治病博士英语考试阅读30篇

2021年1月22日发(作者：糖果盒)

Unit 1
–
Reading

Drunken-driving sometimes called America's socially accepted form of murder -- has become
a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by
drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade.


A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol contentor roughly three
beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be
an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient in most courts, but
the
drunken
slaughter
has
recently
caused
so
many
well- publicized
tragedies,
especially
involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.


Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce
it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-old
drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.


Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied
by
educational
programmes
to
help
young
people
to
develop

attitudes
about
drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.


Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already, to a marked
decline
in
fatalities.
Some
states
are
also
penalizing
bars
for
serving
customers
too
many
drinks.
A
tavern
in
Massachusetts
was
fined
for
serving
six
or
more
double
brandies
to
a
customer who was
boy.


As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to
speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President
Hoover called the
but
encouraged
political
corruption
and
organized
crime.
As
with
the
booming
drug
trade
generally, there is no easy solution.

1. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because _____.

A) most Americans are heavy drinkers
B) Americans are now less shocked by road accidents
C) accidents attract so much publicity
D) drinking is a socially accepted habit in America


Answer
：
D
2. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?

A) Detailed statistics are now available.
B) The news media have highlighted the problem.
C) Judges are giving more severe sentences.
D) Drivers are more conscious of their image.


Answer
：
B


3. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _____.

A) many drivers were not of legal age
B) young drivers were often bad drivers
C) the level of drinking increased in the 1960s
D) the legal drinking age should be raised


Answer
：
D
4. Laws recently introduced in some states have _____.

A) reduced the number of convictions
B) resulted in fewer serious accidents
C) prevented bars from serving drunken customers
D) specified the amount drivers can drink


Answer
：
B
5. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?

A) Alcohol is easily obtained.
B) Drinking is linked to organized crime.
C) Legal prohibition has already failed.
D) Legislation alone is not sufficient.


Answer
：
D

Unit 2

Los
Angeles-Bill
Joy
is
not
a
Luddite.
He
is
not
afraid
of
new
technology.
As
founder
and
chief
scientist
of
the
Silicon
Valley
Company,
he
has
been
on the vanguard of the hight tech revolution for 20 years. But recently
Joy took a glimpse into the future and it scared him to death. What he
saw was a world in which humans have been effectively supplanted by
machines; a world in which superpowerful computers with at least some
attributes of human intelligence manage to replicate themselves and
develop
their
own
autonomy
and
people
become
superfluous
and
risk
becoming
extinct.


hand over all the power to the machines. But what we do suggest is that
the
human
race
might
easily
permit
itself
to
drift
into
a
position
of
such
dependence on the machines that it would have no practical choice but
accept all of the machines' decisions. As society and the problems that
face it become more and more complex and machines become more and more
intelligent, people will let machines make more of their decisions for
them.
Eventually
a
stage
may
be
reached
at
which
the
decisions
necessary
to
keep
the
system
running
will
be
so
complex
that
human
will
be
incapable
of making them intellifently. At that stage the machines will be in
effective control. People won't be able to just turn the machines off,
because they will be so
dependent
on them that turning them
would amount
to suicide.



Previously,
Joy
had
dismissed
such
scenarios
as
sci-fi
fantasy,
but
then
he
listened
to
friends
who
were
experts
in
robotics
and
realized
that
this
brave new world was much closer than any of us might imagine -- as close
as
30
years
away.
The
further
that
Joy
dug
into
the
cutting
edge
of
research
in the new technologies -- robotics, genetic engineering and Nan
technology
--
the
more
horrified
he
became.
Not
only
did
he
see
scenarios
in
which
robots
would
like
to
take
on
a
life
of
their
own
and
exterminate
the human race, but also he began to see ways in which other staples of
sci-fi horror might come to pass. Specifically, robots, engineered
organism, and Nan bots share a dangerous amplifying factor: they can
self-replicate.
A
bomb
is
blown
only
once
--
but
one
robot
can
become
many,
and quickly get out of control.


perfection
of
extreme
evil,
an
evil
whose
possibility
spreads
well
beyond
that which weapons of mass destruction bequeathed to the nation-states,
on to a surprising and terrible empowerment of extreme individuals. We
are being propelled into this new century with no plan, no control, no
brakes.
alter course? I don't believe so, but we aren't trying yet, and the last
chance to assert control -- the fail- safe point -- is rapidly
approaching.

1. According to the passage, the word
means?
A) the name of a place where science is underdeveloped.
B) the name of a country.
C) the name of
an organization
which
aims to advocate developing
the new
technology.
D) the name of a party which protest at developing science.
Answer
：
D
2. From the passage, we know that it is that scared Bill Joy to death?
A) robots have been practically running the world.
B) humans are actually at the mercy of the machines.
C)
humans
are
facing
a
fatal
situation
that
the
machines
are
out
of
control
gradually and the machines will overwhelm the whole world.
D) humans will be exiled from the earth by the machines and they have to
explore another fixed star.
Answer
：
C
3. What does the sentence
yet...
A) It is high time for us to give an end to the new technologies.
B) We should cease to explore the perilous Nan technology.


C)
Humans
have
to
devote
themselves
to
save
the
whole
world
by
containing
and wrecking the machines.
D)
It
is
right
time
for
humans
to
dominate
the
high
developing
technology
effectively and handle it skillfully.
Answer
：
D
4. Bill Joy realized the situation that _____.
A) the day when the world controlled by the machines is just round the
corner
B) the human world is on the edge of an exceeding danger
C)
the
machines
in
the
future
will
be
as
perilous
as
the
mass
destruction
D) humans are now on their wit's end
Answer
：
B
5.
Which
of
the
following
can
best
describe
the
author's
attitude
towards
the future relationship between humans and machines?
A) Optimistic.
B) Pessimistic.
C) Confident.
D) Indifferent.
Answer
：
B

Unit 3

The study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain
general ideas for granted, and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have
held quite different ideas, and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers.


A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science.
I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example,
Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the sun, and another
from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light
comes from the sun, and is reflected into our eyes. We don't know in much detail how the changes
in our eyes give rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about
the
physiology
of
the
brain,
we
shall
do
so,
and
that
the
great
philosophical
problems
about
knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.


But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others that perplex us today, there
will still be one field of which they do not know, namely the future. However exact our science,
we cannot know it as we know the past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of
which we are ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable to
suspend
judgment.
That
is
one
reason
why
Marx
and
Engels
quite
rightly
wrote
to
many
philosophical problems that interested their contemporaries.


But we have got to prepare for the future, and we cannot do so rationally without some philosophy.
Some people say we have only got to do the duties revealed in the past and laid down by religion,


and god will look after the future. Other say that the world is a machine and the course of future
events is certain, whatever efforts we may make, Marxists say that the future depends on ourselves,
even though we are part of the historical process. This philosophical view certainly does inspire
people to very great achiements. Whether it is true or not, it is powerful guide to action.


We need a philosophy, then, to help us to tackle the future. Agnosticism easily becomes an excuse
for
laziness
and
conservation.
Whether
we
adopt
Marxism
or
any
other
philosophy,
we
cannot
understand
it
without
knowing
something
of
how
it
developed.
That
is
why
knowledge
of
the
history of philosophy is important to Marxism, even during the present critical days.


1. What is the main idea of this passage?

A) The main idea of this passage is the argument whether philosophy will ultimately be solved by
science or not.
B) The importance of learning philosophies, especially the history of philosophy.
C) The difference between philosophy and science.
D) A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.


Answer
：
B
2. The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that __________.

A)
the
development
of
science
really
can
solve
a
great
many
of
the
problems
on
which
philosophers still argue
B) Plato knew nothing about Physics
C) the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory
D) different people have different ways of perception


Answer
：
A
3. What field can our descendants know?

A) The origin of human beings.
B) Some questions that perplex us today.
C) Many philosophical problems which Marx and Engels wrote rather little.
D) The future.


Answer
：
D
4. How many kinds of ideas are there about the future?

A) Two.
B) Three.
C) Four.
D) Five.


Answer
：
B
5. What are the functions of studying philosophies mentioned in the passage?

A) The study of philosophies would make our own ideas flexible.
B) The study of philosophies would help prepare us for the future and guide our actions.
C) The study of philosophies would enable us to understand how things develop as to better tackle
the future.
D) All of the above.


Answer
：
D



Unit4

The
mental
health
movement
in
the
United
States
began
with
a
period
of
considerable
englightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally
ill
in jails and almshouses and
crusaded
for
the
establishment
of
asylums
in
which
people
could
receive
humane
care
in
hospital-like
environments
and
treatment
which
might
help
restore
them
to
sanity.
By
the
mid
1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of
economic
depression,
legislatures
were
unable
to
appropriate
sufficient
funds
for
decent
care.
Asylums
became
overcrowded
and
prison
like.
Additionally,
patients
were
more
resistant
to
treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security
and restraint
were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing
places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.


These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered
for
some
major
mental
illnesses
theretofore
considered untreatable
(pencillin
for
syphilis
of
the
brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion
pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements
were made and Dr. David V
ail's Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today.
But changes
were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to
investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn
followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons -- the hospitals for
the
criminally
insane.
The prisons
were
filled
with
with
angry
young
men
who,
encouraged
by
legal
support,
were
quick
to
demand
their
rights.
The
hospitals
for
the
criminally
insane,
by
contrast,
were
populated
with
people
who
were
considered

and
who
were
often
kept
obediently
in
their
place
through
the
use
of
severe
bodily
restraints
and
large
doses
of
major
tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals.
The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all,
people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept
in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and,
particularly,
the
judicial
conscience.
Patients'
rights
groups
successfully
encouraged
reform
by
lobbying in state legislatures.


Judicial intervention have had some definite positive effect, but there is growing awareness that
courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The
details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take
from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights
and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given.
Though
it
is
a
difficult
task,
administrators
must
undertake
to
write
rules
and
standards
and
to
provide
the
training
and
surveillance
to
assure
that
treatment
is
given
and
patient
rights
are
respected.


1. The main purpose of the passage is to _________.

A) provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health care
B) increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill


C) shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums
D) describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness


Answer
：
A
2. The author's attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described
as __________.

A) inflexible and insensitive
B) detached and neutral
C) understanding and sympathetic
D) enthusiastic and supportive


Answer
：
C
3.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that,
had
the
Civil
Rights
movement
nor
prompted
an
investigation of prison conditions _________.

A) states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill
B) new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untested
C) the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffective
D) conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny


Answer
：
D
4. The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as _________.

A) overly emotional
B) cleverly deceptive
C) cautiously optimistic
D) fiercely independent


Answer
：
C
5.
According
to
the
passage,
mental
hospital
conditions
were
radically
changed
because
of
________.

A) as groups of young angry men in the 1900s
B) active young lawyers in the 1960s
C) innocent insane patients' protest
D) powerful court interventions


Answer
：
B

U5

What
will
it
mean
to
know
the
complete
human
genome.
Eric
Lander
of
MIT's
Whitehead
Insititute
compares
it
to
the
discovery
of
the
periodic
table
of
the
elements
in
the
last
1800s.

is
now
providing
biology's
periodic
table.
says
Lander.

will
know
that
every phenomenon must be expalinable in terms of this meansly
list
CD-ROM. Already researchers are extracting DNA from patients, attaching fluorescent molecules
and sprinkling the sample on a glass chip whose surface is speckled with 10,000 known genes. A
laser
reads
the
fluorescence,
which
indicates
which
of
the
known
genes
on
the
chip
are
in
the
mystery sample from the patient. In only the last few months such
has diagnosed a muscle tumor in a boy thought to have leukemia, and distinguished between two
kinds of cancer that require very different chemotherapy.




But
decoding
the
book
of
life
poses
daunting
moral
dilemmas.
With
knowledge
of
our
genetic
code
will
come
the
power
to
re-engineer
the
human
species.
Biologists
will
be
able
to
use
the
genome as a parts list much as customers scour a list of china to replace broken plates and may
well let prospective parents choose their unborn child's traits. Scientists have solid leads on genes
for
different
temperaments,
body
builds,
statures
and
cognitive
abilities.
And
if
anyone
still
believes that parents will recoil at praying God, and leave their baby's fate in the hands of nature
recall that couples have already created a frenzied market in eggs from Ivy League women.


Beyond the profound ethical issues are practical concerns. The easier it is to change ourselves and
our children, the less society may tolerate those who do not; warns Lori Andrews of Kent College
of Law. If genetic tests in uterus predict mental dullness, obesity, short stature or other undesirable
traits
of
the
moment
will
society
disparage
children
whose
parents
let
them
be
born
with
those
traits? Already, Andrews finds, some nurses and doctors blame parents for bringing into the world
a child whose birth defect was diagnosable before delivery; how long will it be before the same
condemnation applies to cosmetic imperfections? An even greater concern is that well intentioned
choices by millions of individual parents-to-be could add up to unforseen consequences for all of
humankind. It just so happens that some disease genes also confer resistence to disease: carrying a
gene for sickle cell amenia, for instance, brings resistence to malaria. Are we smart enough, and
wise enough, to know how knocking out


1. The main similarity between the biology's periodic table and the periodic table of the elements
is _________.

A) they are both lists
B) they can be used to explain every phenomenon in their own fields
C) they can be used to diagnose diseases
D) they are both used to cure diseases


Answer
：
B
2. In the second paragraph,

A) a book written by a prophet
B) a book written by a biologist
C) the periodic table of the elements
D) the human genome


Answer
：
D
3.
We
can
infer
that
some
couples
are
eager
to
get
eggs
from
Ivy
League
women
because
_________.

A) they can't give birth to children
B) they want to have a good-looking child
C) they want to have a clever child
D) curiosity drives them to do that


Answer
：
C
4. It can be learned from the passage that _________.

A)
B) all of the disease genes are harmful to human beings
C) short people may also be looked down upon in future


D) scientists are encouraged to do research on human genome


Answer
：
C
5.
The
author's
attitude
towards
knowing
the
complete
human
genome
can
be
described
as
________.

A) critical
B) objective
C) positive
D) indifferent


Answer
：
B

U6
Western
nations
initially
ignored
Russia's
ruthless
military
campaign
in
Chechnya
to
gain
Moscow's support for the war on terrorism. Now, as reports of human rights abuses in the region
stream in, Europe and America are losing patience.


Recent Amnesty International reports describe in gruesome detail the Russian military's role in the
rape and trafficking of Chechen women. A 2001 U.S. State Department report on
trafficking in
persons
described
Russia
as

source
country
for
women
trafficked
for
prostitution.
Many
of
those
women
come
from
war-torn
Chechnya.
There
are
also
reports
of
Russian
soldiers
using
Chechen
civilians
as
human
shields
to
storm
hideouts
of
Chechen
militias.
These
dreadful
war
crimes speak volumes to the moral bankruptcy of the Russian military establishment, and continue
to fuel the Chechen yearning for independence.


Shortly after Sept. 11, President Putin may have convinced the West to look the other way. But the
tide is beginning to turn. At a January meeting of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of
Europe(PACE)
in
Strasbourg,
Germany,
a
special
session
was
included
to
address
the
crisis
in
Chechnya,
muc
to
the
chagrin
of
the
Russian
delegation.
Russian
delegates
mocked
Chechen
representative Ahmed Zakaevv, calling him a representative of Osama bin Laden. During the same
period, a meeting took place between Chechen diplomat Ilyas Ahmadov and representatives of the
U.S. State Department. These high-profile meetings between delegates of the Chechen resistance
leadership and Western leaders seem to signal the end of short-lived Western silence.


The
Russian
government's
diplomatic
failure
to
win
legitimacy
for
its
war
in
Chechnya
and
to
equate it with the war in Afghanistan was also matched by a series of military blunders committed
by
its
forces
on
the
ground.
Recently,
the
Russian
military
announced
the
conclusion
of
a
sweeping crackdown on
after the announcement, The Independent, a London-based paper, accused the Russian government
of fabricating the news of the military crackdown to cover up the deaths of 15 Russian soldiers
killed by friendly fire. Soon after, 14 senior Russian officials, including a deputy interior minister,
were killed when their military helicopter crashed during a flight over Chechnya. The death toll
included General Mikhail Rudhenko, who is in charge of security in southern Russia.


It may seem as if the plight of the Chechen people has no end in sight. But their determination to
be
free
is
unmistakable.
Russia's
atrocities
in
Chechnya
go
back
to
the
19th
century,
when
the


diminutive
but
oil-rich
region
was
annexed
to
the
Czarist
Empire
after
a
bloody
campaign
of
colonization. Since then, the Chechens have endured mass deportations and massacres, and have
stared genocide in the face.


1. Europe and America didn't blame Russia for its deeds in Chechnya mainly because _________.

A) Russia did nothing wrong in Chechnya before
B) they wanted to gain Russia's support for the war on terrorism
C) they didn't want to intervene into other countries' affairs
D) they were not blamed by advocates of human rights


Answer
：
B
2. The underlined word

A) concealing
B) reporting
C) inventing
D) postponing


Answer
：
C
3. Which of the following is incorrect according to the passage?

A) President Putin hasn't convinced the west to believe that its war on Chechnya is proper.
B) In the western nation's opinion, the war in Chechnya is similar to that in Afghanistan.
C) Chechnya didn't belong to Russia two centuries ago.
D) The Chechens have suffered a lot under the rule of Russia.


Answer
：
B
4. We can infer that _________.

A) Western nations will blame Russia for its ruthlessness in Chechnya
B) Russia will stop military crackdown in Chechnya
C) Chechnya will be liberated a few years later
D) Chechnya may become an ally of western states in future


Answer
：
A
5. The author's attitudes towards the Chechens is ________.

A) neutral
B) indifferent
C) sympathetic
D) critical


Answer
：
C

U7
Bank of America, holding company for the San Francisco
-- based Bank of America, was once
unchallenged as
the
nation's
biggest
banking
organization.
At
its
peak,
it
had
more
branches
in
California -- 1,100 -- than the U.S. Postal Service. It was also a highly profitable enterprise. But
since 1980, Bank of America's earnings have been down or flat. From March 1985 to March 1986,
for example, earnings per share dropped 50.8 percent. Samuel H. Armacost, president and CEO,
has confessed that he doesn't expect a turnaround soon.


Some
of
Bank
of
America's
old
magic
seems
to
have
rubbed
off
on
New
York's
Citibank,


perennial
rival
for
top
banking
honors.
Thanks
to
aggressive
growth
policies,
Citicorp's
assets
topped Bank of America's for the first time in 1983 -- and by a healthy margin. Citibank has also
been
generating
profits
at
a
fast
clip,
enabling
it
to
spend
lavishly
on
campaigns
to
enter
new
markets -- notably Bank of America's turf in California.


The bad times Bank of America is currently facing are partly the result of the good times the bank
enjoyed
earlier.
Based
in
a
large
and
populous
state
and
operating
in
a
regulated
environment,
Bank
of
America
thrived.
Before
deregulation,
banks
could
not
compete
by
offering
savers
a
higher
return,
so
they
competed
with
convinience.
With
a
branch
at
every
crossroads,
Bank
of
America
was
able
to
attract
40
percent
of
the
California
deposit
market
--
a
source
of
high
earnings
when
the
legal
maximum
payable
to
depositors
was
much
lower
than
the
interest
on
loans.


The
progressive
deregulation
of
banking
forced
Bank
of
America
to
fight
for
its
customers
by
offering
them
competitive
rates.
But
how
could
this
mammoth
bureaucracy,
with
its
expensive
overhead,
offer
rates
as
attractive
as
its
loaner
competitors?
Pruning
the
establishment
was
foremost
in
the
minds
of
Bank
of America
policymakers.
But
cutbacks have
proceeded
slowly.
Although the bank is planning to consolidate by offering full services only in key branches, so far
only about 40 branches have been closed. Cutbacks through attrition have reduced the work force
from 83,000 to fewer than 73,000; wholesale layoffs, it seems, would not fit the tradition of the
organization. And they would intensify the morale problems that already threaten the institution.


1. According to the passage, New York's Citibank _________.

A) is a dark horse in the field of banking
B) has been growing in a moderate way
C) has been making efforts to conquer the markets of Bank of America
D) has more branches than Bank of America now


Answer
：
C
2. Which of the following is NOT the reason for which Bank of America thrived?

A) It's turf -- California was a state with a large number of population.
B) The economic environment that was controlled by the government.
C) Its deposit rate was higher than that of other banks.
D) Its large amount of branches.


Answer
：
C
3. The phrase

A) its expensive overhead
B) its large amount of branches
C) its long history
D) corruption of its leaders


Answer
：
B
4. Now the most important factor for a bank to win in competition seems to be _________.

A) higher deposit rate
B) flexibility of capital
C) high banking honors


D) support of the government


Answer
：
A
5. Which of the following conclusions can't be drawn from the passage?

A) The U.S. Postal Service had less than 1,100 branches in California a few decades before.
B) The profit of the Bank of America has been reducing since the 1980s.
C) The prospect of the Bank of America is not quite promising.
D) Moral problem is also a factor that leads to the decline of the Bank of America.


Answer
：
B

U8
V
olcanic
fire
and
glacial
ice
are
natural
enemies.
Eruptions
at
glaciated
volcanoes
typically
destroy ice fields, as they did in 1980 when 70 of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was demolished.
During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and
eventually
reducing
them
to
rubble.
Only
rarely
do
these
competing
forces
of
heat
and
cold
operate
in
perfect
balance
to
create
a
phenomenon
such
as
the
steam
caves
at
Mount
Rainier
National Park.


Located inside Rainier's two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and
vaulted
chambers
about
one
and
one- half
miles
in
total
length.
Their
creation
depends
on
an
unusual
combination
of
factors
that
nature
almost
never
brings
together
in
one
place.
The
cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall
at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and a bowl- shaped crater
to hold the snow.


Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier's summit craters is compacted and compressed into a dense
form of ice called firm, a substance midway between ordianry ice and the denser crystalline ice
that
makes
up
glaciers.
Heat
rising
from
numerous
opening
(called
fumaroles)
along
the
inner
crater walls melts out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice pack. Circulating
currents
of
warm
air
then
melt
additional
openings
in
the
firm
ice,
eventually
connecting
the
individual chambers and, in the larger of Rainier's the crater's, forming a continuous passageway
the extends two-thirds of the Way around the crater's interior.


To maintain the cave system, the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium, enough
snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too much volcanic heat is
discharged, the crater's ice pack will melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the
snows
of
yesteryear.
If
too
little
heat
is
produced,
the
ice,
the
replendished
annually
by
winter
snowstorms, will expand, pushing against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present
caverns in solid firm ice.


1. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?

A) The importance of snowfall for Mount Rainier.
B) The steam caves of Mount Rainier's.
C) How ice covers are destroyed.
D) The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980.




Answer
：
B
2.
According
to
the
passage,
long
periods
of
volcanic
inactivity
can
lead
to
a
volcanic
cone's
_______.

A) strong eruption
B) sudden growth
C) destruction
D) unpredictability


Answer
：
C
3. The second paragraph mentions all of the following
as necessary elements in
the creation of
steam caves EXCEPT _______.

A) a glacier
B) a crater
C) heat
D) snow


Answer
：
A
4. According to the passage, heat from Mount Rainier's summit craters rises from _________.

A) crystalline ice
B) firms
C) chambers
D) fumaroles


Answer
：
D
5.

A) eliminate
B) enlarged
C) prevented
D) hollowed


Answer
：
A

U9
Moviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film,
Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly recreates the Japanese attack that drew the
United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites
comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action
around
a
magor
historical
event.
Like
Titanic,
Harbor
attempts
to
create
popular
global
entertainment from a deadly real-life. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in
even more at the box office.


Bot Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours.
Both
stories
center
on
young
passion,
triangles
of
tension
with
one
woman
and
two
men:
In
Titanic, Lenardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, a high-society
type
played
by
a
British
actress
name
Kate
(Winslet).
In
Harbor,
two
pilots
(Ben Affelck, Josh
Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).


The scens of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as


the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of the Titanic's sinking scene in
which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into
the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much
like Winslet's character does in Titanic.


And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by
Harbor's 40-minute recreation of Dec. 7,
1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor
director,
Michael
Bay,
for
example,
says
he
kept
salaries
down
so
more
could
be
spent
on
the
visuals. Both movies event shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location: Fox Studios Baja in
Mexico.


Harbor's makers have even taken a Titanic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one
song, There You'll Be, performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of
the best selling soundtracks of all time, also had only one pop song: Celine Dion's My Heart Will
Go On.



more historical romance-action material,

1. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?

A) The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.
B) Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.
C) The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.
D) Sinking boats and famous actors.


Answer
：
C
2. What does the phrase

A) To be very attractive.
B) To cost a lot.
C) To have big box office returns.
D) To require a lot of effort to accomplish.


Answer
：
B
3. It is said in the passage that _______.

A) major historical events can never repeat themselves
B) both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearance
C) Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than Titanic
D) Titanic is the most successful film in history


Answer
：
D
4. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all the following aspects EXCEPT _________.

A) both spent large amount of money on special effects
B) both have soundtracks starring a major pop star
C) both added made-up stories to historical events
D) both are documentary movies of historical events


Answer
：
D
5. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?



A) The Battle of Waterloo.
B) The Adventures of Mr. Bean.
C) Space Invaders.
D) The Haunted House.


Answer
：
A

U10
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points -- periods, countries,
dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure:
how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what
constitutes admissible and adequate proof.


Anyone
who
has
followed
recent
historical
literature
can
testify
to
the
revolution
that
is
taking
place
in
historical
studies.
The
currently
fashionable
subjects
come
directly
from
the
sociology
catalog:
childhood,
work,
leisure.
The
new
subjects
are
accomplished
by
new
methods.
Where
history
once
was
primarily
narrative,
it
is
now
entirely
analytic.
The
old
questions

happened?
and

did
it
happen?
have
given
way
to
the
question

did
it
happen?
Prominent among the methods used to answer the question
has given rise to psychohistory.


Psychohistory
does
not
merely
use
psychological
explanations
in
historical
contexts.
Historians
have
always
used
such
explanations
when
they
were
appropriate
and
when
there
was
sufficient
evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psycholoanalysis is not what psychohistorians intend.
They
are
committed,
not
just
to
psychology
in
general,
but
to
Freudian
psychoanalysus.
This
cimmitment
precludes
a
commitment
to
history
as
historians
have
always
understood
it.
Psychohistory
derives
its

not
from
history,
the
detailed
records
of
events
and
their
consequences,
but
from
psychoanalysis
of
the
individuals
who
made
history,
and
deduces
its
theories
not
from
this
or
that
instance
in
their
lives,
but
from
a
view
of
human
nature
that
transcends
history.
It
denies
the
basic
criterion
of
historical
evidence:
that
evidence
be
publicly
accessible to, and therefore accessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical
method:
that
historian
be
alert
to
the
negative
instances
that
would
refute
their
theses.
Psychohistorians,
convinced
of
the
absolute
rightness
of
their
own
theories,
are
also
convinced
that theirs is the
truth.


Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of
studying the writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity
and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a
multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes
upon
the present,
thus
robbing
people and
events
of
their
individuality
and
of
their complexity.
Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a
single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.


1. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?



A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in fashion even though it lacks
the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
B)
Traditional
historians
can
benefit
from
studying
the
techniques
and
findings
of
psychohistorians.
C)
Areas
of
sociological
study
such
as
childhood
and
work
are
of
little
interest
to
traditional
historians.
D)
The
psychological
assessment
of
an
individual's
behavior
and
attitudes
is
more
informative
than the details of his or her daily life.


Answer
：
A
2.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
one
way
in
which
traditional
history
can
be
distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually ________.

A) views past events as complex and having their own individuality
B) relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events
C) turns to psychological explanation in historical contexts to account for events
D) interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended


Answer
：
A
3.
Which
of
the
following
did
the
author
mention
as
a
characteristic
of
the
practice
of
psychohistorians?

A) The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic (
插话式的
) rather than narrative form.
B) Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
C) Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.
D) Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in
the childhood of the figure.


Answer
：
C
4. The author of the passage suggests that psychohostorians view history primarily as _________.

A) a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for
the most part, unverifiable
B) an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and
leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
C) an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as
discrete (
不连续的
) units
D) a record of the way in which a closed set of unchallengeable psychological laws seems to have
shaped events


Answer
：
D
5.
The
author
of
the
passage
puts
the
word

(the
last
sentence
of
Paragraph
3)
in
quotation marks most probably in order to _________.

A) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians' claims for their work
B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians' method
C)
emphasize
the
major
difference
between
the
traditional
historians'
method
and
that
of
the
psychohistorians
D) disassociate her opinion of psychohistorians' insights from her opinion of their method


Answer
：
A

U11


To
these
indirect
presumtions
that
our
sensations,
following
the
mutations
of
our
capacity
for
feeling, are always undergoing an essential change, must be added another presumption, based on
what
must
happen
in
the
brain.
Every
sensation
corresponds
to
some
cerebral
action.
For
an
identical sensation to recur it would have to occur the second time in an unmodified brain. But as
this, strictly speaking, is a physiological impossibility, so is an unmodified feeling an impossibility;
for to every brain- modification, however small, we suppose that there must correspond a change
of equal amount in the consciousness which the brain subserves.


But if the assumption of
baseless, how much more baseless is the assumption of immutability in the larger masses of our
thought! For there it is obvious and palpable that our state of mind is never precisely the same.
Every
thought
we
have
of
a
given
fact
is,
strictly
speaking,
unique,
and
only
bears
any
resemblance of kind with our other thoughts of the same fact. When the identical fact recurs, we
must
think
of
it
in
a
fresh
manner,
see
it
under
a
somewhat
different
angle,
apprehend
it
in
different relations from those in which it last appeared. And the thought by which we cognize is
the
thought
of
it
in
those
relations,
a
thought
suffused
with
the
consciousness
of
all
that
dim
context. Often we are ourselves struck at the strange differences in our successive views of
the
same
thing.
We
wonder
how
we
ever
could
have
opined
as
we
did
last
month
about
a
certain
matter. We have outgrown the possibility of that state of mind, though we know not how.


For one year to another we see things in new lights. What was unreal has grown real, and what
was
exciting
is
insipid.
The
friends
we
used
to
care
the
world
for
are
shrunken
to
shadow;
the
women once so divine, that stars, the woods, and the waters, how now so dull and common! -- The
young
girls
that
brought
an
aura
of
infinity,
at
present
hardly
distinguishable
existences;
the
pictures
so
empty;
and
as
for
the
booksm
what
was
there
to
find
so
mysteriously
significant
in
Goethe, or in John Mill so full of weight? Instead of all this, more zestful that ever is the work, the
work; and fuller and deeper the import of common duties and of common goods.


1. Our sensations are assumed to change because __________.

A) the brain changes
B) no sensation occurs twice in the same way
C) sensations are complicated
D) our capacity for feeling remains constant


Answer
：
A
2. We can infer that the writer is ________.

A) friendless
B) not a young man
C) depressed by his findings
D) dismayed by the changeability of feeling and thoughts


Answer
：
B
3. Which of the following states the main idea of this passage?

A) We can know sensations only through reasoning, never by direct experience.
B) Our mental processes are characterized by change.
C) Work is the best goal of men.


D) Each thought is known only in context of our other thoughts.


Answer
：
B
4. The author apparently feels that _________.

A) our values remain constant throughout our lives
B) our senses are more reliable than our minds
C) the things we value in our youth are worthless
D) our reality changes as we change


Answer
：
D
5. The word

A) without interesting qualities
B) not tasty
C) lovely
D) invalid


Answer
：
A

U12
Over
the
last
decade,
demand
for
the
most
common
cosmetic
surgery
procedures,
like
breast
englargement
and
nose
jobs,
has
increased
by
more
than
400
per
cent.
According
to
Dr.
Dai
Davies,
of
the
Plastic
Surgery
Partnership
in
Hammersmith,
the
majority
of
cosmetic
surgery
patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve
their appearance by a desire to look normal.
what
is
prescribed
by
the
advertising
media
and
other
external
pressures.
They
give
us
a
perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.


In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centers on what age
people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imberre commends

work
for
people
in
their
thirties.

idea
if
waiting
until
one
need
a
heroic
transformation is silly,
things
to
get
out
of
hand.
Dr.
Inber
draws
the
line
at
operating
on
people
who
are
under
18,
however,

seems
that
someone
we
don't
consider
old
enough
to
order
a
drink
shouldn't
be
considering plastic surgery.


In
the
UK
cosmetic
surgery
has
long
been
seen
as
the
exclusive
domain
of
the
very
rich
and
famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most
advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davie, who claims to
average
person
agrees.
He
says:

treat
a
few
of
the
rich
and
famous
and
an
awful
lot
of
secretaries. Of course,
￡
3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for
life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.


Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques
that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote
the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid
￡
2,500 for liposuction
to remove cellulite from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery veteran is a
deceptively gentle one.


into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I don't think there's any
operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.


1. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is __________.

A) being physically healthy
B) looking normal
C) investing for life
D) improving appearance


Answer
：
B
2. According to paragraph 3, what Dr. Davies said implies that ________.

A) cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having
B) cosmetic surgery is very expensive
C) cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person
D) cosmetic surgery is beyong the reach of most people


Answer
：
A
3. There is a hot debate in America about ________.

A) whether those who are under 18 need cosmetic surgery
B) whether people should have
C) at what age people should have cosmetic surgery
D) whether cosmetic surgery should cater for the average person


Answer
：
C
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) It is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18.
B) Cosmetic surgery is now easier and less painful.
C) People tend to abuse cosmetic surgery.
D) The earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be.


Answer
：
B
5. The text is mainly about _________.

A) the advantage of having cosmetic surgery
B) what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery
C) the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular
D) the disadvantage of cosmetic surgery


Answer
：
C

U13
Like
our
political
society,
the
university
is
under
severe
attack
today
and
perhaps
for
the
same
reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation,
that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things
that simply are not true. For example, we have earnestly declared that full equality of opportunity
in universities exists for everyone, regardless of economic circumstance, race or religion. This has
never
been
true.
In
another
sense
the
university
has
failed.
It
has
stored
great
quantities
of
knowledge;
it
teaches
more
people;
and
despite
its
failures,
it
teaches
them
better.
It
is
in
the
application of this knowledge that the failure has come.




Of
the
great
branches
of
knowledge
--
the
sciences,
the
social
sciences
and
humanities
--
the
sciences are applied, sometimes almost as soon as they are learned. Strenuous and occasionally
successful efforts are made to apply the social sciences, but almost never are the humanities well
applied. The great tasks of the university in the next generation are to search the past to form the
future,
to
begin
an
earnest
search
for
a
new
and
relevant
set
of
values,
and
to
learn
to
use
the
knowledge we have for the questions that come before us. The university should use one-fourth of
a
student's
time
in
his
undergraduate
years
and
organize
it
into
courses
which
might
be
called
history,
and
literature
and
philosophy,
and
anything
else
appropriate
and
organize
these
around
primary problems.


The difference between a primary problem and a secondary problem is that primary problems tend
to be around for a long time, whereas the less important ones get solved. One primary problem is
that
of
interfering
with
what
some
call
human
destiny
and
others
call
biological
development,
which is partly the result of genetic circumstance and partly the result of accidental environmental
conditions. It is anticipated that the next generation, and perhaps this one, will be able to interfere
chemically with the actual development of an individual and perhaps biologically by interfering
with his genes. Obviously, there are benefits both to individuals and to society from eliminating,
or at least improving, mentally and physically deformed persons. On the other hand, there could
be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and
subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.


This can be done, but what happens to free will and the rights of the individual? Here we have a
primary problem that will still exist when we are all dead. After all, the purpose of education is not
only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will
find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.


1. The author suggests that the university's greatest shortcoming is its failure to __________.

A) attempt to provide equal opportunity for all
B) offer courses in philosophy and the humanities
C) prepare students adequately for professional studies
D) help students see the relevance of the humanities to real problems


Answer
：
D
2. It is implied in the second paragraph that universities ________.

A) mistake literature as of little or no practical value
B) attach great importance to social sciences and humanities
C) can distinguish primary problems from secondary problems
D) do not offer undergraduate courses like history, literature and philosophy


Answer
：
A
3. Which of the following questions does the author answer in the passage?

A) What are some of the secondary problems faced by the past generation?
B) How can we improve the performance of our political society?
C) What is the chief objective of a university education?
D) Why is the university of today better than the university of the past?


Answer
：
C


4. The primary purpose of the passage is to _________.

A) discuss a problem and propose a solution
B) analyze a system and defend it
C) Present both sides of an issue and allow the reader to draw a conclusion
D) outline a new idea and criticize it


Answer
：
A
5. The development discussed in the passage is primarily a problem of _________.

A) political philosophy
B) educational philosophy
C) scientific philosophy
D) practical science


Answer
：
B

U14
Economics
has
long
been
known
as
the
dismal
science.
But
is
any
economist
so
dreary
as
to
criticise
Christmas?
At
first
glance,
the
holiday
season
in
western
economies
seems
a
treat
for
those concerned with such vagaries as GDP growth. After all, everyone is spending; in America,
retailers
make
25%
of
their
yearly
sales
and
60%
of
their
profits
between
Thanksgiving
and
Christmas.
Even
so,
economists
find
something
to
worry
about
in
the
nature
of
the
purchases
being made.


Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others. At the simplest level, giving gifts involves the
giver thinking of something that the recipient would like
—
- he tries to guess her preferences, as
economists say
—
- and then buying the gift and delivering it. Yet this guessing of preferences is
no mean feat; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And
even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought had they spent the
money themselves.


Intrigued by this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at
Yale University, sought to estimate the disparity in dollar terms. In a paper that has proved seminal
in the literature on the issue, he asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first,
estimate the total amount paid (by the givers) for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart
from the sentimental value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing
to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well
below the price paid by the giver.


The most conservative estimate put the average receiver's valuation at 90% of the buying price.
The missing 10% is what economists call a deadweight loss: a waste of resources that could be
averted without making anyone worse off. In other words, if the giver gave the cash value of the
purchase instead of the gift itself, the recipient could then buy what she really wants, and be better
off for no extra cost.


If
the
results
are
generalised,
a
waste
of
one
dollar
in
ten
represents
a
huge
aggregate
loss
to
society. It suggests that in America, where givers spend $$40 billion on Christmas gifts, $$4 billion


is being lost annually in the process of gift-giving. Add in birthdays, weddings and non-Christian
occasions, and the figure would balloon. So should economists advocate an end to gift-giving, or
at least press for money to become the gift of choice?


1. Why do some people regard the holiday season in western economies a treat?

A) Because the economic situation in US has been gloomy.
B) Because holiday spending can stimulate GDP growth.
C) Because American retailers make a quarter of their yearly sales throughholiday season.
D) Because retailers can make as much profit as 60% over holiday season.


Answer
：
B
2. What's the main idea for the second paragraph?

A) Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others.
B) The purchases made over holiday season are actually a waste of money.
C) It's really not easy to guess the others' preferences.
D) In many cases the gifts present cannot meet the recipients needs.


Answer
：
D
3. The purpose of Joel Waldfogel's study is to ________.

A) prove the mismatch between wants and gifts
B) spark new ideas of economic studies on holiday spending
C) evaluate the disparity between wants and gifts in economic terms
D) discover the exact cost of holiday spending on gift giving


Answer
：
C
4.
Economists
think
of
the
missing
10%
of
holiday
spending
a
deadweight
loss
because
_________.

A) the cash value of the purchase is lower than the buying price
B) it makes many people even worse off for spending more on unwanted gifts
C) with the money the recipients can be better off for no extra cost
D) it is actually a waste of resources in economic terms


Answer
：
D
5. According to the passage altogether how much money is wasted every year on gift giving?

A) About $$40 billion.
B) About $$4 billion.
C) About 10% of the total value.
D) Much more than $$4 billion.

U15
On
December
14th,
university
researchers
were
due
to
find
out
what
their
colleagues
really
thought
about
them,
with
the
publication
of
the
results
of
a
five-yearly
assessment
of
research.
Since money depends on the results, everybody is watching keenly.


The
results
divide
research
into
what
is
world-class
and
what
is
not.
They
show
that
British
research, ranked among the best in the world, has further improved since it was
last examined.
More
than
half
of
researchers
are
bassed
in
departments
containing
work
of
international
excellence, compared with a third in 1996.




Britain
now
ranks
first
in
the
world
in
terms
of
the
numbers
of
publications
and
citations.
Six
years ago, British- based researchers wrote 11% of the most frequently cited papers; that figure has
since risen to 18%. Despite such tributes from their peers, many academics still argue that more
does not necessarily mean better. Academics may rush work into print merely to meet the artificial
deadline of the five year cycle, rather than spend longer producing the sort of great magnum opus
that used to distinguish disciplines such history and English.


Part of the improved performance is due to universities playing games to maximize their research
income. Universities included only their
top researchers in this
year's exercise, in order to keep
their average marks up. Even so, there is no doubt that much of the improvement is genuine. After
the 1996 exercise, universities were stung by criticism that British judges were deeming university
departments to be internationally excellent without canvassing opinion from outside Britain. This
time, international opinion was sought and, in all but 3% of cases, it confirmed the judgment of
the British panels.


The dramatic improvement has taken the government by surprise. It uses the results to determine
how
it
spends
￡
1.4
billion
(
＄
2
billion)
each
year,
discriminating
between
excellent
research,
which
it
rewards,
and
less
impressive
work,
which
it
does
not.
The
bill
for
rewarding
the
improvement is
￡
200 million and no money has been set aside for paying it. Margaret Hodge,
the
minister
for
higher
education,
has
told
universities
that
they
must
live
within
the
original
budget.


That university research has flourished during a time when the public funding for higher education
has
not
kept
pace
with
the
expansion
in
student
numbers
is
a
testament
to
the
importance
of
research to universities. A separate study has found that universities use the money which overseas
students pay in tuition fees to subsidize research. It is no coincidence that those producing the best
research also have a high proportion of overseas students. Kudos and cash go hand in hand.


1. Why are university researchers so deeply concerned with the assessment results?

A) Because by the results they can find out their colleagues' opinion of them.
B) Because the results determine how much fund they can get for their researches.
C) Because the five year assessment decides who will be promoted to world- class researcher.
D) Because the results shows the rank of British researchers in the world academic circle.


Answer
：
B
2. Many academics insist that the high number of publications and citations ________.

A) contributes to the enhancement of academic studies in Britain
B) is a recognition of the British researchers' work
C) will encourage the British researchers to further their academic efforts
D) may exert negative influence on the British researchers


Answer
：
D
3. In the fourth paragraph the author pointed out that ________.

A) universities play dirty tricks in the assessment to get more research grant
B) more and more people doubt the authenticity of the improvement