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国概名词解释
(
全部版
)
Thames River
The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is
336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into
the
North
Sea.
It
flows
rather
slowly,
which
is
very
favorable
for
water
transportation.

High Landers
They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern
Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong
cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing
on the coasts and islands.

British Commonwealth
英联邦

The
British
Empire
was
replaced
by
the
British
Commonwealth
or
the Commonwealth
of
Nations in is a free association of independent countries that were once
colonies
of
Britain.
Member
nations
are
joined
together
economically
and
have
certain
trading
arrangements. The
Commonwealth
has
no
special
powers.
The
decision
to
become
a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50
members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991).
是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。


y
伦敦佬

A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the
church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London

dfodau
festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through the year. By
this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh culture alive.

Maritime Climate
海洋性气候

The type of climate when winter is mild, not too cold and summer is cool, not too
hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.

English Channel
A Channel that separates Britain from the rest of France is quite narrow. A channel
tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join the two countries together.

Chunnel
英吉利海峡隧道

In
1985
the
British
government
and
French
government
decided
to
build
a
channel
tunnel,
which is called
“
Chunnel
”
, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France
could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.

9.
“
pea soup
”
fogs
伦敦雾

the
famous
“
pea
soup
”
fogs
were
thick
heavy
yellow
fogs
of
London
and other
cities
seldom occur any more.
厚的

重的

黄色的雾气


h isles
The British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The
two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.

enge:
巨石阵

It i



s
a
circular
group
of
large
standing
stones
on
Salisbury
Plain,
Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments
纪念碑
of its kind in
Europe, and very popular with visitors.

becket:
托马斯

he
was
English
churchman
and
statesman.
he
became
Chancellor
of
England
under
Henry
II in was appointed Archibishop ofCanterbury in 1162.

ey Chaucer
He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The
Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to
visit Thomas Becket
’
s tomb
坟墓
. Because he was the first important English poet
to write in English. He has been known as the
“
Father of English Poetry
”
.

of arc:
圣女贞德

she
was
a
national
heroine
of
France
during
the
hundred
year
’
s
war,she
successfully
led the france to drive the English out of france.

ds:
罗拉德派

they
were
poor
priests
and
traveling
preachers
who
were
john
wyclif
’
s

played an important role in the mental preparations for the peasant uprising of
preaching the equality of men before god.

Puritans
清教徒

The
Puritans
were
wealthy,
well-educated
gentlemen.
They
wanted
to
purify
the
Church
of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the
New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.

Caesar
He was a great Roman 55BC and 54BC,he invaded Britain e of
the
resistence
of
the
British

people,he
withdrew
with
hostages
and
's the beginning of the Roman invasion.
带着人质和俘虏撤退。


Hardrian's Wall
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area
they had conquered.
由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。


chy
七王国

During
the
Anglo- Saxon's
time,Britain
was
divided
into
many
kingdoms,among
which
there
were
seven
principal
kingdoms
of
Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East
Anglia,Mercia
and were given the name of Heptarchy.
ine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent ine to England to convert the English People
to
was very successful in converting the king and the was
the first archbishop of Canterbury.
教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。



贤人会议

Witan was the council or meeting of the was created by the Anglo-Saxons
to
advise
the
's
the
basis
of
the
Privy
Council
which
still
exists
today.

the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of
the
British
navy".
He
reorganized
the
Saxon
army,
making
it
more
efficient.
He
also
translated
books
and
established
schools.
All
this
earned
him
the
title
"Alfred the Great".

23.W



illiam the Conqueror
威廉征服

William
was
Duke
of
Normandy.
He
landed
his
army
in
Oct.1066
and
defeated
king
Harold.
Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established
a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
建立了封建制度


battle of Hastings
In
1066,King
Edward
died
with
no
heir,
the
Witan
chose
Harold
as
king.
William,
Duke
of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14,the two armies met near Hasting. After
a
day's
battle,
Harold
was
killed
and
his
army
completely
defeated.
So
this
battle
was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.
哈罗德被威廉击败。


Danelaw
施行丹麦法的地区

By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat
to
the
Saxon
kingdom
of
Wessex
whose
capital
was
Winchester.
Alfred,
King
of
Wessex,
was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement
with
them
in

Danes
gained
control
of
the
north
and
east
of
England(-"the
Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区）
，而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。


Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.
William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman
followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the
feudal system was completely established in England.

ay Book
It
is
a
book
compiled
by
a
group
of
clerks
under
the
sponsorship
of
King
William
the
First
in
1086.
The
book
was
in
fact
a
property
record.
It
was
the
result
of
a
general
survey
of
England.
It
recorded
the
extent,
value,
state
of
cultivation,
and
ownership
of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish
the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office
in London.

Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread
through
Europe
in
the
fourteenth
century
particularly
in
1348-1349.
It
came
without
warning,
and
without
any
cue.
In
England,
it
killed
almost
half
of
the
total
population,
causing far- reaching economic consequences.

divine rights of kings
君权神授

the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.

Wars of Roses
玫瑰战争
(
考过
)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster,
symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455
to
1485.
Henry
Tudor,
descendant
of
Duke
of
Lancaster
won
victory
at
Bosworth
Fireld
in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English
feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

Spanish Armada:
西班牙无敌舰队

the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of spain in 1588.

Glorious Revolution of 168



8
光荣革命

In
1685
Charles
II
died
and
was
succeeded
by
his
brother
James
II.
James
was
brought
up
in
exile
in
Europe,
was
a
Catholic.
He
hoped
to
rule
without
giving
up
his
personal
religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40
years
ago.
So
the
English
politicians
rejected
James
II,
and
appealed
to
a
Protestant
king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in
England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any
execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

Gunpowder Plot of 1605
火药阴谋案

The
Gunpowder
Plot
of
1605
was
the
most
famous
of
the
Catholic
conspiracies.
On
Nov.
5,1605, a few fanatical
Catholics attempted to blow King
James and his ministers
up
in
the
House
of
Parliament
where
Guy
Fawkes
had
planted
barrels
of
gun- powder
in
the
cellars.
The
immediate
result
was
the
execution
of
Fawkes
and
his
fellow-conspirators
and
imposition
of
severe
anti-Catholic
laws.
The
long-term
result
has
been
an
annual
celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display
is arranged.
Mary
血腥玛丽

It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne
after
Henry
VIII.
She
was
a
devout
Catholic
and
had
so
many
Protestants
burnt
to
death
that
she
is
remembered
less
by
her
official
title
Mary
I
by
her
nickname
Blood
Mary.

boroughs
衰败选区

a
parliamentary
constituency
which
possessed
the
right
to
elect
members
of
parliament
even though its population had dwindled or was nonexistent.
议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。


pankhurst
british suffragette,she founded the women
’
s social and political union,she died a
month before women gained full voting equality with men.

league of nations
国际联盟

an international organization of 1920
—
1946 set up after the first world war to
promote international cooperation
and to achieve international
peace and security.

blitz
闪电战

an
air
attack,particularly
the
London
blitz
of
1940
—

world
is
from
the
german
“
blitzkrieg
”


beatles
甲克虫乐队

one
of
britain
’
s
most
influential
pop
groups,first
performing
in
1959
in
Liverpool.

erism
撒切尔主义

The
election
of
1979
returned
the
Conservative
Party
to
power
and
Margaret
Thatcher
became
the
first
woman
prime
minister
in
Britain.
Her
policies
are
popularly
referred
to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation,
the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces
in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
包括国有工业私有化，
用货币政策控制通货膨胀，
削弱工会 ，
加强市场力量在经济中的作用，
强调法律与秩序。


e of payments
收支平衡

it is the difference between the money from exports and



the cost of imports.

Maynard Keynes
he was an influential british maintained that governments should
use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.
用财政使经济稳定
.</P< p>



e trade and invisible trade
visible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible trade is trade of
services such as banking and tourism.

an union
欧盟

EC stands for European community .EC is now called European union(EU).it is an
organization of 15 western European countries that promotes cooperation among its
members.

rist policies(
货币主义政策
)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the
traditional
Keynesian
theory
(
传统的凯恩斯理论
)was
replaced
by
new
monetarist,
which
sought
to
fight
inflation
by
increasing
supply
and
reducing
demand,
On
one
hand
,taxes
were
cut
to
increase
economic
dynamism.
On
the
other
hand,
interest
rates
were
raised
to reduce the supply of money.
增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一 方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利
率减少货币支出。

Trade Union Act of 1871
工会法

It
legalized
the
trade
unions
and
give
financial
security.
It
meant
that
in
law
there
was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support
strike
action. 使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金
与为罢工募集资金毫无二 至。


siness
农业产业

The
new
farming
has
been
called
“
agribusiness
”
,
because
it
is
equipped
and
managed
like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on
the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm

h disease
英国病

The term
“
British disease
”
is now often used
to characterize
Britain
’
s economic
decline.

tutional monarchy
君主立宪制

It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious
revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the
Monarch.
In
law,
the
Monarch
has
many
supreme
powers,
but
in
practice,
the
real
power
of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice
of
her
ministers.
She
reigns
but
does
not
rule.
The
real
power
lies
in
the
Parliament,
or to be exact, in the House of Commons.

Council
枢密院

A
consultative
body
of
the
British
monarch.
Its
origin
can
be
traced
back
to
the
times
of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was
gradually
diminished
and
replaced
by
the
Cabinet.
Today,
it
is
still
a
consultation
body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet
ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and
York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.

law
the
traditional
unwritten
law
of
England,based
on
custom
and
the
decisions
of
judges
over a



period
of
years
rather
than
on
written
laws
passed
by
parliament.
英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。


state opening of parliament
the official opening of a new session of parliament,usually at the end of October
or beginning of November,or after a general election.

Civil list
英国王室费
(
考过
)
an
annual
allowance,approved
by
parliament,made
to
the
sovereign
and
members
of
the
royal family for the expense involved in carrying out their public duties.
议会每
年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。


civil service
公务员
(
考过
)
the body of state officials that help s the government.

peer
终身贵族

a person who is given a peerage
贵族地位
that is not handed of to his or her
descendants,usually as a reward for public service.
tal
无罪裁决

acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or discharged without any
further prosecution for the same act or transaction.
是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。


-examination
the questioning of a witness,by a party or lawyer other than the one who called the
witness,concerning matters about which the witness has testified during direct
examination.

Crown Court
刑事法庭

A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns
throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High
Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.

ion
缓刑

a scheme
whereby
a criminal offender
is placed under
the
supervision
of
a probation
officer for a period of between six months(12months in scotland) and three years.
6
个月到三年之间。


l punishment
死刑

the execution of a criminal by l punishment also known as the death
penalty.

metropolitan police force
the
police
force
responsible
for
London,with
its
headquarters
at
new
Scotland
yard.

National Health Service
英国国民保健制度
(
不考了）

It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide
organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly
free
medical
treatment
both
in
hospital
and
outside.
It
is
financed
mainly
by
payments
by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service.
The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.

al insurance
社会保险

the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance against sickness
and unemployment.

l practitioner(GP)
a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in which he treats
all illness.

worker
a
person
employed
by
a
local
authority
or
a
voluntary
organization
to
give
practical
aid and advice to people in need.

salvation army
a world-wide Christian orga



nization founded by William booth, giving practical
aid and spiritual comfort to the poor and needy.
救世军。


hensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and
provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a
district.

s
It
was
founded
in
1851
by
the
German,
Julius
Reuter.
It
is
now
a
publicly
owned
company,
employing over 11000
staff in 80 countries.
It has more than
1300 staff
journalists
and photographers.

-maintained(GM)Schools
有公费保证的学校

they
are
state
schools
outside
local
education
authority

are
no
tuition
fees at these schools.
由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。


-plus
an examination formerly used to select school pupils at about,the age of 11 for an
appropriate secondary education.
一种考试对
11
岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。



the british
broadcasting corporation,the UK
organization responsible for making an
transmitting of its own television and radio programs.

murdoch
australian-born us newspaper became a us citizen in 1985.

british museum
the national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury ,London.
考古学和
人种学。


ms Thanksgiving Day
The
Pilgrims
in
1620,
201
of
them
sailed
to
the
New
World
in
a
ship
called
Mayflower.
The
first
winter
after
their
arrival
was
very
cold
and
when
spring
came,
half
of
them
were
dead.
Then
the
Indians
came
to
their
help
and
taught
them
how
to
grow
corn.
They
had
a
good
harvest
that
year.
So
they
invited
the
Indians
and
held
the
first
Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.
Ireland(
爱尔兰
)
1
、
peace agreement on northern ireland

2
、
republic of Ireland
—
the republc of ireland is an independent country situated
in western occupies four-fifths of the island of capital is
republic of Ireland is also known as Eire in Irish.

3
、
Irish
Catholicism
—
ireland
is
one
of
the
most
catholic
countries
of
icism is an integral and pervasive influnce on national
93.1%of
the
irish
population
are
Roman

half
the
Catholic
bishops
in
the United States are of Irish origin.
爱尔兰裔。


4
、
Easter urprising of 1916
—
the easter urprising took place in April 1916.a group
of
nationalists
seized
the
Dublin
general
post
office
and
declared
the
independence
of

a
week
of
fighting,the
rebellion
was
suppressed
by
the
british
army
and most of its leader executed.

5
、
Anglo-irish
treaty
—
from
1918
—
1921
there
was
fighting
between
the
irish
republican
army
and
the
british

1921
the
british
signed
the
Anglo-irish

british
government
agreed
to
organize
a
partition
of

southern
part
of
ireland
gain
dominion
status
as
the
irish
free
state,while
the
northern
part
would remain a part of



the United kingdom.

6
、
Fianna
fail ----it
is
the
largest
political
party
in

historicprinciples
are neutrality,promotion of Gaelic and strong support for a united new
economic polices include support for the EC,a high lever of public expenditure to
reduce unemployment and full employment.

7
、
Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in changed its image from
a conservative party to a socially progressive party since the advocates
a
program
of
expanded
social
services,but
is
less
in
favour
of
promoting
Gaelic
than
fianna fail is.

8
、
James Joyce----the most well
–
known irish writer of the 20 th main
works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man and
innovations in language and style have deeply influenced 20 th century writing.

9
、
Irish or irish gaelic---it is a celtic language.

10
、
Ulysses is James Joyce
’
s masterpiece.
杰作
The novel describes the events of
one day in the lives of several people in Dublin and explores their sub-conscious
minds.
小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。


11
、
Irish
Famine---Irish
Famine
refers
to
the
widespread
starvation
of
Irish
peasantry
which followed the effects of potato crop failure in the mid-19th century. It was
one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a lot of the loss of population.

12
、
Irish
Republican
Army
(IRA)---The
Irish
Republican
Army
(IRA)
is
an
anti-British
military
force
established
in
the
early
20th
century.
Since
the
Irish
Civil
War,
IRA
has remained a force to be reckoned with
对付
in Irish politics. In recent decades
IRA continues to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six
countries that from Northern Ireland.
美国部分

o Vespucci---Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not
India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.


Mississippi ---the
mississippi
has
been
called
"father
of
waters"
or
"old man river",the mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the
richest farm areas in the is the most important river in the world.
它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。


ics ---it
stands
for
the
spanish- speaking
population
of
the
united

people
mainly
center
in
new
mexico,california
and

are
three
major hispanic groups historically having the great influence on the are
chicanos,the puerto ricans and the cuban- americans.

---WASPS
are
the
mainstream americans,refering
to the white
Anglo-saxon