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田长霖《中式英语之鉴》部分翻译

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-22 20:59
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-

2021年1月22日发(作者:礁石)
误用平行结构





弗雷特

[p.212]
谈到“最致命的的问题就是想用匹配的结构却没用好”
。但
同样致命的是对那些本来不匹配的成分使用匹配的结构。
以上两种情况都会给人
一种毫无头绪的 印象。





当把平行结构强加在那些逻辑上本不平行 的成分中,其结果总会让人吃惊
(例如,

Just like the Crowne Plaza, all rooms...


。有时,这种用法会故 意产生
幽默感。
乔森

[p.9]
引用了这两个错误的平行结构

He took his hat and his leave




He bolted his door and his dinner



乔森暗示人们都是出于搞笑的意图才会
写:

He keeps fit, sleep, and his word .






但是逻辑上不一致的问题常常是不经意产生的。拉姆齐福勒和简·艾伦




[p.354]
引用了一个误用的结构:
The painting has subdued tone, great feeling, and a
length
of
about
three
feet.
作者在这个毫无相似性的结构中无意间暗示了一种相
似性。

克莱尔·库克

[p.67]
给出以下这个引人深思的平行结构:
The
police
found
no
alcohol in his bloodstream but a loaded gun in his car.
这一结构几乎没什么意义。





杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙,像弗雷特一样,坚持认为平行结构一旦开始
使用就应贯穿始终,
然而他们强调,
这种结构如果一开始就不符合逻辑就不应使
用。 杰克斯·巴润和亨利·格拉芙说:
“平行结构是如此重要的一种写作工具以
至于平行结构的使用 必须是纯粹的,所以不要将平行形式用在迥然不同的观点
中。


如果你能记 住以上这点建议,
你就会避免拿破仑战争中那位法国退伍军人在
叙述自己三次受伤经历时所犯的 错误:

Once in an ambush, once in the leg, and once in the Netherlands.

对二十个例子的修改


1

A

Economically, we are struggling for the democracy of distribution of food grain,
reduction production.


B

Economically,
we
are
struggling
to
ensure

the
democratic
distribution
of
grain,
reduce
rents and interest rates,
increase
wages,
eliminate
unemployment and
develop
production.


句意为:从经济上说,我们正努力保证粮食的民主分配,减少租金和利率,
增加工资 ,消除失业,发展生产。





[-
例句
A
中有三个名词和由并列连词


and


连接的两个动名词。这种结
合是非常尴尬的, 尤其是因为动名词不能跟在动词后面(例如,

we
are
struggling for getting rid of
”就不是英语)






-
若将


for


改为
to
,那么所有的五个要素就转换成了不定式:

we
are
struggling to ensure ... reduce ...etc.

这些更改不仅会产生一些可行的平行结
构而且也能那三个动词和两 个动名词。






Food
”作为可有可无的形容词而被删除:
it
can
be
taken
for
granted
that
unless otherwise stated, grain is for human consumption.

]
1)

以下例句来自一张京剧表演票的背面:

A

After
renovation
Hu
Guang
Guild
Hall
has
been
turned
into
Beijing
Traditional
Operas
Museum,
which
is
a
cultural
center
with
multifunction
such
as
opera
performing,
exhibition,
shopping
and
restaurant, etc.




B

After
renovation,
the
Hu
Guang
Guild
Hall
has
been
turned
into
Beijing
Traditional
Operas
Museum,
a
multifunctional
cultural
center
including an opera hall, exhibition space, shops, restaurants, etc.






句意为:湖广会馆在改造后已成为北京传统戏剧博物馆,这个多功能的文
化中心有一

个歌剧厅、展览区、商店、餐馆等。










[-
例句
A
中又有一系列由< br>“
and

连接的词,
其中名词和动名词混合使用。








-
此外,前三 个要素(

performing



exhibiti on



shopping


)都是
代表活动的

抽象词,而


第四个词(< br>“
restaurant

)是表示地点的具体的
词。
(如果 最后一个词和前三个相似比如“
dining

,那么动词和动名词的
结合可 能就容易接受了。
)在修改后的句子中,四个词全部被替换为具体
名词来命名为不同的地方。< br>(
回顾:


Beijing Traditional Operas Museum


被拼写为“
Beijing Museum of Traditional Operas

,这样就可以避免名词

Museum
”前形容词和名词的堆砌
)]
3)


A

The forces were greatly reduced in number because of persistent march under
the heat of the midsummer sun, fatigue, plus deaths and the wounded in
battles and deserters during the march.


B

Their
numbers
were
now
greatly
reduced
because
of
battlefield
casualties,
desertions,
and
the
exhaustion
of
constant
marching
under
a
blazing
midsummer sun.

句意为:他们的人数大大减少了,因为战场上有伤亡、逃兵且在仲夏炎炎烈
日之下持 续行走让人精疲力尽。







[-
这次,如果我们将例句
A
中的过去分词


wounded

(cf.

the
injured



the unemployed,

etc. )
看作名词,那么例句
A
就是 完全由名词组成。但
是这些名词是没有可比性的。





-
前两个词




march(ing)





fatigue


并不相似,因为第二个词不
是独立的危害而是第一个词的结果。

-
最后的三个词—


death,


the wounded,



deserter
”在逻辑上的顺序应
该是“
death


/

wounded


/


desertions

(
损失的三种原因
)
或者是“
the
dead

/

the wounded


/


the deserters

(
三种人
)
等等。





-
B
句中的“
march





fatigue


组成一个短语,表示这两者之间的关
系(

the exhaustion

of constant marching




death
”和


the wounded
”折
合为一个词(

casua lties








-
所列举的这些原因就这样从五个不一致的词缩减到三个相对一致的词:

casual ties



desertions


exhaustion

]
4)


A

Most public grain has already been collected; standardized tax regulations, tax
items and tax rates have been promulgated; and because the mainland has
been liberated, tax receipts have been greater than last year.




B

Most
public
grain
has
already
been
collected;
standardized
tax
rates
and
regulations,
and
lists
of
taxable
tax
items
have
been
promulgated;
and
because the mainland has been liberated, tax receipts have been greater
than they were last year.
句意为:大多数公粮已经收集;标准 税率和法规及一系列应纳税项已颁布;
因为内地已解放,因此税款收入已超过去年。


[-

A
句中,第二个从句中的三个主语都是又都是名词,但是顺序又不一
样。

Regulations





rates
”是抽象名词,但应纳税的


iterms


(
像盐








)





















promulgat ed

(比如,宣布或公告)






B
句中抽象词“
lists
”是用来解决这一问题的。





-
(在最后一个从句中,

tax
receipts
”无意间和


last
year”形成比较关系
而非去年的纳税收据。更正错误之后的句子如下:

tax
receipts
have
been
greater than they were last year.


]
5

A

But even so, it will be hard to prevent expenditure from exceeding revenue and
a fall in revenue, and there may be such factors as a grain shortage that
will contribute to price rise.




B

But even so, it will be hard to prevent expenditure from exceeding revenue
and keep revenue from falling, and other factors, such as a grain shortage
may also drive price up. < br>句意为:但是即便如此,这将很难避免开支超过收入,且不让收入下降。其
他因素像粮食短缺也可 能推动价格上涨。






[-

A
句中,

prevent

的两个宾语并非同一语法类型 :
第一个



expenditure
from
exceeding
revenue

)是一个完整的短语,而第二个宾语(

a
fall

)是
单个名词。





-
在修改后的句子中,这两个宾语各自增加一个独立的动词并分开使用,

这样

prevent

expenditure from exceeding




keep revenue from falling

之间可以建立崭新而确切的平行结构。






-
(回顾:为了用表现力强的动词来代替表现力弱的名词,那 么“
contribute
to price rise
”就改为“
drive prices up.


]
6

A

Last month I went to Tingzhou and did the following with regard to contract
negotiations [for the grocery workers there]:







1. Studying first of all where the enterprises concerned really stand, whether
the contract already negotiated has been observed, and what the demands
of the workers are ....





2. Relying on the Party branch, strengthening its leadership and consolidating
its organization....









3. The negotiated contract should be realistic and flexible, as required by the
actual conditions of the grocery trade in Tingzhou.
B

Last
month
I
went
to
Tingzhou
and
did
the
following
with
regard
to
contract
negotiations:



1. First of all, I tried to find out where each enterprise actually stood, whether
the
contract
already
negotiated
was
being
observed,
and
what
the
demands of the workers were....









2. I relied on the Party branch, strengthening its leadership and consolidating
its organization....









3. I made sure that the negotiated contract was realistic and flexible and in
keeping with the conditions in the grocery trade in Tingzhou.




句意为:上个月我去汀州就合同谈判做了以下工作:








1.
首先,我试图了解每一家企业所在地,企业履行商定合同的情况及工
人的需求?





2.
我借助党支部加强领导并巩固党组织。







3.
我确保了所议定的合同既实用又灵活,
并且该合同要符合汀州的杂货
贸易的情况。






[-
几页介入中间的文本将以上列举的三项内容隔开,
因此,
将这三项内
容以平行的
形式呈现显得更加重要,这样可以帮助读者跟踪演讲者
的论点并记得这些事都是他在汀州 做的。



-
不过,
A
句中的这三个并列观点在形式上并不一致:
(1)
动名词


studying



(2)






relying



strengthening



consolidating



(3)
动词



should be


。更糟糕的是,那些结构
从逻辑上说是不能跟在“
I did the following
”之后的。









-
在修改后的句子中,
这三项内容都被 统一为同一形式,
即相同主语跟
及物动词



I tried to find out



relied on



I made sure












-
(回顾:

actual
”对“
conditions
”而言,因在意思上显得多余而被去
掉。
)
7

A


Some
intellectuals
complain
that
our
personnel
contact
them
only
on
three
things: namely, a transfer of work, a review of personal history, and when a
mistake is committed.




B


Some
intellectuals
complain
that
our
people
talk
to
them
on
only
three
occasions:
when
they
are
transferred
to
another
job,
when
their
personal
history is being reviewed, and when they made a mistake.


句意为:一些知识分子抱怨我们老百姓和他们谈论就只在三个场合:当他们调
换工作 时,当他们的履历受审查时,当他们犯错误时。





[-
这一句中有一系列由“
and
”连接的三个词条,因此每一词条应该属于同一语< br>法范畴,但是
A
句的组成是:名词
+
名词
+
从属从句 。



在改后的句子中,
所有的三种要素都是从属从句。
这一平行结构是通过重复使
用同一连词“
when
”及同一模式(

when x happens

)强化形成的。



这一平行结构也是通过将

when a mistake is committed


改为

when they make
a mistake,

增加的,
而这一结构和先前两个从句



when they



when their



when they

)联系更为紧密。



-
(用“
make a mistake
”代替“
commit a mistake
”是因为后者不是地道的英语
表达。




(回顾:
结构上的变化也是为了将两个抽象名词—

a transfer





a review


转换为动词。将“
when a mistake is committed
”改为主动语态要求一个陈述
主体“
they

,这样的好处就是进一步明确是谁犯了错误。

]



8

A

You have not only met Chairman Mao and visited our capital, but also have
witnessed the power of our army and how the people love our Party and
the leader.






B

You
have
not
only
met
Chairman
Mao
and
visited
our
capital,
but
(also)
witnessed the power of our army and the love the people bear our Party
and our leader.






句意为:你不仅见到了毛主席,参观了我们的首都而且还目睹了我们军队
的实力和人民对我党和 领导人的热爱。








[-

A
句中,
这些跟在

not only



but also

后的结构确切说并不一致。
我们在“
not only
” 后面找到的是“
met
”和“
visited



but also
”后面是

have witnessed

。这一模型就是“
You have not only x and y but also have
z.

。创建准确的平行结构需要相关连 词,笔者就删掉了“
have

。因此,
这一模型就变成了“
You have not only x and y but also z.




-
A
句中“
witnessed
”的两个宾语由并列连 词“
and
”连接。这两个宾语也
不是平行结构:
一个名词


power


和一个名词从句


how the people love

)
一致。改后的句子是将这一从句改为另一名词(

l ove



]

9) A

This shows on the one hand that China

s vehicle and component industries are
still
highly
fragmented
but
on
the
other
hand
it
is
indicative
of
the
enthusiasm
displayed
by
manufacturers
in
trying
to
tap
into
China

s
rapidly expanding automotive market.





B

This shows, on the one hand, that China

s vehicle and component industries
are
still
highly
fragmented
but,
on
the
other
hand,
that
many
manufacturers
are
eager
to
tap
into
the
rapidly
expanding
automotive
market.







句意为:这表明,一方面,中国的汽车和零部件行业仍高度分散,但是另
一方面,很多生产商都迫切想 打入迅速扩大的汽车市场。


[-
这里由并列连词“
but a lso
”连接的成分都是独立的从句。但有心的读者
仍会觉得
A
句不完美。介 词短语“
on the other hand
”像某个相关连词的
第一部分,
因为这一短语就设定了还会有另一短语的预期。
正如上面

not
only... but also
”的例子中,跟在第二部分的成分应和跟在第一部分的成
分保持一致。









- A
句并不是这样的情况。

On the other hand
”后面跟一个不独立的从句


that China

s vehicle and component industries are etc.

)
,而“
on the
other hand
”后跟一个独立从句(

it is indicative of etc .


。修改后的句
子中,
为了和第一个从句


that many manufacturers are ...


保持一致,
第二个从句改为不独立从句。









-
另一种解决 方法就是将第一个从句改为独立从句以和第二个句子保持
一致。那就会出现:

On the one hand this shows that ... but on the other
hand it indicates (or:shows ) that ....

]
10)

A

They unanimously suggested that more funds should be injected into scientific
development, that a more flexible system be introduced to help the transfer
of talent between economic sectors and scientific institutes, and that more
efforts are needed to accelerate the transfer of the fruit of scientific research
into industrial and agricultural production.




B

They unanimously suggested that more funds should be allocated for scientific
development,
that
a
more
flexible
system
be
introduced
to
facilitate
the
exchange
of
highly
trained
people
between
economic
enterprises
and
scientific institutes, and that more efforts should be made to ensure that the
results
of
the
scientific
research
are
rapidly
applied
in
industry
and
agriculture.




句 意为:他们一致认为应该分配更多资金来促进科学发展,应该引入更为灵
活的体系来促进经济企业和科学 机构中训练有素员工的交流,同时
应该更加努力的确保科研成果能快速应用到工农业中。





[-
这里
A
句又达到了语法范畴一致的要求:



and


连接的所有这三部分
都是由“
that
”引导的从属从句。






-
但是批判性读者仍会再一次感到不 舒服,因为从其他方面来看,这三个从
句并不属于平行结构。他们都有不同的形式:

that x should be done

/

that
y be done

/

that efforts are needed to do z.






-
在< br>B
句中,第二和第三个从句确实和第一个从句的形式保持一致:

that
x
should be done.


结构较为紧凑的平行结构很容易实现,
而且更能愉悦身心。





-

Economic
sectors
”改为“
economic
enterprises

,这样就不会在抽象名词


s ectors
”和具体名词“
institutes
”形成平行结构。

-
(将“
talent
”改为“
highly trained p eople
”是因为在第八章的
234
页提到,英
语中这个词很少在这样的语 境中使用。特别是在商业节目之外的情况,

talented
”人不是指“
talent


)]

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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