定性滤纸英语议论文要求及常用短语

2021年1月23日发(作者：军航)
1
．

议论文的格式：

议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：
<1>
立论部分；
<2>
论证部分；
<3>
结论部分。一般说来，
议论文可分三个基本段落来写：< br>第一段引出话题；
第二段立论且加以论证；
第三段给出明确
的结论。
第 二段是中心段落，
应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，
同时也要注意开篇及结
尾段落 的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。

2
．

段落的统一性及语篇的连贯性

（
1
）

段落的统一性

英语段落有一大特点，即一个段落只涉及一个主题（甚至只是一个主题 的某个方面）
。段落
中的一个句子点出主题并说明作者对该主题的看法，
而其它所有句 子都是为展开该主题而给
出的事实、例证、推理，它们与主题紧密相关。段落中不应有一个与主题无关的 句子。英文
段落的这种各个句子与主题的关联性被称作段落的统一性。请看以下两例：

(1)
Birds build their nests in all kinds of places. Some are high in trees, on the sides of
buildings or on the top of hills while others on the ground, in fields or by stream banks.
Birds
also use
various
nesting
materials
to
build
their
nests, including sticks, mud,
stones, grass and so on. Some birds are able to change to be suitable for different
conditions. They'll build their nests wherever they can find a spot and use whatever
materials they can find. But other birds will build their nests only in certain places
and use only certain materials.
(2)

shock
occurs
as
a
result
of
lack
of
understanding
in
a
new
culture.
It
happens to people who have been suddenly
anxious because they do not speak
the language, know the customs, or understand
people's behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that

that
friendliness
does
not
always
mean
friendship,
or
that
statements
that
appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to
when to shake hands or embrace, when to initiate conversations, or how to approach a
stranger. The
notion of “culture shock” helps
explain feelings of bewilderment and
disorientation. Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people
feel.
When
one
is
deprived
of
everything
that
was
once
familiar,
such
as
understanding
a
transportation
system,
knowing
how
to
register
for
university
classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society
may arise.
（
2
）

语篇的连贯性

英语议论文的段落多采取直线展开式，即段落开始直接切入主题，
并给出事实、例证、
推理
等。
英语议论文段落这种展开方式是形成其语篇连贯的基础。
语篇的连贯是指段落 中各句的
意义通过某种有序的排列（如时间顺序、因果顺序、逻辑顺序等）而相互关联。在论述该段落主题的时候，
每后一个句子都是建立在前面一个句子的基础之上的。
如果去掉段落中的一
个句子，这种连贯便会受到影响，就会造成读者在理解上的困难。

3
．

议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据、议论文中常用的词句与短语

（
1
）

议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据

一篇 议论文能否获得高分与其中心段落主题句的质量不无关联，
而主题句质量的高低则又取
决于审题 的好坏和论据的选择
（即所选的论据在逻辑性、
说理性、
准确性及与主题内容的关联性等方面是否都经得起推敲）
。需要明确的是，中心段落只应有两个组成部分：段落的主
题句和支持主题句的论据。

段落的主题句也应有两个部分组成，
即：
主题句
=
主题
+
作者对主题的看法或态度，
两者缺一
不可。
假设应试者被要求写一篇有关吸烟的议论文，
那么

SMOKING
就是中心段落的主题。
请看下面这个主题句：


Smoking is a habit of many men.
该主题句暴露出两个问题：
（
1
）作者审题不清；
（
2
）作者没有表明对主题的看法或态度。
一般说来，
议论文要求应试者阐明自己对某问题的看法或态度。
因此当我们拿到议论文的题
目以后，要认真审题，权衡某事的利与弊，然后确定我们的立场。

如何构建段落的主题句呢？

拿到议论文的题目以后，
经认真审题后，
用英文列出你所能想起的与主题有关的例证。
我们
还用吸烟这个话题为例：

SMOKING
1
．

Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.
2
．

Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.
3
．

Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one's life by about 15 minutes
and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.
4
．

Smoking after a meal can also disturb one's digestive system.
5
．

Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult's sexuality.
6
．

Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.
7
．

Smoking makes one's mouth smell.
8
．

The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.
9
．

Smoking in bed may cause fire.
根据上面所列出的七个句子，我们可以选择以下两个主题句，即：

<1> Smoking is a bad habit.
<2> Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.
第一个主题句表明了作者的态度，
但不如第二个具体，
因此在展开中心段落时不仅要谈吸烟< br>对人体健康的不良影响，还要涉及吸烟在其它方面造成的危害。这样的段落考生较难掌握。
因此主 题句越是相对地具体段落就越好展开。
但这并不等于说第一个主题句不好；
如果主题
句 太过具体，
段落可展开的范围就会过窄。
如果范围较窄，
有些考生所能列出的例证就会 相
对较少，
整篇文章写下来后可能达不到所要求的字数。
因此选择哪一个主题句要视具 体情况
而定。

用于支持段落主题句的论据其实就是我们开始列出的那些例证，
但应视主题句所涉及范围的
大小而有所取舍。下面我们就上面的两个主题句分别构建两个不同的中心段 落：

(1)
Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For
another, regular smoking makes one's mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette
smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be
the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname,
Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one's life by about 15 minutes and
that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show
that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a
horse.
Some
medical
reports
have
also
proved
that
heavy
smoking
would
seriously
affect an adult's sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one's digestive
system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it
also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his
or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The
impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the
experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is
usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)
(2)
Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health. Cigarette smoking
does
great
harm
to
human
health.
In
many
cases,
cigarette
has
proved
to
be
the
direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname,
Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one's life by about 15 minutes and
that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show
that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a
horse.
Some
medical
reports
have
also
proved
that
heavy
smoking
would
seriously
affect an adult's sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one's digestive
system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it
also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his
or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The
impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the
experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is
usually prohibited in most public places. (196 words)
（
2
）议论文中常用的词句与短语


一．数据对比用语：

1. … ar
e similar in their range of indicators
2. …cause / lead to a rapid / slow increase / decrease in the number / amount of…

3. …cause …to drop…

4. …climb dramatically from…to…

5. …constitutes about…percent …

6. …continue to rise / fall…

7. …continue to widen / shorten…

8. …declines to less than …percent.

9. …drop / fall to as many / much / little as…

10. …fall / rise / increase / decrease dramatically

11. …fluctuates between…

12. …grow only marginally from…to…

13. …increase / decrease slowly

14. …increase/ dec
rease lightly
15. …is doubled

16. …is inversely proportional to…

17. …is significantly lower / higher than…

18. …lead to an increased number / amount of…

19. …level off / remain constant at…

20. …lower the percentage of …

21. …maintain approximately the same number of…

22. …narrow down to…

23. …occupy a greater percentage of…

24. …peak / top at…

25. …range from…to…

26. …remain below…

27. …rise / fall / increase / decrease sharply

28. …rise above…

29. …rise to approximately…

30. …take up one third of…

31. …times smaller / larger than…

32. …totals / amounts to / reaches / arrives at / stays at…

33. …varies greatly / slightly between…and…

34. A very noticeable trend is the steady increase / decrease in…

35. As is shown in / As can be seen from / According to ----the table / table /

graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / statistics /diagram shows /

illustrates /describes / indicates / reveals that…

36. It is clear / apparent from--- the table / graph / pie chart / bar chart /

figure /

37. it reached a peak
of…

statistics / diagram that…

38. the number / amount of…consumed per head/ per person…

39. The number of…remains stable.

40. The number of…remains unchanged.

41. The number tapers off.
42. The percentage has been falling steadily.
43. The percentage is l
ess than that of …

44. The table / graph / pie chart / bar chart(column graph) / figure / statistics

shows...
45. There are many variations in numbers of…

46. There is a gradual increase / decrease …

47. There is a large increase / decrease in…

48. There
is a reduction in…

49. There is a significant increase/ rise in…

50. There is a smaller percentage of …

51. There is an obvious increase / decrease in…

52. There is not a great deal of difference between the percentage of…

二．独立结构的比较用语：

1. As compared to…

2
. By comparing…

3. Compared with…

4. in comparison
5. in contrast
6. likewise
7. similarly