods.
They
are struggling
to establish themselves,
but
the
young
people
also
admitted
to
confusion:
Where
should
they
put
their
faith in this uncertain age? Undergraduates are searching for identity and meaning
and,
like the rest of
us,
they are torn by
idealism of service on the one
hand, and
on
the
other
hand,
the
temptation
to
retreat
into
a
world
that
never
rises
above
self-interests.

2.

In the end, the quality of the
undergraduate experience
is to be
measured by
the
willingness of
graduates to be
socially
and civically
engaged.
Reinhold Niebuhr
once
wrote,

cannot
behold
except
he
be
committed

He
cannot
find
himself
without
finding
a
center
beyond
himself.
The
idealism
of
the
undergraduate
experience
must
reflect
itself
in
loyalties
that
transcend
self.
Is
it
too
much
to
expect
that,
even
in
this
hard-edged,
competitive
age,
a
college
graduate will
live
with
integrity, civility - even compassion? Is
it appropriate to
hope
that the
lessons
learned
in a
liberal
education will reveal
themselves
in
the
humaneness of the graduate's relationship with others?

3.

Clearly, the college graduate has civic obligations to
fulfill.
There
is
urgent
need
in
American
teaching
to
help
close
the
dangerous
and
growing
gap
between
public
policy
and
public
understanding.
The
information
required
to
think
constructively
about
the
agendas
of
government
seems
increasingly
beyond
our
grasp.
It
is
no
longer
possible,
many
argue,
to
resolve
complex
public
issues
through
citizen
participation.
How,
they
ask,
can
non-specialists
debate
policy
choices of consequence when they do not even know the language?

4.

Should
the
use
of
nuclear
energy
be
expanded
or
cut
back?
Can
an
adequate
supply
of
water
be
assured?
How
can
the
arms
race
be
brought
under
control?
What
is
a
safe
level
of
atmospheric
pollution?
Even
the
semi- metaphysical
questions
of
when
a
human
life
begins
and
ends
have
items
on
the
political
agenda.

5.

Citizens
have
tried
with
similar
bafflement
to
follow
the
debate
over
Star
Wars
with
its
highly technical jargon of deterrence and counter- deterrence.
Even what
once
seemed
to
be
reasonably
local
matters
—
zoning
regulations,
school
desegregation, drainage problems, public transportation
issues,
licensing requests
from
competing
cable
television
companies
—
call
for
specialists
who
debate
technicalities
and
frequently
confuse
rather
than
clarify
the
issues.
And
yet
the
very complexity of public life requires more
，
not less, information; more, not less,
participation.

6.

For
those
who
care
about
government
“by
the
people”
，
the
decline
in
public
understanding
cannot
go
unchallenged.
In
a
world
where
human
survival
is
at
stake
,
ignorance
is
not
an
acceptable
alternative.
The
full
control
of
policy
by
specialists with
limited perspective
is
not tolerable.
Unless we find better ways to
educate
ourselves
as
citizens,
unless
hard
questions
are
asked
and
satisfactory
answers are offered,
we
run risk of
making critical decisions, not on the basis of
what
we know, but on
the basis of
blind
faith

in one or another set of professed
experts.

7.

What
we
need
today
are
groups
of
well-informed,
caring
individuals
who
band
together
in
the
spirit
of
community
to
learn
from
one
another,
to
participate,
as
citizens, in the democratic process.

8.

We need concerned people who are participants
in
inquiry,
who know how to ask
the right questions, who understand the process by which public policy is shaped
,
and
are
prepared
to
make
informed,
discriminating
judgments
on
questions
that
affect
the
future.
Obviously,
no
one
institution
in
society
can
single-handedly
provides
the
leadership we
require. But we
are convinced that the
undergraduate
college,
perhaps
more
than
any
other
institutions,
is
obliged
to
provide
the
enlightened leadership our nation urgently requires if government by the people is
to endure.

9.

To
fulfill
this
urgent obligation,
the perspective
needed
is
not only
national, but
also
global.
Today's
students
must
be
informed
about
people
and
cultures
other
than
their
own.
Since
man
has
orbited
into
space,
it
has
become
dramatically
apparent that we are all custodians of a single planet. In the past half century, our
planet has become vastly
more crowded, more interdependent, and more unstable.

If students do not see beyond themselves and better
understand their place
in our
complex world, their capacity to live responsibly will be dangerously diminished.
10.

The
world
may
not
yet
be
a
village,
but
surely
our
sense
of
neighborhood
must
expand.
When
drought
ravages
the
Sahara,
when
war
in
Indo-China
creates
refugees,
neither our compassion
nor our analytic
intelligence can be bounded by
a dotted
line on a political
map. We are beginning
to
understand that
hunger and
human rights affect alliances as decisively as
weapons and
treaties.
Dwarfing all
other
concerns,
the
mushroom
cloud
hangs
ominously
over
our
world
consciousness.
These
realities
and
the
obligations
they
impose
must
be
understood by every student.

11.

But
during
our
study
we
found
on
campus
a
disturbing
lack
of
knowledge
and
even at times a climate of
indifference about our
world.
Refugees
flow
from one
country to another, but
too
few students can point to
these
great
migrations on a
map or talk about the
famines,
wars, or poverty that caused them. Philosophers,
statesmen,
inventors and artists
from around the
world enrich our
lives, but such
individuals and their contributions are largely unknown or unremembered.

12.

While
some
students
have
a
global
perspective,
the
vast
majority,
although
vaguely concerned, are
inadequately
informed about
the
interdependent
world
in
which they live.

13.

University of Notre Dame campus minister William Toohey wrote recently,
trouble
with
many colleagues
is
that they
indulge the
nesting
instinct by building
protected little communities inside their great walls.

14.

One
point
emerges
with
stark
clarity
from
all
we
have
said:
Our
world
has
undergone
immense
transformations.
It
has
become
a
more
crowded,
more
interconnected,
more
unstable
place.
A
new
generation
of
Americans
must
be
educated
for
life
in this
increasingly
complex world. If the
undergraduate college
cannot
help
students
see
beyond
themselves
and
better
understand
the
interdependent
nature
of
our
world,
each
new
generation
will
remain
ignorant,
and
its
capacity
to
live
confidently
and
responsibly
will
be
dangerously
diminished.

15.

Throughout
our
study
we
were
impressed
that
what
today's
college
is
teaching
most
successfully
is
competence
---
competence
in
meeting
schedules,
in
gathering
information,
in
responding
well
on
tests,
in
mastering
the
details
of
a
special
field.
Today
the
capacity
to
deal
successfully
with
discrete
problems
is
highly
prized.
And
when
we
asked
students
about
their
education,
they,
almost
without
exception,
spoke
about
the
credits
they
had
earned
or
the
courses
they
still needed to complete.

16.

But
technical
skill, of
whatever kind,
leaves open
essential questions:
Education
for what purpose? Competence to what end? At a time in life when values should
be shaped and personal priorities sharply probed, what a tragedy it would be if the
most deeply
felt
issues,
the
most
haunting questions,
the
most
creative
moments
were pushed to the fringes of our institutional life. What a monumental mistake it
would be if students, during the undergraduate years, remained trapped within the
organizational
grooves
and
narrow
routines
to
which
the
academic
world
sometimes seems excessively devoted.

17.

Students come to campus at a time of high expectancy. And yet, all too often they
become
enmeshed
in
routines
that
are
deadening
and
distracting.
As
we
talked
with
teachers and students,
we often had the
uncomfortable
feeling
that
the
most
vital issues of life ---
the nature of society, the roots of social injustice indeed the
very prospects for human survival
--- are the ones
with which the
undergraduate
college is least equipped to deal.

18.

The
outcomes
of
collegiate
education
should
be
measured
by
the
student's
performance
in
the
classroom
as
he
or
she
becomes
proficient
in
the
use
of
knowledge, acquires a solid basic education, and becomes competent in a specific
filed. Further, the impact of the undergraduate experience is to be assessed by the
performance of the graduate in the workplace and further education.

19.

But
in the end, students
must be
inspired by a
larger vision,
using the knowledge
they
have
acquired
to
discover
patterns,
form
values,
and
advance
the
common
good.
The
undergraduate
experience
at
its
best
will
move
the
student
from
competence to commitment.

20.

A
recent
college
graduate
wrote
about
the
commitments
of
young
people
and
their future, She asks:
commit
ourselves

to
other
people,
much
less

to
a
set
of
abstract
values?
What
kinds
of
politicians
will
we
elect
if
self-interest
is
our
highest
value,
humanity
an
inoperative commodity?

21.

When all
is said
and done, the college should encourage each student to develop

the capacity to judge wisely
in
matters of
life and conduct.
Time
must be
taken
for
exploring
ambiguities
and
reflecting
on
the
imponderables
of
life
-
in
classrooms, in the rathskellers, and in bull sessions late at night. The goal is not to
indoctrinate
students,
but
to
set
them
free
in
the
world
of
ideas
and
provide
a
climate
in
which
ethical
and
moral
choices
can
be
thoughtfully
examined,
and
convictions formed.

22.

This
imperative
does
not
replace
the
need
for
rigorous
study
in
the
disciplines,
but
neither
must
specialization
become
an
excuse
to
suspend
judgment
or
diminish the search for purposeful life objectives.

23.

We
are
keenly
aware
of
the
limited
impact
(that)
people
and
their
institutions
seem to
make these days on the events of our time. But our abiding
hope
is that,
with determination and effort, the undergraduate college can make a difference in
the
intellectual
and
personal
lives
of
its
graduates,
in
the
social
and
civic
responsibilities
they
are
willing
to
assume,
and
ultimately
in
their
world
perspective. These intangibles, which reveal themselves in ways that are very real,
are
the
characteristics
by
which,
ultimately,
the
quality
of
the
undergraduate
experience much be measured.

Unit 3

An American Love Affair
II. Translation from
English to Chinese
.


1.

Prior to the Great Depression he had been a Stutz man. But like
thousands of other upward and mobile citizens, he faced a severe
adjustment in his automotive tastes because of that tragic shift in
the economy.
2.

This
is
a
love
affair
that
annoys
environmentalists,
safety
advocates
and
social
engineers
who
believe
that
the
path
to
paradise is overlaid with the shining rails of mass transit.
3.

The
mobility
represented
first
by
the
railroad,
then
the
automobile, has traditionally unsettled the privileged classes.
4.

While
the
automobile
is
surely
guilty
of
many
sins,
its
critics
choose
to
ignore
that
it
has
been
the great
liberator
,
permitting
monumental population shifts, city to suburb, east to west, south
to
north
and,
more
recently,
north
back
to
south,
as
millions
of
citizens sought improved economic opportunities.
5.

But the fact remains that drivers by the millions are unwilling to
forgo the freedom of movement (although sometimes slow) for the
podlike constriction of mass transit.
6.

It offers such freedom that, short of a total redesign of the nation's
cities and the completely banning of autos from vast areas of the
nation,
the
automobile
will
remain
integral
to
modern
life.
It
might
be
that even
if every
last
mile of
pavement were
torn
up,
every last parking garage leveled, every last service station closed,
the
automobile
would
change
into
a
more
adaptable
form
and
continue as the essential provider of individual transport.
7.

Now
that
the
genie
is
out
of
the
bottle,
the
challenge
is
to
housebreak it as much as possible, to integrate it into a population
that grows by the year
, spreading across the landscape.
8.

How
best
to
integrate
it
into
a
global
ecosystem
with
finite
resources is a question that may not be easy to solve, but the first
step might be to acknowledge that like it or hate it, the automobile
is here to stay.
Unit
4

The
No-child
Family:
Going
Against

100,000
Years
of
Biology
III. Translation from
English to Chinese
:

1. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of
wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled
and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled.

2.
The
Pecks
insist
neither
they
nor
the
organization
is
against
parenthood, just against the social pressures that push people into
parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.

3. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam
for
hours
on
their
home
to
their
five
kids
but
can't
make
the
association between the children and the traffic jam.

4.
A family therapist described the decision not to have children as ―a
basic
instinctual res
ponse to the world situation today,‖ implying
that something like the herd instinct in animals was operating as a
response
to
the
dangers
of
over-population,
crowding,
pollution
and nuclear war
, causing women to feel a reluctance to reproduce
and leading them to seek new ways of realizing themselves outside
of family life.

5.
More
than
one
psychiatrist
suggested
that
those
who
want
to
remain childless are narcissistic
–
making a virtue out of necessity
by
rationalizing
their
inner
conflict
about
giving
care
vs.
being
taken care of.



6.
There
seem
to
be
so
many
other
opportunities
for
women
to
express themselves creatively and family life requires them to give
up
so
many
things
that
the
emphasis
on
family
of
the
world,
doesn't really ring a bell
with many young people.‖



7.
The
more
people
continue
to
ask
themselves
such
questions
as
whether or not they really want to raise a family before they begin
to
do so,
the
fewer
unhappy
parents and
troubled children
there
will be.
Unit Seven: The Virtues of Ambition
Joseph Epstein
1.
Ambition is one of those Rorschach words: define it (ambition)and
you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself. Even that most neutral of
works, Webster's, in its seventh New Collegiate Edition, gives itself away,
defining ambition fi
rst and foremost as “an ardent desire for rank, fame,
or power.
good sense and stability, and rank, fame, and power have come under
fairly heavy attack for at least a century. One can, after all, be ambitious
for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment
of mankind, though there are some who say that these are precisely the
ambitious people most to be distrusted.
2.
Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory, of wealth, of love, of
distinction, of accomplishment, of pleasure, of goodness. What life does
with our dreams and expectations cannot, of course, be predicted. Some
dreams, begun in selflessness, end in rancor; other dreams, begun in
selfishness, end in large-heartedness. The unpredictability of the outcome
of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming.
3.
To be sure, ambition, the sheer thing unalloyed by some larger
purpose than merely clambering up, is never a pretty prospect to ponder.
As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to
ambition--given it a bad name. Like a taste for alcohol, too, ambition
does not always allow for easy satiation. Some people cannot handle it; it
has brought grief to others, and not merely the ambitious alone. Still,
none of this seems a sufficient cause for driving ambition under the
counter.
4.
What is the worst that can be said---that has been said--about
ambition? Here is a (surely) partial list: To begin with, it, ambition, is
often antisocial, and indeed is now outmoded, belonging to an age when
individualism was more valued and useful than it is today. The person
strongly imbued with ambition ignores the collectivity; socially detached,
he is on his own and out for his own. Individuality and ambition are
firmly linked. The ambitious individual, far from identifying himself and
his fortunes with the group, wishes to rise above it. The ambitious man or
woman sees the world as a battle; rivalrousness is his or her principal
emotion: the world has limited prizes to offer, and he or she is determined
to get his or hers. Ambition is, moreover, jesuitical; it can argue those
possessed by it into believing that what they want for themselves is good
for everyone --that the satisfaction of their own desires is best for the
commonweal. The truly ambitious believe that it is a dog-eat-dog world,
and they are distinguished by wanting to be the dogs that do the eating.
5.
From here it is but a short hop to believe that those who have
achieved the common goals of ambition--money, fame, power--have
achieved them through corruption of a greater or lesser degree, mostly a
greater. Thus all politicians in high places, thought to be ambitious, are
understood to be, ipso facto, without moral scruples. How could they
have such scruples--a weighty burden in a high climb--and still have risen
as they have?
6.
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition--wealth,
distinction, control over one's destiny--must be considered worthy of the
sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to
have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be esteemed
by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among
them. The educated not least because, nowadays more than ever before, it
is they who have usurped the platforms of public discussion and wield the
power of the spoken and written word in newspapers, in magazines, on
television. In an odd way, it is the educated who have claimed to have
given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps
most benefited from ambition--if not always their own then that of their
parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this; a
case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped--with the
educated themselves astride them.
7.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its
accoutrements now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel,
BMWs--the locations place names and name brands may change, but
such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years
ago. What has happened is that people cannot own up to their dreams, as
easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing,
acquisitive, vulgar. Instead we are treated to fine pharisaical spectacles,
which now more than ever seem in ample supply: The revolutionary
lawyer quartered in the $$250,000 Manhattan luxurious apartment; the
critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the
publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;
the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life,
whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and
many more perhaps not so egregious, the proper formulation is,
at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.
8.
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its
public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely
unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a
quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, is probably lower than
it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is
at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and prompting, but only
that, no longer openly honored, it is less often openly professed.
Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that
ambition is driven underground, or made sly, or perverse. It can also be
forced into vulgarity, as witness the blatant pratings of its contemporary
promoters. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics,
on the right obtuse supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of
earnest people trying to get on in life.
9.
Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it
represents something intractable in human nature. Thus John Dean
entitled his book about his involvement in the Watergate affair during the
Nixon administration blind Ambition as if ambition were to blame for his
ignoble actions, and not the constellation of qualities that make up his
rather shabby character. Ambition, it must once again be underscored, is
morally a two-sided street. Place next to John Dean Andrew Carnegie,
who, among other philanthropic acts, bought the library of Lord Acton, at
a time when Acton was in financial distress, and assigned its
custodianship to Acton, who never was told who his benefactor was.
Need much more be said on the subject than that, important though
ambition is, there are some things that one must not sacrifice to it?
10. But going at things the other way, sacrificing ambition so as to guard
against its potential excesses, is to go at things wrongly. To discourage
ambition is to discourage dreams of grandeur and greatness. All men and
women are born, live, suffer, and die; what distinguishes us one from
another is our dreams, whether they be dreams about worldly or
unworldly things, and what we do to make them come about.
11. It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is the linchpin of
society, holding many of its disparate elements together, but it is not an
exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of
society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about
desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social,
of a kind society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately
connected with family, for men and women not only work partly for their
families; husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but
harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children. Yet to have
a family nowadays--with birth control readily available, and inflation a
good economic argument against having children --is nearly an expression
of ambition in itself. Finally, though ambition was once the domain
chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times,
increasingly become the domain of the middle classes. Ambition and
futurity--a sense of building for tomorrow-- are inextricable. Working,
saving, planning-- these, the daily aspects of ambition--have always been
the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against
ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it
stands for. Like it or not, the middle class has done much of society's
work in America; and it, the middle class, has from the beginning run on
ambition.
12. It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition. It would
probably be a kinder world: without demands, without abrasions, without
disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such work as
they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity. Competition
would never enter in. Conflict would be eliminated, tension become a
thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. Art would no
longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions. The family
would become superfluous as a social unit with all its former power for