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16
连词
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。
并列连词是连 接主语与主语,
谓语与谓语,句子
与句子,
分词与分词的词,
它要求前后两部 分有相同的形式和语法作用;
而从属连词一般连
接主句与从句,从句形式有名词性从句,定语从 句和状语从句等。
(一)并列连词:
并列连词可用来连接词与词,词组与词组,分句与分句。常用的并列连词有:
and
(和)
,
as
well
as
(既…又)
,both
…
and(不但…而且)
,not
only
…
but
also(不但…
而且)
,not
…
but(不是…而是)
,
neither
…
nor(既不…也不)
,either
…
or(不是…
就是)
,
or
(或者)
,
but < br>(但是)
,
yet
(然而)
,
for
(因为)
,
so
(所以)
,
while
(而)
,
when
(这时)等。如:
Both
my
brother
and
my
sister
are
teachers./
His
room
is
bright
but
mine is gloomy
(暗沉沉的)
./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It
is a glorious
(光荣的)
yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.
(二)从属连词
从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有:
引导时间状语从句的:
after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till,
as soon as
引导原因状语从句的:
because, since, as
引导让步状语从句的:
although,
though,
no
matter
(无论)
,
even
if
(though)
引导条件状语从句的:
if, unless, once, so (as) long as
引导结果状语从句的:so … that …, such … that …
引导目的状语从句的:so that …, in order that …
引导比较状语从句的:as … as …, not so (as) … as …, … than …
引导方式状语从句的:as if …
引导主语,
宾语或表语从句的连词主要有:
that,
whether,
if
三个。
其中
that
和
whether
间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
(三)某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别
1
、当
while, when, as
引导时间状语从句时的区别:①
wh ile
引导的状语从句中
动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时,或状态动词的一般时。while
的这些用法可用
when
代替,等于
the
time
that
the
time
that
。例如:
Please
keep
quiet
while (when) others are studying
;②
when
除可指一段时间外,还可用来指一点时间,
等于
,也就是说
when
引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的,
也可以延续性的。因此主句和从 句的谓语可以是一般时,进行时,或完成时。例如:
When
I
went
into
the
lab,
the
teacher
was
doing
an
experiment.
(
w hen
不能换成
while
)
He
often
makes mistakes when he is speaking English.
(
when
可换成
while
)③
as
常可与
w hen
,
while
通用,
但强调
一边、
一边
。
例如:
As
(when,
while)
I
was
walking
down
the
street,
I noticed a police car in front of number 37.
④
when
引导的状语从句中的主语与主
句主语一致,
主、
谓是
主语
系动词
结构时,
这时主语和系动词可以 省略。
例如:
When
(he
was) young, he worked for a rich man./ She'll be here to give you help when (if it
is)
necessary.
⑤
w hen
有时代替
if
,引导条件句,意为
如果
、< br>
假如
,例如:
I'll
come
when (if) I'm free.
2
、
before
作连词一般表示时间,意为
在…之前
,但有些句子中这样译就显得< br>别扭。试看以下句子的翻译:
He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
他几乎把我
撞倒才看见我;
Before I could get in a word he had measured me.
我还没来得及插话,
1
他已经给我量好了尺寸。
3
、
till, until
作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语 短语或状语从句,用于否定句
时,结构为
not …until (till),主句谓语动词 延续与非延续皆可,意为
直到…才…
用于肯定句时,
只与延续性动词连用,< br>表示
到…为止
。
例如:
They
played
volleyball
until
(till) it got dark./ They didn't talk
(延续性动词)
until (till) the interpreter
(译员)
came./
He
didn't
go
to
bed
(非延续性动词)
until
(till)
the
his
father
came
back.
;
unti l
可以放在句首,
till
则不行,例如:
Until
the
last
minute
of
the
match
we
kept
on
playing./
Not
until
he
finished
his
work
did
he
go
home.
(倒装)
;
till,
until
只用于时间,以下句子是错误的:
We walked till the edge of the forest.
(要用
as far
as
或
to
)
。
4
、
because, since, as
引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别:①如 果原因构成句
子的最主要部分
,
一般用
because ,
因此because
引导的从句往往放在句末。用
why
提问的
句子,
一定用
because
回答。
例如:
He
had
to
stay
at
home
yesterday
because
he
was
ill.
;
②如原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其 他部分重要,就用
as
,或
since
。
since
比< br>as
更
正式些。
as
和
since
引导的从句一般放 在句子的开头。例如:
As you are tired, you had
better rest./ Since everyone is here, now let's begin.
5
、
although
和< br>though
引导让步状语从句往往用法一样,但注意以下区别:①
although< br>用于各种文体,而
though
则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由
al though,
though
引导的从句后,主句不能用
but
,但可用副 词
yet,
still
。例如:
Although/
Though
it
rained
all
the
morning,
they
still
went
on
working.
(或
yet
they
went
on
working
)
②
though
常与
even
连 用,
even though
表示强调,意为
即使
,但不能说
even although
,
例如:
Even though I didn't understand a word, I dept smiling.
③
though
可用作副
词,意为
然而
,常用逗号与句子分开。
a lthough
则不能这样使用,它只作连词。例如:
It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.
6
、
once
作副词译
曾经
,作为连词 译
一旦
,引导条件状语从句。相当于
if
的
加强形 式。
例如:
I
don't
believe
he
was
once
a
thief.
(once
这里是副词
)/
Once
Aristotle
had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he
taught it as a truth to his students. (once
连词
)
7
、
unless
引导条件状语从句等于
if
…
not
…。
例如:
He'll
accept
the
job
unless
the salary is too low. ( = He'll accept the job if the salary is not too low.)
8
、在用
as
if
引导的方式状语从句及 表语从句中,根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例
如:
He talks as if he knew all about it.
但有时也可用直陈语气。例如:
It looks as
if it is going to rain.
9
、
whether, if
引导从句的用法区别:①引导主语从句、表语从句或同位 语从句
时,用
whether
,不用
if
。例如:
Whet her
they
will
go
to
the
Great
Wall
is
not
known./
The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we
will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.
②
whether
可接不定式,
而
if
则不可。例如:I haven't decided whether to leave or not.
③
whether
可作介词
的宾语或置于句首表示强调,而
if
则不可 。例如:
Everything
depends
on
whether
we
have
enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure.
④
whether
和
if
均可引导宾语
从句,
w hether
引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句,
if
引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的,也 可
以是否定的(此时不能用
whether
)
,例如:
Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in
winter in Australia/ I wonder if it doesn't rain.
⑤引导宾语从句的
whether
和
if
常可与
or not
连用。连用时要注意
or not
的位置,它一般与
whether
、
if
分开使用,有
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