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The New Public Law
新公共法
The public law of the United Kingdom is defined by the
prevailing
(
adj.
流行的;
一般的,最普通的)
constitutional
order
(宪法秩序)
,the
government
and
the
various
institutions
(
n.
制度;
建立;
(社会或宗教等)
公共机构)
of the state
,
he rights of the citizen
and
membership
of
the
European
government
exists
with
(与
…
共存)
statutory
(
adj.
法定的;法令的;可依法惩处的)
powers
and
are
since
1998
devolved powers to the Scottish Parliament
,
the Welsh
Assembly
(
n.
装配;集会,集合)
,
the Northern Ireland Assembly and since 1999 an elected
mayor
(
n.
市长)
for London
.
The
public law of the United Kingdom has lately
come of age
(臻至成熟)
.There are several reasons
for this development
.
Fundamental constitutional reforms have
embraced
(
vt.
拥抱;信奉,皈
依;包含)
changes to the
electoral system
(选举制度)
,
a more independent Bank of England
with the responsibility of adjusting
interests rates
(利息,利率)
removed from the government
of the day
,
reforms of
the House of Lords
(英国的上议院)
,
and
strategies
(
n.
策略,战略)
to
modernize
(
v
现代化)
almost every aspect of government institutions and procedures
.
There
is also a new
freedom of Information Act 2000
(
2000
年《信息自由法》
)
.
There are changes to
the criminal justice system
(刑事司法体系)
,
tribunals
(
n.
法庭;
裁决;
法官席)
and
inquiries
(
n.
探究;
调查;
质询)
,
and to the management of the courts system
.
The most celebrated and
acclaimed
(
vt.
称赞;为
…
喝采,向
…
欢呼)
innovation
(n.
创新,革新;新方法)
is the
Human Rights Act 1998
,
which came fully into force in October 2000
.
The 1998 Act is likely to
increase the use of
judicial review
(司法审查)
and thus has the potential to
shift
(
vt.
转移;
改变)
decision- making in public law matters from elected
ministers
(
n.
部长;大臣)
to the
courts under the direction of increased judicial controls
.
英国的公法是由盛行的宪法秩序来界定的,
源于政府和州的不同公共机构,
公民的权利
和加入欧盟成为其成员国。本地政府与法定的权利和义务共存。这体现于自从
1998
年联合
王国下放权力到苏格兰议会,威尔士国民议会,北爱尔兰议会和自
1999
年伦敦市市 长的民
主选举。
英国的公法近来已臻至成熟。
对于此发展则有以下一些理由:
基本宪法的改革包含
了选举制度的改变:
一个更为独立的负有远离政府控制来调整利率责任的英 格兰银行,
英国
上议院的改革,和几乎政府的机构与程序的每一方面的战略都趋向现代化。2000
年英国也
推出了《自由信息法案》
。在刑事司法体系,裁判所及审查法, 法院系统的管理方面也有一
些改变。最让人值得庆祝和欢呼的是
1998
年《人权法案 》
,并于
2000
年开始正式地实施。
1998
年的《人权法案》很 可能增加了司法审查的使用而因此有可能改变公法问题上的决策,
从而在增加司法控制的指导下选举法院 大臣。
In conceptual terms
,
public law has developed its own
technical rules
(技术规则)
and
procedures and techniques of analysis
.
In academic terms
,
public law has broadly defined terms
of reference including the
academic discourse
(
学术话语)
from lawyers
,
economists
,
historians
and political scientists
.
There is also a judicial contribution
.
The development of administrative
law
is
largely
a
product
of
judicial
creativity
(司法创造力)
and
self
regulation
(自我调
节)
.
Since the 1960s there is a remarkable judicial self- confidence in defining and
articulating
(
v
表达,表述)
the role of the courts in public law matters
.
As Lord Donaldson remarked in 1984
:
从概念术语 的角度来看,公法在它自身的技术规则与程序和分析技巧上有一定的发展。
从学术角度来看,
公 法有着广泛的参照定义包括源于法学家,
经济学家,
历史学家和政治科
学家的学术话语 。
公法的发展同样是一种司法的贡献。
行政法的发展在很大程度上是司法创
造和政府自 我控制的产品。
自二十世纪六十年代起在界定和表述公法问题的法院的宪法角色
上就有一种卓越 的司法自信力。正如
Lord Donaldson
在
1984
年评议道:
“
Parliamentary democracy
(议会制民主)
as we know it is based in the rule of requires all citizens
to obey the law
,
unless and until it can be changed by
due process
(程序正义)
.
There are no
privileged classes
(特权阶层)
to whom it does not
apply
(
v
适用)
.
”
如我们所知的议会制民主是基于法治而实施的。
它要求所有公民除非和直到程序正义的
被修改,否则须遵从于法律。而议会制民主也没有所谓的不适用于的特权阶层。
Changes in judicial attitudes
,
towards developing the common law in the direction of
rights defined more broadly
,
came through
(经历)
a series of
landmark (n
里程碑,划时代的
事
)
cases in the 1960s
.
Since then
,
English administrative law has developed
incrementally
(
adv.
递增地;增值地)
.
Ridge v Balldwin
,
Padfield v Minister of Agriculture
,
Fishoies and Food
,
and
the
development
of
Wednesbury
unreasonableness
enabled
the
courts
to
adopt
a
proactive
(
adj.
前摄的(前一活动中的因素对后一活动造成 影响的)
;有前瞻性的,先行一步的)
approach
.
Instead of
(代替;不是
…
而是
…
)
relying on
instances of
(
(类的)实例;
(某
类别的)实体)
past failure in order to develop a systematic approach to administrative law
,
the
courts
filled in
(填满,替代)
,through their own
initiative
(
n.
主动权;首创精神)
,
gaps
(
n.
差异,缺口;缝隙)
left by legislative neglect
.
The result was clear
:
a self-confident judiciary
that was prepared to fashion new tools for the development of judicial review
.
In 1977
,
Order 53
was
introduced
,
streamlining
(
vt.
使合理化;使成流线型)
mechanisms
(
n.
机制)
and
procedures for the application for judicial review
.
Two landmark decisions showed the extent of
judicial
self- confidence
.
In
O
,
Reilly
v
Mackman
,
the
House
of
Lords
established
that
the
Divisional
(
adj.
分区的;分割的)
Bench
(法官的职位
(
或身份
)
,
[
总称
]法官
(
们
)
,法院)
of the High Court had exclusive
(
subject to certain exceptions
)
jurisdiction
over
(
prep.
越过;
在
…
之上;遍于< br>…
之上)
administrative law matters
.
In the
Council
(
n.
委员会;会议;理事
会)
of Civil Service Unions decision,the House of Lords engaged in a form of judicial codification
of common law grounds for judicial review included
unreasonableness
(
n.
无理
性)
,
irrationality
(
n.
不合理,无理性)
,
proportionality
(
n.
相称;均衡;比例性)
,
and
procedural impropriety
(程序不当)
.
It is noteworthy that the doctrine of unreasonableness may
have
to
be
strengthened
to
bring
it
into
line
with
(按照,与
……
一致)
the
higher
standards
required under the Human Rights Act 1987
.
司法态度的改变,
是朝着普通法以权力为导向的定义更 为广泛的发展,
更是在在二十世
纪六十年代历经了一系列具有里程碑意义的典型案例。
自那时以来,
英国的行政法有着快速
的发展。
Ridge
诉
Balldwin
案,
Padfield
诉
农业部案,
Fishoies and Food
,和
Wednesbury
的无理性发展使法院能够采用积极主动的途径。
法院通过它们自身的自主权来填补由于立法忽视而造成的缺口,
不是为了依赖于过去失败的实例而是为了对行政法制定出一套系统的研
究方法。
其结果是清晰的:
一个拥有自信力的司法制度是使用新的工具来为司法审查的发展而准备。在
1977
年,
第
53
号令颁布,为了司法审查的适用 而简化机制和程序。两个划时代
的决定证明了司法自信力的程度。在
O
,
Re illy
v
诉
Mackman
一案中,英国上议院确立了高
等法院 的各区法官在行政法事务上拥有排他管辖权(使某人服从于某些例外)
。在公务员委
员会的决定 上,
英国上议院是以普通法原则所编纂的法典形式来参与。
司法审查的基础包括
无理性 ,
不合理行,
均衡性和程序不当。
值得注意的是无理性主义可能不得不在
19 87
年
《人
权法案》背景下强化与高标准要求一致。
As a result of both creative
judicial activism
(司法能动)
and legislation
,
judges have
developed a wide discretion
as to
(至于,关于;就
……
而论)
when to
uphold
(
vt.
支撑;鼓
励;赞成;举起)
a judicial review
.
This flexibility
,
allowing the courts the power to
exclude
(
vt.
排除;
排斥;
拒绝接纳;
逐出)
unmeritorious
cases at an early stage
,
saves time and creates
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