毕业论文的基本结构

2021年1月22日发(作者：李翊君)
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study
the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important spee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party mem
bers,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and conditions.
Learning the
code of self
-discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self-di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w, and Outlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China feature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
led t
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change,
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
第二章

毕业论文的基本结构




要写好毕业论文，了解它的基本结构是很有必要的。在上文中我们已经谈及了论文的
一般组成，
在这一部分里，
我们将更为详细地阐述一下毕业论文的构成以及各部分的主要特
点。< br>
2
．
1
毕业论文的组成部分

一篇学位论文或者毕业论文通常有下面几个部分：

(1)

标题
(title)
(2)

作者署名
(the name of the author)
(3)

摘要
(abstract)
(4)

关键词
(key words)
(5)

正文
(text)
(6)

参考文献
(bibliography)
(7)

致谢
(acknowledgements)
(8)

论文原创性声明
(announcement of originality)
论 文的正文包括绪论（
introduction
也称为导论、导言或引言）
、本论（< br>body
或称论文本
体部分）和结论（
conclusion
又称为结 语或结尾）
。一篇题为“
The
Comparison
of
the
Three
English Versions of
“
Elegy for Burying Fallen Flowers
”
完整的毕业论文其基本结构可以简要例
示如下：


The Comparison of the Three English Versions
of
“
Elegy for Burying Fallen Flowers
(By)

X X X
Abstract:
……………………… …………………………………………
…………………………

KeyWords:
………………………………………………………………
………………………

Text


……………………………………………………………………< br>…………………………………………………………………
ull strictly r
ule party is all members common re
sponsibilit
y, must im
plementation to ea
ch branch a
nd
each name mem
bers. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
not play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't ev
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party part
y guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of
serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4) actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good
, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
nor
m
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, and strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central
Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self
-di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
n
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important s
pee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and con
ditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w
, and O
utlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China f
eature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
………………………………………………

Bibliography
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………… …………………

Acknowlegements
…………………………………… ………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Announcement


(
这一部分也可以放在封二后面
)

……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………… ……………………………

2
．
2
毕业论文各部分的写作

毕业论文的各个组成部分具有各自的特点，在写法有很大的不同，现分述如下：

2
．
2
．
1
毕业论文的标题

论文的标题 也就是写论文之前自己选定的题目。
题目是文章最重要和最先看到的部分，
所以
论文的 标题应该简短、明确、有概括性
、能吸引读者。
论文的标题
一般不能超过
20
字。






如果论文设置了封面< br>（标题页）
，
那么论文的标题以及作者署名就不要写在论文的正文
前了，
应该连同所在学校和系科名称以及呈交论文的日期等一并写在标题页上。
正文部分就
直接从绪 论或者第一章写起（如：
Chapter One/Part One
等）
。
（详情见论文的写作格式）

总起来说，论文的标题应该具备以下特点：

1
）

简洁明了并紧扣文章的主题。

2
）

突出论文的独创性和特色。

3
）

具有很强的概括性，能够吸引读者的兴趣。

4
）

尽量不要使用标点符号。

5
）

.
必要时可用副标题进行补充说明，副标题应在正题下破折号另行书写。


ull strictly r
ule party i
s all member
s common responsi
bilit
y, must impl
ementation to ea
ch
branch a
nd
each name members. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
no
t play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit
, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4)
actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on
-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, an
d strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self- di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem
of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important spee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and conditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 versio
n) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w, and Outlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China feature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
led t
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na
devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
2
．
2
．
2
毕业论文的摘要

论文摘要的写作非常重要，我们从下面几个方面解释一下论文摘要的写法。

2
．
2
．
2
．
1
论文摘要主要特点

论文 的摘要
(abstract)
，简单地说就是整个论文主要内容的一个浓缩。
Coll ins
Cobuild
English Language Dictionary

“
a short piece of writing that summarizes the main points of it
”



“
on
abbreviated,
accurate
representation
of
the
contents
of
a
document
without
added
interpretation
or
criticism
”
< br>可以看出，摘要必须简明扼要概括论文的主要事实和观点。摘要
的主要作用就是让论文的读者在不 必通读全文的情况下就能知道文章的要点。
而且正是通过
摘要，
读者可以决定该论文对 自己是否有用，
有没有进一步读下去的必要。
所以，
摘要必须
具有以下几个特 点：

1
）

内容上要忠实于原文

2
）

必须准确客观，不能任意发挥，尤其是不能把论文正文中没有的内容写进摘要。

3
）

摘要要简明精练，具有高度概括性，不要赘述论文中的事实细节。

4
）

摘要在某种意义上也是一篇独立的文章，只是内容是高度概括了的，所 以摘要的内
容必须连贯，句子衔接自然，使整个摘要能像其他一般文章一样发挥语篇功能。

5
）

摘要的撰写必须在正文全部写完并且已经基本定稿时才能进行。

6
）

撰写摘要一般情况下采用第三人称，特殊情况下可以采用第一人称。

7
）

摘要是对论文内容的概述，所撰写时一般采用现在时态（尤其是一般现 在时）
，特
殊情况下也可以用其他时态，但须力避各种时态的混用。

2
．
2
．
2
．
2
论文摘要的分类

一般说来，论文的摘要可以分为两类，一种叫描述性摘要（
descriptive abstract
）或者说
指示性摘要
(indicative abstract)
；另一种是资料性摘要或信息性摘要
(informational abstract)。
（覃先美，
2005
：
90
）

描述性摘要 只要说明论文的主题，
不必介绍论文的具体内容。
换句话说，
这种摘要只要
大 概说明论文的研究原因，论文的主题或目的，不必涉及论文的具体内容。如：

Abstract
In this article, we attempt to show how linguistic analysis can help uncover the ideological
slanting of an independent weekly magazine, Time, which founded its international reputation of
truth
seeking.
By
means
of
the
functional
grammar
proposed
by
M.A.K.
Halliday,
especially
transitivity
system
and
modality
system,
we
shall
argue
that
the
media
texts
are
far
from
the
neutral,
value-free
chunks
of
language
they
claim
to
be.
Rather,
they
should
be
viewed
as
ull strictly r
ule party is all members common re
sponsibilit
y, must im
plementation to ea
ch branch a
nd
each name mem
bers. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
not play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit, li
steni
ng party
, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind
the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4) actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good f
aith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, and strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding C
PC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nizat
ion system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self
-di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
n
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important s
pee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and con
ditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w
, and O
utlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China f
eature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
embodiment
of
institutional
and
political
discursive
practices.
We
shall
discuss
how
particular
syntactic
choice
and
semantic
systems
can
act
as
ideological
devices,
guiding
readings
and
controlling interpretations. (
只介绍论文的写作目的和主题，不涉及具体内容和研究的成果
)

①


资料性摘要与描述性摘要有很大不同，
它除了要说明论文的主 题、
方法或目的外，
还要
概括性地介绍论文的主要观点，主要内容以及论文创新之处（ 研究成果）
。如：

Abstract
This
paper,
based
on
the
theories
and
principles
of
psycholinguistics
and
cognitive
psychology,
deals
with
definitions
and
functions
of
emotional
quotient,
revealing
some
of
the
learner
’
s
emotional
characteristics,
which
affect
the
outcome
of
language
learning.
The
author
insists
that
language
learning
is
a
very
sophisticated
psychological
process,
and
aspects
of
emotional
quotient
influence
the
learner
’
s
cognitive
process
in
which
knowledge
of
the
target
language is internationalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that
positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language
teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and
helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers
should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning
so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner
’
s
IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.(
在述及论文主题
------情感智力与语言学习
-----
这个主题
后，
进一步介绍了学习情感与学 习效果、
智力水平与学业成绩以及学习动机与学业成绩的实
验、调查结果
)
②


从形式上看，描述性摘要比资料性摘要短些。但是，摘要的长短也是相对的，不必 死
扣字数，本科生毕业论文的摘要通常在
100-150
字之间，太长或者太短都不恰 当，譬如有些
学生论文摘要只有一句或两句话，还不到
40
几个字，也有些学生摘要写 得过长变成了对论
文的复述。

2
．
2
．
2
．
3
论文摘要的开头常用语句


论文摘要的开头没有固定的或者说统一的模式， 但是人们在论文写作过程逐渐形成了
许多习惯性的表达语句，
值得我们初学论文写作的学子们借 鉴。
现对有关论文开头的常
用语句总结如下：

1
）

This paper presents/shows/expresses
…

本文提出……


①

①
覃先美，李阳：
《高校英语专业毕业论文写作教程》
，第
91-92
页。


ull strictly r
ule party i
s all member
s common responsi
bilit
y, must impl
ementation to ea
ch
branch a
nd
each name members. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
no
t play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit
, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4)
actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on
-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, an
d strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self- di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem
of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important spee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and conditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 versio
n) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w, and Outlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China feature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
led t
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na
devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
2
）

This paper holds/deems
…
本文认为……

3
）

This paper discusses/studies/ concerns/ deals with/ tells of
…
本文讨论了
/
研究了……

4
）

This
paper
introduces/reports/
explains/
analyses/
emphasizes/
summarizes
…< br>本文介绍
了
/
报告了
/
解释了
/
分析了/
强调了
/
总结了……

5
）

This paper argues/ demonstrates
…
本文论述了……

6
）

This paper explores/ probes into
…
本文探讨了……

7
）

This paper elaborates on/expounds
…
本文详述了
/
阐述了……

8
）

This paper aims to/ aims at
…
本文旨在……

9
）

This paper focuses on
…
本文集中
/
主要研究了……

10) This paper tries to/ attempts to/ makes an attempt to
…
本文试图……

11)
This
paper
makes
a
comparison
of/
makes
a
tentative
study/
makes
a
brief




introducti on…
本文对……作了比较
/
作了试探性研究
/
作了简要介绍……< br>
12) This paper gives a discussion of/ offers an overview of/ gives an analysis of
…

本文探讨
了
/
综述了
/
分析了……

13) This paper is about/ is a criticism of
…

本文对……进行研究
/
进行了批评……

14) This paper, on the basis of



,reveals
…
本文在……的基础上揭示了……

15) The purpose of this paper is to
…

本文的目的是……

16) The author of the paper tries to give an account of
…
本文作者试图说明……

17) In this paper, the author suggests/ proposes
…
在这篇论文中，作者提出……

18)
In
this
paper,
the
author
points
out/emphasizes/
argues
…
作者在文章中指出
/
强调
/
认
为……

类似的表达法还有很多，同学们可以根据需要选用。

2
．
2
．
3
毕业论文的关键词

写论文关 键词，
顾名思义就是文章中最关紧要、起决定作用的词语。它是文章内容、观
点、涉及的问题、 类别等方面的标志和提示。
写关键词是我们国家的一项特殊规定，主要是
适应互联网论文检索的 需要。有了关键词，既便于
图书情报工作者编写索引，
易于分类、存
储，也
方 便读者通过关键词检索需要的论文。正因为如此，关键词也叫索引词。





2
．
2
．
3
．
1
毕业论文关键词的选取数量和写法

一篇论文的关键词通常为
3-5
个。各关键词之间一般用逗号隔开，防止误解。

2
．
2
．
3
．
2
毕业论文关键词的来源

我们知道，
关键词也叫索引词，
它们必须是 论文起关键作用的词。
一般来说，论文的关
ull strictly r
ule party is all members common re
sponsibilit
y, must im
plementation to ea
ch branch a
nd
each name mem
bers. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
not play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit, li
steni
ng party
, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind
the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4) actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good f
aith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, and strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding C
PC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nizat
ion system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self
-di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
n
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important s
pee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and con
ditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w
, and O
utlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China f
eature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
键词是论文中出现频率最高的词。它们合起来起提示和标志论文 主要内容的作用。上文中，
我们已经了解到，论文的摘要就是整个论文的浓缩，读者通过摘要就能够知道 论文的梗概，
而关键词则是论文内容的主线条，
读者从关键词可以看出论文的主题
（即 论文是关于什么方
面的内容）
。

关键词主要是从摘要中进行选取。
“
如果一篇论文的关键词与论文的摘要没有任何联系，
这说明：要么关键词写得不对，要么摘要 有问题。
”有时候，论文的摘要中没有明确写出某
个关键词，
可以通过摘要可以提炼出 来，
这种方法尤其实用于描述性摘要。
这时，
表面上看
起来有些关键词似乎在 摘要里找不到，
实际上它们已经暗含在里面了。
另一方面，
许多论文
的关键词 可以直接取自论文的题目，
因为论文的题目其实就是论文主题内容和涉及范围的反
映，例如，假 设我们以
On the Roots of Sister Carrie
’
s Tragic Life

(
试论嘉莉妹妹悲剧命运
的根源
)< br>为题写论文，那么论文的主体内容就是围绕嘉莉妹妹悲剧命运的根源而展开，那么
root
、
Sister Carrie
以及
tragic life
等都是关键词。

2
．
2
．
4
毕业论文的开头

毕业论文的 开头也就是引言部分。
引言又称前言、
序言和导言，
用在论文的开头。
引
言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义
,
并指出论文写作的范围 以及研究背
景。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。我们常说：万事难在开头。写论文也是如此，好的开头可< br>以使论文的结构清晰，
行文流畅自然；
反之，
则可导致文思混乱，
逻辑 不清。
一般情况而言，
论文的引言可长可短，可以是一段话，也可以是几段话。引言的前面通常 冠以标题

“
Introduction
”
，但如果引言较短（例如 只有一个段落）则不用标题。

2
．
2
．
5
毕业论文的本论

论文的本论 部分是整个论文的核心部分，
所有的论证过程都在这一部分完成。
论文必须
具备三个基 本要素，
即论点、论据和论证。所谓的论点，
也就是论文作者对所研究的问题的
看法或 者说观点。
论点是论文的灵魂，
是整个论文的中心，
论文的其他所有部分都是围绕论< br>点而展开的，
可以说论点决定了整个论文的发展方向以及它的研究价值，
所以论文的论点 必
须非常明确，
作者赞成什么或者反对什么都应该在论文中间有清楚的体现。
论据就是 一些事
实、
道理等，
它是用来证明论点能够成立或者说站得住脚的根本依据。
论点如果失去了论据
的支撑，那就会成为空洞的说教，就很难让人信服。所以在写论文时，
对论 据的选择显得异
常重要，
你在论文中所要表明的观点能否为人们接受，
关键就在于所选 择的论据是否具有足
够的说服力。
论证就是用论据去证明论点的方法和过程，
即如何选 择恰当的论据以及如何在
论文中组织这些论据，
使之更加有效地对论点进行支持和证明。
论文如果没有论证的方法和
过程，
论文就会成为各种材料和事实的罗列和堆砌，
论点 和论据之间就会失去联系，
变成论
ull strictly r
ule party i
s all member
s common responsi
bilit
y, must impl
ementation to ea
ch
branch a
nd
each name members. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
no
t play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit
, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4)
actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on
-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, an
d strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self- di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem
of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important spee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and conditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 versio
n) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w, and Outlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China feature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
led t
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na
devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
点是论点，论据是论据，整个论文的结构也会随之变得松散。

2
．
2
．
5
．
1
确立论点的要求

论点是从材料中来的，
所以在确定论点之前就必须认真研究所拥有的材料，
看看自己面
对这些材料有什么看法，
把自己的看法加以整理和概括就是论文的观点即论点。
其实，
我们
写论文就是根据看到的问题或现象发表自己的看法。
所以说起来，
写论文 并不是一件很难的
事情，
至少不象我们有些同学想象的那样难。
我们大家都有和别人针 对社会上或者学术上的
某种现象或某个问题进行争论的经历。
在争论中，
我们首先就得 确立对该现象或者问题的立
场观点，
然后在争论中总是想法设法证明自己的观点是正确的，总是想找出足够的事实和理
由来说明问题，使别人信服。在某种意义上，我们的这种经历就是“写论 文”
，不过没有以
书面的形式出现而已。

所确定的论文的论点必须满足以下几个条件：

1
）

论点 必须反映客观事物的本质，不能歪曲事实强词夺理，尤其是不能仅仅根据某
一两个事实例证就提出某种绝 对化的观点。如看到汉语中的某些习惯用语很难翻
译就想当然地提出“
Chinese idioms are untranslatable
”
这样武断的论点。

2
）

论点必须具有创新性，不能人云亦云。这一方面就要求在写论文时收集 材料的视
角要广，范围要宽，要尽可能多收集一些有新意的材料；另一方面，即使自己收
集不到 很新的材料，也要确保自己提出的论点的角度不同于别人，也就是说提出
论点的角度必须新颖。

3
）

论点必须有一定的深度，一些常识性、公理性或者人们很容易加以证实 的观点不
能做论文的论点，如
“
English
is
a
tool
for
communication
”
“
Smoking
is
harmful
to
people
’
s health
”
等。
除此之外，像
“
I like Liu Dehua very much:
之类表示个人喜好的
观点也不宜作为论文的论点。

4
）

论点必须具有一定的广度。论点的广度太小容易导致强词夺理，或者无 话可说的
情形，如

“
Smoking is bad for healt h
”
这个论点就显得广度太狭窄，可以用于写小
文章，而不适合作毕业论文的论点。< br>
我们在写作课里已经学习过文章的基本结构。
我们知道，
一篇文章是由至少一 个段
落组成的。我们说“至少（
at least
）
”
，就是说一般 情况下，大多数文章要用到不止一个
段落。
如果一篇文章只有一个组成，
那说明要么文 章的观点很简单，
不要太多的段落就
能够把问题讲清楚，
要么是作者对问题的论述不够 深入，
只是泛泛而谈，
要么是根据文
章的使用目的，
不必要对某个问题做深入 探讨。
一篇文章总要有一个中心，
也就是所谓
的中心思想。
这个中心思想不是 一下子能够说清楚的。
通常的做法是把文章的中心
（也
ull strictly r
ule party is all members common re
sponsibilit
y, must im
plementation to ea
ch branch a
nd
each name mem
bers. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
not play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit, li
steni
ng party
, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind
the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4) actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good f
aith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, and strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding C
PC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nizat
ion system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self
-di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
n
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important s
pee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and con
ditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w
, and O
utlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China f
eature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
就是作者在文章中所要表达的主要观点）
进行分解，< br>然后再对分解后的中心思想的每一
个方面进行论述。一个原则是，
每一个方面要用一个段 落加以论述，或者反过来说，每
一个段落只能说明文章中心思想的一个方面，
这就是为什么一篇 文章总会有好些段落的
原因。
毕业论文的结构和一般的普通文章具有很大的相似性，
只 是论文的结构通常比一
般的文章的结构会大一个层次。
论文的论点也必须进行适当的分解，分解出来的每一个
方面将成为每一章或者说每一部分的中心论点。

2
．
2
．
5
．
2
确定论据的要求

论据的种类很多。
总的来说论文的论据包括事例论据、
数据论据和理论论据。
所谓
事例论据就是指反映客观事物的材料，
这种材料可以是事实，
也可以是某些现象。
事例
论据因为其客观性而极具证明力。
所谓数据论据是指反映客观事物的现象或发展中 人们
所统计出的数据、
百分比等。
这种论据如果真实可靠，
也像事例论据一样 具有很长的说
服力。
理论论据主要指反映客观事物内在规律、
源于实践并且为大家所工 人的理论、
观
点和方法。这种论据运用得好，可以增强论文的理论深度。
（覃先美，< br>2005
：
70-71
）要
想论文的论点鲜明，说理充分，我们所选用 的论据必须符合下面的要求：

1
）

论据要与论文的论文具有高度的一致性。论据必须能够说明论点的某一个方
面。

2
）

论据必须精练、典型。论文的论据不在多，而在精，所以在写论文时千 万不要
以为什么论据都可以放进去，要对所收集到的材料进行不断的提炼和筛选，把
最有效的材 料保留下来。其他与论点关系比较牵强的论点要敢于痛下杀手。即
使有效的论据很多，也不能全用上，能 够说明问题就可以了。

3
）

论据必须来源可靠。论据来源可靠就 是说论据必须符合事实。只有可靠的论据
才能有足够的说服力。在写论文过程中，我们绝对不能凭空生造 论据，也不能
对已经存在的论据添油加醋，夸大其词。

2
．
2
．
5
．
3
论证的要求


论证的过程就是怎样用论据来一步一步对论点加以证明并得出结论的过程。论证得
好 不好直接关系到论点和论据是否得到了有机的统一，论点是不是能够站的住脚。所以，
论证过程是非常重 要的，
因为它涉及到论文各个组成部分的结构安排、
分论点与总论点之
间的关系，各个分论点之间的关系、
论据的位置安排以及各段之内内容先后顺序安排、
各
段之 间以及各章节之间的连接等的问题。
一般说来，论证过程中必须注意：
一、确保论文
不 跑题；二、逻辑严密；三、论据安排合理；四、论据与各个分论点关系紧密；五、各段
落中的细节句（< br>detail
）必须围绕中心句
(topic sentence)
展开；六、选择恰当的过渡词或者
ull strictly r
ule party i
s all member
s common responsi
bilit
y, must impl
ementation to ea
ch
branch a
nd
each name members. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
no
t play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit
, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4)
actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on
-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, an
d strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self- di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem
of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important spee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and conditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 versio
n) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w, and Outlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China feature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
led t
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na
devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
过渡句，使段内句与句之间以及各个段落之间的过渡要非常自然。

2
．
2
．
6
毕业论文的参考文献

2
．
2
．
6
．
1
参考文献的作用

参考文献就是指作者在写作论文中所参考过的书籍、杂志、报纸以及 网络资源（信息）
等。这些书籍、
杂志、
报纸以及网络信息就是作者在论文中证明自己 观点的论据来源。参考
文献的多寡，
涉及面的宽窄体现了作者论文研究的范围以及其学术视野。
参考文献是论文一
个重要的组成部分，
它是论文论点得以立足的基石。
一篇论 文离开了参考文献的支撑作用是
不可能成为一篇好的论文的。

2
．
2
．
6
．
2
引用参考文献的方法

写论文比较辛苦，
有些急功近利的人不愿意承受这种辛 苦，
于是想方设法搞学术腐败，
要么从网上直接下载别人的论文据为己有，
要么在自己 论文中大段抄袭别人论文的观点而不
注明出处。
现在这种学术腐败问题已经引起教育主管部门的 高度重视。
所以，
在这里我想特
别提醒刚刚尝试学术研究的学子们一定要弄清楚怎样正 确引用参考文献，
否则很容易在自己
不知情的情况下犯错误。
引用参考文献并不等于抄 袭别人的文章。
利用别人文章中的观点或
事实来左证自己的观点这无疑是正确的，也是完全必要 的，但一定要记住这样的一个原则：
只要是别人的观点或者从别人文章中引用的观点就一定要按要求给予 说明。
总的来说，
在论
文中引用别人观点或其他文献资料的方法有以下几种：

1)

直接引用。

a.
根据引用的目的不同，直接引用可以分为全引和删引。

所谓全引就是对引文的不加任何改变，包括字、词、句乃至引文中的标点符号。如：

Stephen Moor, director of fiscal-policy studies at Cato Institute, points out:
“
New taxes may
in the short term seem to promise fiscal relief, but over the long haul they will usher in budget
crises worse than those they were intended to
solve”
。

所谓删引就是在引用时删去引文中与自己的目的不相关的某些部分（
irrelevant < br>portions
）
，或者自己认为不太重要，删去后不影响引文主体内容，尤其是为了 行文简洁的需
要，如：

“
Berkin and Norton believe the decrease in birthrate
…
to be the main cause for the decline in
the
size
of
the
American
household
during
the past
two
hundred
years.
”
（原文是：
Berkin
and
Norton believe
the
decrease
in
birthrate,
in
addition
to an
increase
in
life
expectancy,
to
be
the
main
cause
for
the
decline
in
the
size
of
the
American
household
during
the
past
two
hundred
years.
）

ull strictly r
ule party is all members common re
sponsibilit
y, must im
plementation to ea
ch branch a
nd
each name mem
bers. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
not play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit, li
steni
ng party
, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind
the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4) actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good f
aith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, and strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding C
PC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nizat
ion system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self
-di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi
n
ala
nce
d and run the satisfa
ction
of the pe
opl
e education. Room
XX
City Bureau of e
ducati
onal
supervisi
on of
XX munici
pality
May 6, 2016 County economic informati
on a
nd
Busi
ness Council System Committee
ng arrangeme
nts specific
programme for advance full stri
ctly rule
party, a
ccordi
ng to County
Organizati
on Department
on County
do
ning arrang
ements of specific programme and I Board le
arning e
ducation impleme
ntation
programme spirit, accordi
ng to disting
uish l
evel, and ha
s targeted sol
ution pr
oblem of re
quireme
nts, ensure le
arning e
ducation made effective
ness,
promote al
l members consci
ously respe
cted
Constituti
on, a
nd
comply wit
h party rul
es, wit
h XI General Se
cretary serie
s importa
nt spe
ech spirit arme
d mind, and guide practi
ce, a
nd
Promote the w
ork and be
qualifie
d party members a
nd le
arning arra
ngements ar
e here
by makes the foll
owing
spe
cific pr
ogrammes.
Learning requirements, on a
ll party members t
o study the party Constituti
on a
nd
party rules
and
unify the XI
series
of important s
pee
ch,
General Se
cretary,
spe
ech learni
ng serie
s to
deepen understanding of the
Constituti
on Party rules,
Constituti
on Party r
ules i
n the deep i
nsight
series a
ddress the
basi
c spirit a
nd
practi
cal requirements. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s. Le
arni
ng of the party
Constituti
on, a
deep
understa
ndi
ng of the party'
s nature
, pur
pose, gui
ding
principle
s, goal
s, organizati
on, good
style, grasp
conditi
ons, rights a
nd
obligations
of party members,
bearing i
n mind t
hat oath, clear
qualifie
d party member
criteria and con
ditions.
Learning the
code of self- discipli
ne of the
CPC, the
CPC'
s disciplinary reg
ulations, the
Chi
nese
Communist Party M
ember Right
s Ordi
nance and so on, mastering self- di
sci
pline sta
ndar
ds of
ngs
ous ty
pes of disci
plinary offence a
nd
punishment pr
ovisions.
2. serie
s spoke.
o
XI Ge
neral Secretary
series important spee
ch rea
ding (2016 version) and
out
poverty for ba
sic textbook, l
earning
understand XI
General Secretary seri
es important speech of ba
sic
spirit, lear
ning
understand Ce
ntral ruli
ng
acting politica
l new
conce
pt new t
hought new strategy of basi
c conte
nt, learni
ng understa
nd
XI General Se
cretary in Fujian w
ork during adv
ocate
of
s
n Na
npi
ng resear
ch st
udy
propose
d of
nd
tion mechani
sm
hought, Master a
nd
strengthe
n the
party spirit, fulfills the pur
pose ide
as, moral
chara
cter, conservation related to t
he ba
sic re
quireme
nts. Ma
in understand master followi
ng aspects
content: (1) ideal faith i
s Communists
spirit S
hang
of
ht of worl
dvie
w
, and O
utlook on life, and val
ues; (2) China
dream is
national of dream, a
nd
national of dream, a
nd
people of dre
am, is Chine
se modern yilai m
ost great of dream,
core Essential
s is
national prosperit
y, and nati
onal revitali
zation, and pe
opl
e ha
ppi
ness; (3) China f
eature
s Socialist is a
chi
eved Chine
se great revival of way, e
nha
nce
d roa
d confide
nce,
and the
ory confide
nce,
and
system confide
nce
; (4)
Strategy layout is new of hi
story conditions Xi
a party ruli
ng acting
politi
cal total strategy,
consci
ously with
he work
; (5) insisted i
nnovation, and
coordi
nation, and green, a
nd
ope
n, and shared development is relati
onship
Chi
na devel
opme
nt global of one dee
p change, a
ccordi
ng to
new devel
opme
nt concept do job; (6) practi
ce line S
ociali
st core val
ues,
promote Socialist t
hought moral and Chine
se traditional virtue
b.
根据引用的具体方式，直接引用可以分为小段引用 （包括句子）和大段引用。一般少
于三行的引文叫做小段引文，
这时通常要把引用的内容放在引 号内；
对于达到或者超过四行
的引文叫做大段引用（
block quotation
）
。引用大段引文时，通常所引用的部分要单独成段，
这时的引文不再用引号，
但引文须比正文的字体小一号，
同时引文的开头须想右缩进四个字
母的空格，如：

As for the importance of reading in a person
’
s life, the great English essayist Francis Bacon
has the following well-known remark:




Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some
books
…

2
）

间接引用。

间接引用就是在 论文中用自己的话转述
(paraphrase)
或者解
（阐）
释
( interpretation)
要引用的内
容，如：

Based on his special study of people
’
s attitude toward language, Martin Joos believes that the
average
child
’
s
ability
of
language
observation
and
judgment
is
fairly
well
established
before
school age.(95)---------
（
paraphrase
）

In his essay
“
Of Study
”
, Francis Bacon gives us a very well known remark about books. By
this remark, he actually intends to tell people how to read effectively in life.------(interpretation)
1
）

概述性 （摘要性）
（
summarize
）引用。概述性引用其实是属于间接引用的一种。这 种概



述性引用一般用于引用的比较长的文章。譬如，在写论文过程中， 有时候我们需要介绍
某一本书或者某一篇论文的整个内容，或者要对某一篇文章的好些内容进行介绍，这 时
我们就必须使用概引，因为我们不可能也没有必要把别人的整篇文章引用下来。概述性
引用一 般只涉及一篇文章的主要观点、主要方面或者主要事实。

2
．
2
．
6
．
3
参考文献的标示

参考文献是论文作者在完成论文过程中所参考过的书籍、文章以及网 络资料等的目录。
编写文献目录是论文的配套工程，
既是向读者表明自己的论文不是凭空创造的 ，
是有充分论
据做支持的，也是向读者提供查找资料的线索。所以，在书写参考文献目录时不能 遗漏、不
能生造，
也不要把原本是中文的书目翻译成英文或者把原本是英文的书目译成中文。< br>换句话
说，
你参考过的书目是怎样的，
你在参考文献中就怎样写。
有很 多同学认为自己的文章是用
英文写的，
参考文献自然要译成英文，这种想法是不对的。除此之外 ，
编写文献目录要注意
以下几个问题：

1
）根据
MLA< br>格式，参考文献的编写要另起一页，不能直接紧接着论文正文。就是说，
ull strictly r
ule party i
s all member
s common responsi
bilit
y, must impl
ementation to ea
ch
branch a
nd
each name members. 3 ...
Play a vang
uard a
nd exemplary r
ole i
n life.
Keep to the
corre
ct political
orientati
on,
politi
cal se
nsitivity a
nd
politi
cal judgment,
dare to fight agai
nst all ki
nds of wr
ong thoug
ht, wrong wor
ds a
nd
deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness
of the party, the party member'
s consciousness. Focus
on
some party members sense of organization and di
sci
pline
, they
do
not parti
cipate i
n the
Organization, is not required t
o pay member
shi
p dues for a l
ong time,
do
no
t play a vanguard and exemplary r
ole, some don't eve
n menti
on membershi
p, fail to make a
distinction between rig
ht and wrong, faili
ng to observe
politi
cal
disci
pline and rule
s, a
nd so on.
Always keep in mind that
he is
a Comm
unist,
strengthe
n party
spirit
, li
steni
ng party, party, party, party, party party guar
ding
party, at the party, the
party for the
party. (3) strengt
heni
ng the
consciousness
of the party'
purpose. Focus
on
people's
conce
ption of some party members, la
ck of se
nse
of servi
ce, do not care for
the masses
did
not take the
initiative, a
nd
some eve
n hurt publi
c intere
sts, job, excellent t
hick friends,
eating, a
nd
so
on.
Bearing i
n mind the fundame
ntal purpose
of serving, top pe
ople
at heart, cl
ose tie
s with t
he masses,
be kind to
people,
dedi
cated t
o publi
c servi
ce a
nd
play a part i
n poverty relief, with
practical
acti
ons t
o win the trust and support of the masse
s. (4)
actively pra
ctici
ng the S
ocial
ist core value
s. Focus
on
do
not
observe stri
ngent member
s, knowledg
e out of dev
otion, talk about et
hics, good faith is
not
enough, and some even val
ue distortions, m
oral misconduct, sexy vulga
r, materialisti
c, and so on.
Strengthening moral
cultivati
on, Z
onta for good, pay attenti
on to self-disci
pline, spiritual
pur
suit, to
interna
lize the core value
s into
conscious a
ction, wi
th exemplary be
havior i
nflue
nce
and lead
people. (5) set
up i
n the
practi
ce of
promoti
ng reform, devel
opme
nt and
stability. Focus
on
some party members wit
h the
status
quo, a le
ss aggressive mood,
de
presse
d, sayi
ng sl
uggish
again, just to get
by not se
eking g
uodeying,
some eve
n
perfunctory a
ddress, evadi
ng responsi
bility and ot
her issue
s.
Actively adapt to t
he e
conomic
devel
opment
of the
new
norm
al, seriously im
plement t
he ne
w deve
lopme
nt phil
osophy, har
d work
hard work
hard,
base
d on the
ir ow
n de
dicati
on.
Second,
on t
he Council
of the
secti
on
-level
cadres
above requirements
secti
on
abov
e party ca
dres t
o take the l
ead i
n the e
ducation worki
ng
closely with l
eadi
ng practi
ce, le
rn more,
better, more
strict re
quireme
nts, higher, an
d strive to improve t
he ideol
ogical a
nd political
quality a
nd t
heoreti
cal level
s. 1. Constit
ution Party rule
s.
System learning understanding CPC
articles, in full
grasp
basi
c content
of based S
hang, focus master Constit
ution master and member
s, and
party of orga
nization system, a
nd
party of Central Orga
nization, a
nd
party of pla
ce
organizati
on,
and party of
grass-roots orga
nizations, a
nd party of cadres, a
nd
party of discipli
ne,
cha
pter content,
deep grasp
uard
e and mi
ssion, further
clear
ce
s of six items ba
sic conditions. Studying t
he code
of self- di
sci
pline
of the CPC
the CPC discipl
inary regul
ations regulati
ons
of the CPC local committees of the party w
ork of the Chine
se Communist Party (for trial implementation) Or
dina
nce
, such as t
he sel
ection and appoi
ntment of party and Government lea
ding
cadres w
ork of important laws a
nd regulations withi