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1970-01-01 08:00
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2021年1月23日发(作者:降)

不可以错过的英美文学选读要点总结精心整理


The Renaissance period

14
世纪至七世纪中叶)文艺复兴

1

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance
、人文主
义是文艺复兴的核心。

2

the Greek and Roman civilization was based on
such a conception that man is the measure of all things

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗 马文明的基础是以
“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3

Renaissance humanists found in then classics a
justification to exalt human nature and came to see that
human beings were glorious creatures capable of
individual development in the direction of perfection,
and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to
despise but to question, explore, and enjoy
、人文主义者们
却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意
到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完 善自己,而且世界是属
于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4

Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William
Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English
humanists
、托 马斯、摩尔,克利斯朵夫、马洛和威廉、莎士比亚
是英国人文主义的代表。


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5

Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into
England
、怀亚特将彼特拉克的四行诗引进英国。

6

The first period of the English Renaissance was
one of imitation and assimilation
、英国文艺复兴初期只是一
个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7

The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful
handling of conventions, force of king1970uage, and,
above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which
meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be
combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into
high relief
、人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习 俗的熟练运
用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格
律,韵脚(式),组 织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合
起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8

The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance
England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and
Ben Jonson、文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫、
马洛,威廉、莎士比亚与本、约翰逊。

9

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important
English essayist
、费兰西斯、培根是英 国历史上最重要的散文
家。
(I)Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙、斯宾塞


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10


the theme of Redcrosse is not“Arms and the
man,”but something more romantic
-
“Fierce wars and
faithful lov es
、”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是
更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。
1
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、It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and
his exquisite melody that make him known as“the
poets’poet、”正是斯宾塞的理想主义,对美的热爱以 及精美优
雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。
(II)Christopher
Marlowe
克利斯朵夫、马洛

12


As the most gifted of the“University
Wits,”Marlowe composed six
plays within his short
lifetime

Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine,
Parts I & II, Dr

Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II
、马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生
中,他完成了六部剧本的 创作。其中最负盛名的是:《帖木
尔》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱
德华二世》。

13


Marlowe’s greatest achievem
ent lies in that he
perfected the blank verse and made it the principal
medium of English drama
、马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体
诗,并使之成为英国 戏剧中最重要的文体形式。


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14


Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of
the Renaissance hero for English drama
、马洛的第二项贡献
是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15

His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him
to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama
、他对戏剧
发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为 英国戏剧的先
驱。

16

The passionate shepherd to his love
激情的牧人致
心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be one of the
most beautiful lyrics in English literature
、这首短诗是英< br>国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
(III)William Shakespeare
威廉、
莎士比亚

17

The first period of his dramatic career, he
wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III,
Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The
Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming
of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost、在他戏剧创作生
涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部 历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查
三世》,《泰托斯、安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,
《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18

In the second period, he wrote five histories:
Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and

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Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The
Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like
It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and
two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar
、在第二
阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约 翰王》,《亨利
四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯
商人》,《无事 生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第二夜》,《温莎的
风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《 裘利
斯、凯撒》。

19


Shakespeare’s third period includes his
greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies

The
tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,
Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and
Coriolanus


The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends
and Measure for Measure
、第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥
赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安 东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特
罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成
眷属 》和《一报还一报》。

20

The last period of S
hakespeare’s work includes
his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline,
The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays:

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Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen
、 最后一个时期的作品
主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与
《暴风雨》 。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱
记》。
2
1

Shakespe
are’s sonnets are the only direct
expression of the poet’s own feelings、这些四行诗都是莎
翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22


Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written
under the principle that national unity under a mighty
and just sovereign is a necessity
、莎翁的历史剧都有这样一
个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要
的。

23

In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an
optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the
romantic elements are brought into full play
、在他的浪漫
喜 剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩
渲染到极致。

24

The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and
Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the
spirit of pursuing happiness
、莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》, 颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。


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25


Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth

They have some
characteristics in common

Each portrays some noble
hero
、莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:《 哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔
王》《麦克白》

26


“The King’s government must be carried on”—
but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the
pleasure of the king
、“国王的统治一定要 万古不变”
----

是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只
为国王自己服务。

27

Thus, he finds no way to solve the social
problems

In the end, the only thing he can do as a
humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in
his dream
、正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的 灵丹
妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,
从梦幻中找安慰。

28

He holds that literature should be a combination
of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature
and reality
、他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与
现实。


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29

Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and
in the present time
、古往今来,没 有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲
美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。

30

Almost all English writers after him have been
influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in
literary form or in king1970uage
、在他之后几乎所有的英国
文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技 巧方面受到他的影响。
3
1

Sonnet18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets
written by Shakespe are
、四行诗第八首诗莎翁最出色的四行
诗。
(IV)Francis Bacon
弗兰西斯、培根

32

The most import works of his first group include
The Advancement of Learning, Written in English; Novum
Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of
Learning
、培根的作品可分为三类:第一类中最重要 的作品有
《学术的进展》(用英文著述)《新工具》(是《学术的进展》
的拉丁文增补版)
33

One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine
Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings
of human mind
、 他将知识分为两种:一种是通过神的启示获得的
知识,另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34


According to Bacon, man’s understanding
consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry

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to man’s imagination a
nd creation, and philosophy to
man’s reason、培根认为,人类的认识与学问分为三部分:基于
人类回忆的历史学 ,基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理
性的哲学。

35

Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new
empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely
challenges the medieval scholastic ist
、作为人文主义者的培
根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度,并向中世纪的经< br>院哲学家们提出挑战。

36


Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity,
compactness and powerfulness
、培根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有
力度而著名。

37

The essays are well-arranged and enriched by
biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence
、这些散文不仅结
构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故,隐喻和基调。

38

Of Studies
论学习
Reading maketh a full man,
conference a ready man, and writing an exact man
、读书使
人充实,讨论使人机智。
(V)John Donne
约翰、邓恩

39

The imagery is drawn from the actual life
、诗中
的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40

His poems give a more inherently theatrical
impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity

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