地上衡公共事业管理专业英语

2021年1月22日发(作者：熨怎么读)
Backgrounds for Controls over Administration
行政管理的背景

Necessity of Control
控制的必要性

The action of the administration, whose forms and methods have just been described, is so
important that it is impossible in any country possessing constitutional government to allow every
administrative
officer
a
perfectly
free
hand
in
the
discharge
of
his
duties.
The
public
is
so
dependent upon the action of administrative officers that it is of the utmost
（最大的）

importance
that
their
action
shall
be efficient
and harmonious
．
The
officers
of
the
administration
attend
to
many things which it is impossible for individuals to attend to at all
．
If they do not perform their
duties, or perform them unwisely or inefficiently,it will necessarily follow that these things will
not be done at all or will be done in such a way that the result of administrative action will be of
little value
．

Some means must be provided also which shall insure harmony in administrative
action where uniformity of treatment of a given subject throughout the state is necessary
．

行政管理行为，
它的形式和前边已经描述过了，十分重要以致于任何国家的本质控权的
政府允许所有行政人员拥有充分自由去履行他的职责。公众如 此依赖行政人员的行政行为，
提供的效率和和谐，
以致成为最关键的地方。
行政人员参 与许多个人无法参与的职责。
如果
行政人员履行其职责不够理性，
或者不够高效，这样将会导致这些事情无法完成或者就算完
成了行政行为都仅发挥了一点作用而已。
因此，
有必要提供一些方法来保证行政行为有效和
和谐。

Individuals further are so at the mercy of administrative officers, who have behind them the
entire
power
of
the
state,that
some
protection
must
be
offered
against
the
violation
of
private
rights
．
The
administration
is
often
thrown
into
relations
with
individual
citizens
which
must
necessarily be hostile
．
It demands of them sacrifices which they regard as unreasonable or as not
justified by the law of the land
．
Nearly all the expressions of the will of the state which are to be
carried out in their details and executed by the administration cause a conflict at times between the
conception by the administration of what the public welfare demands and the conception by the
individual
of
the
sphere
of
private
rights
guaranteed
to
him
by
the
law
．
If
the
officers
of
the
administration
had,
in
all
such
cases,
uncontrolled
discretion,
it
is
to
be
feared
that
individual
rights would be violated
．
Of course it is the purpose of all administrative legislation to lessen as
far as possible the realm
（领域）

of administrative discretion and to fix limits within which the
administration
must
move
．
But
it
is
impossible
to
do
this
with
such
precision
as effectively
to
protect private rights
．
The discretion of administrative officers cannot be taken away by legislation
without
causing
their
usefulness
seriously
to
be
impaired
．
Large
discretion
must
be
given
to
administrative
officers
by
the
legislative
authority,
so
large
that
some
means
of
controlling
the
administration must be devised
（设计）
if private rights are to be guaranteed inviolate
．

个人进一步的发展，
是在那些拥有权力的行政人员控 制之中的，
因此应该采取相应的保
护措施来保障个人的权利。
行政管理与公民之间经常 陷入一种必然会敌对的状态。
行政管理
要求公民个人他们舍弃那些行政管理者认为不合理或者不 合国家法律的行为。
几乎所有国家
都会在有关行政细节和执行意愿的表达在满足公共利益需求的 行政观念和保障法定个人权
利的行政理念之间引起冲突矛盾。
如果行政人员遇到这样的事件，< br>在没有控制的行政自由裁
量权下，
个人的合法权利难以保障。
当然，
所 有的行政立法的目的都是尽可能的缩小行政自
由裁量权的领域和修复一些必须移除的行政管理的界限。< br>但这很难把握行政效率和保障个人
权利的精度。
行政人员的自由裁量权不能被行政立法完 全剥夺，
否则会严重影响行政人员的
有效性。
如此之多的行政裁量权授予了行政人员，
因此有必要设计一些控制方法保障公民个
人的权利不受侵害。

Finally, the action of the administration should be as far as possible in harmony with the state
will as expressed in the law, for an unexecuted law is, from the point of view of actual conduct, no
law at all
．
The action of the administration should also conform, not merely to the letter of the law,
but
also
to
its
spirit,
should
promote
the
public
welfare
as
that
is
conceived
of
by
the
body
representative of the public
．
But the discretion of the administration relative to concrete(
（
具体的）

cases
cannot
be
controlled
by
the
statutes
of
the
legislature
（立法机构）

without
seriously
impairing administrative efficiency
．
As before, some means must be devised of controlling the
action of the administration, more concrete in character, more adaptable to particular cases
．

最后，
行政行为尽可能的和国家意志相协调，
这些国 家意志是通过法律确立下来的，
而
对一些未能执行的法律，
从实际控制的角度上看，< br>不能算是法律。
行政行为应该遵循一定的
形式，
不仅是法律的条款，
也 包括法律精神，
当然行政行为还应促进公共利益由于公共利益
实际上代表了公众。
但是 行政自由裁量权在不影响行政效率的前提下，
相对具体的案例不能
通过国家立法机构控制。依旧必须设计一些控制手段来控制行政行为，
在性质上更具体，
更