2021年1月23日发(作者：waist)
文献出处
:
Johnson
R.
The
research
of
household
electrical
appliances
export
trade
and trade barriers [J]. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2015, 12(5): 12-22.
原文

The research of household electrical appliances export trade and trade barriers
Johnson R
Abstract
With
the
rapid
development
of
economy,
the
global
ecological
environment
suffered
seriously
damage,
and
some
negative
external
economic
factors
occurred,
such
as
there
have
been
resource
depletion,
the
greenhouse
effect,
ozone
layer
depletion,
and
so
on,
which
requires
countries
to
adopt
environmental
protection
measures to safeguard the earth. Due to the developed countries have strong economic
strength, science technology, and pay attention to environmental protection concerns
earlier, the developin
g countries can’t reach the environmental standards that
drawled
up
by
developed
countries,
which
making
all
related
to
environmental
protection
measures
to
be
considered
as
green
barriers”.
Household
electrical
appliances
industry is one of the most fastest-growing industry in our country, it should continue
to give play its export advantage. The household electrical appliances enterprises must
understand and identify the essence of the green barriers, find out the characteristic of
various
EU
green
barriers
which
household
electrical
appliances
encounter,
through
analyzing
the
reasons
why
household
electrical
appliances
repeatedly
suffer
green
barriers,
the
article
use
theoretical
and
empirical
method
to
research
the
influence
from
EU
green
barriers
to
our
electrical
appliances
export,
the
household
electrical
appliances companies should improve the production technology in a positive manner,
enhance product quality and technical content, so that they can calmly deal with the
green barriers.
Keywords: Green Barriers; Household Electrical Appliance Products; Export Trade
1 Introduction
Under the background of global integration, free trade has become the trend of
The Times, however, trade liberalization brought a lot of the negative externality of
economic factors, such as environmental pollution, shortage of energy and resources,
the
ozone
layer
loss,
etc.,
these
directly
affect
the
human
survival
life
circle,
the
international
environmental
protection
and
therefore
more
and
more
be
taken
seriously, make the international trade and international environmental protection, is
contradictory
to
each
other
again,
green
barrier
is
one
kind
of
product.
As
in
the
long-term
development,
the
economic
and
technological
development
level
is
different,
lead
to
countries
and
attentions
to
the
requirement
of
environmental
protection are also different. Developed countries with strong economic strength and
scientific technology,
attention to
environmental protection, early
and develop
more
stringent environmental standards, puts forward higher requirements for the product,
while developing countries due to the environmental protection starts late and when
there are contradictory with the environmental protection and economic development,
will be based on reality, priority to the development of the domestic economy, makes
the developing countries to the requirements of environmental protection in developed
countries. In fact, due to the environmental protection level gap of different countries,
related
to
the
environmental
protection
measures
are
considered

barriers
Green
barriers
as
the
world's
production
of
environmental
protection
consciousness
enhancement,
and
plays
a
role
in
the
development
of
a
country's
home
appliance
industry.
In
this
paper,
through
theoretical
analysis
was
carried
out
on
the
green
barrier
system,
understand
the
reason
of
developed
countries
to
implement
green
barriers, the developed countries to the electrical appliances product, by studying the
implementation of a series of green barriers measures and characteristics, looking for
home appliance export under the cause of the green barrier, analyzes the influence of
the EU green barriers to home appliance trade.
2 Literature review
In the tide of globalization, countries to promote trade liberalization, cancellation
of
tariff
barriers,
and
along
with
the
rapid
development
of
international
trade,
has
become
an
increasingly
important
problem
of
non-tariff
barriers
in
trade.
Environmental
factors
has
become
one
of
the
main
factors
affecting
international
trade in recent years, as a result, people began to look at, related to the environmental
protection effect of free trade measures as barriers to trade, namely
2.1 Definitions of green barriers
About the definition of green barriers, a dispute about the theoretical circle. Now
many scholars to environmental measures as a form of
on environmental factors will increase the cost of the export of goods and technology
requirements, prevent a country's
goods exports, while the importer can through the
implementation
of
green
barriers
to
reduce
imports
of
goods
and
weaken
the
international
competitiveness
of
imports,
thus
effectively
protect
the
goods
and
the
market, so it is a kind of protectionist measures.
Brian R.C operand, Scott Taylor (2006) (Trade, Growth and the Environment),
when
receiving
the
Nobel
Prize
in
economics
in
December
1979
in
a
speech
put
forward:

the
developed
world
to
control
the
Growth
rate
of
less
developed
countries
is
the
main
link
Trade
Developed
countries
depend
not
only
on
the
development of economy and technology advantages, but also on the political position
in international activities, and other advantages. Technology advantage is just one of
the means to achieve the purpose of political discrimination is substantial. And is the
basis of green barriers to the implementation of economic strength, technical level and
industry foundation, the developed countries can use to trade for their own protection.
Gallagher (2006) the research points out that the emergence of green barriers to trade
increased
export
customs
clearance
when
the
uncertainty
of
the
factors.
Trade
uncertainty affects the size and price, its effect is equivalent to a certain level of tariff
barriers,
essence
is
the
imposition
of
trade
protectionism.
Toms
(2009)
argue
that
green
barrier
is
a
developed
country
with
its
advantage
of
science
and
technology,
through a variety of legal forms, environmental standards and health standards in the
regulation of foreign trade, set access restrictions on imported goods trade system, is
to
protect
the
environment
by
implementing
trade
protectionism.
Blus
(2013)
to
establish a trade price gradient field space control model, through the green barriers of
tariff barriers substitution effect theory and empirical research, it is concluded that the
fall
in
tariff
rates
generally
international
background,
the
developed
countries
and
emerging industrialized countries or regions in order to protect their own products and
industries
and
will
use
tariffs
alternative
technologies,
can
achieve
the
purpose
of
protection and green barriers.
And
some
other
scholars
believe
that
the
green
barrier
is
well-meaning,
it
is
beneficial to environmental protection and human health of environmental protection
industry
and
green
product
trade
rapid
growth,
is
a
country's
industrial
structure
adjustment,
promote
the
sustainable
development
of
economy.
Along
with
the
adoption
of
environmental
protection
new
technology,
new
technology,
products
in
the technology knowledge, make the international trade goods structure increasingly
by
mainly
resource- intensive
and
labor-intensive
to
technology-intensive
and
knowledge- intensive, promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.
Esty and Geradin
(2008) points out that the protection of ecological environment is
the responsibility of each earth people and consensus, it is free and fair trade is one of
the two goals of human beings. They believe that free trade is serious damage to the
environment,
the
WTO
and
the
governments
should
develop
more
strict
and
harsh
trade
and
environmental
protection
laws
and
regulations,
improve
trade
standard
of
environmental protection, green barriers will no doubt greatly increase. Akinmulegun
(2009) argue that green trade is a new trade way, will replace the traditional way of
international trade, is the result of the implementation of sustainable development of
the
society,
and
in
many
developing
countries
see
it
as
a
barrier
to
hinder
the
development
of
free
trade
is
not
reasonable,
put
forward
from
the
green,
the
standardization of terms of trade and environment of external costs two ways to solve
the difficult problems in the implementation of green trade.
Alfaro
(2009) pointed out
that when inconsistent
environmental
protection and
economic
development,
developing
countries
will
be
at
the
expense
of
the
environment,
the
development
of
its
economy,
it
ignored
the
rationality
of
green
barriers. They believe that green barrier is developed based on the rules formed by the
environmental protection and the gradual evolution of trade barriers, which have the
function
of
trade
protection,
but
it
is
the
product
of
scientific
and
technological
progress,
is
the
embodiment
of
the
progress
of
human
civilization,
has
strong
rationality.
Ayadi
(2005)
was
analyzed
by
using
the

concept
of

people
in
developing
countries
and
the
world
more
dependent
on
the
natural
environment, more need to protect the environment and ecology, we should face the
reality,
adoption
of
foreign
trade
on
economic

transmission
mechanism

Ayanwale (2006), making use of the environmental Kuznets curve in this paper, the
green
trade
barriers
in
developing
countries
have
a
positive
effect,
makes
the
developing
countries
to
speed
up
the
pace
of
the
environmental
protection
and
technology
reform,
the
status
quo
of
global
environmental
improvement
has
a
promoting effect.
2.2 The formation of green barriers
The
formation
of
green
barriers
has
both
inside
and
outside
factors.
From
the
external cause, the environmental protection across the globe, green consumption is
widely
admired;
Tariffs
and
traditional
non-tariff
barriers
have
quit,
make
protectionist barriers to seek new means. The generation of green barriers is free trade
and
environmental
protection
products
of
trend.
Anderson
in
1992
published

Greening Of world trade
country in international trade must give priority to protect the environment, to reduce
and
eliminate
the
pollution
and
damage
the
environment
products
production
and
sales,
in
order
to
protect
the
environment
and
human
health,
all
countries
have
the
right to take tariff and non-tariff measures, control product
exports even pollute the
environment, any product should be included in the cost of environment and resource
costs,
make
the
ecological
environment
resource
and
environmental
cost
internalization. Greene (2003) from the Angle of ecology, research the causes of green
trade barriers, think the deteriorating environmental problems is the objective reasons
of green trade barriers in developing countries the backwardness
and environmental
awareness on environmental protection science and technology, the related laws and
regulations lag is caused by developing countries cannot span of the main causes of
green
trade
barriers.
Findlay
(2009)
argue
that
the
rapid
development
of
economic
globalization
and
increasingly
severe
global
environmental
problems
is
the
relationship between international trade and environmental protection is increasingly