2021年1月23日发(作者：酸洗液)

专业英语（
100
分）

单词（
10
个共
10
分）

Force
力
Inertia
惯性
Particle
质点
Rigid
Body
刚体
Deformable
Body
变
形体
Newton
’
s laws
牛顿定律
Scalar
标量
volume
体积
density
密度

speed
速
度

energy
能
量

mass
质
量

Vectors
矢
量

displacement
位
移

velocity
速度
acceleratetion
加速度
force
力
moment
力矩
momentum
动量
statics
静力学
gear
齿轮
shaft
轴
pulley
滑轮
cam
凸轮偏心轮
journal
bearing
滑动轴承
dynamics
动力学

名词解释（五个共
20
分）

Mechanice
The
branch
of
scientific
analysis
which
deals
motions,time
and
forces.
力学是研究运动

时间

和作用力的一门分支学科

Force
is the action of one body on another
力是物体之间的相互作用

Mass
is a measure of the quantity of matter that a boby or an object
contains
质量是物体内所包含的物质的量

Inertia

is
property
of
mass
that
causes
it
to
resist
any
effort
to
change
its motion
惯性是质量所具有的抵抗外力改变自身运动状态的性质

Weight
is
the
force
with
which
a
boby
is
attracted
to
the
earth
or
another
celestial
boby,equal
to
the
product
of
the
obect
’
s
mass
and
the
acceleration
of
gravity.
重力 是地球或其他天体对物体的作用力，它等于物体
的质量与重力加速度的乘积

Mechanical
design

means
the
design
of
things
and
systems
of
a
mechanical
nature
—
mac hines
，
products
，
structures
，
devices
，
and instruments
机械设计是指机械装置和机械系统
-
机器、产品、结构、设备和仪器的设计

Mechanisms
A mechanism has been defined as
‘
a combination of rigid or
resistant bodies so formed and connected that they move upon each other
with definite relative motion
机构 被定义为：是由刚体或者有承载能力的物
体联接而形成的组合体，它们在运动时彼此之间应该具有确定的 相对运动。

简答题（两个共
30
分）

The
five
most
common faults
in
material
selection
have
been
:
(a)failure
to know and use the latest and best information available about the
materials
utilized;(b)failure
to
foresee,and
take
into
account
the
reasonable uses for the product(where possible,the designer is further
advise
to
foresee
and
account
for
misuse
of
the
product,as
there
have
been
many product liability cases in recent years where the claimant,injured
during misuse of the product ,has sued the manufacturer and won);(c)the
use
of
materials
about
which
there
was
insufficient
or
uncertain
data,particularly
as
to
its
long-term
properties;(d)inadequate,and
unverified,quality
control
procedures;and(e)
material
selection
made
by
people who are completely unqualified to do so.
在材料选择过程中，五
个最常见的问题为< br>;a
不了解或者未能利用关于材料应用方面的最新和最好的信
息资料
b
未能预见和考虑产品可能的合理用途
（如有可能，
设计人员还应进一步

预测 和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。
在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案
件中，由于错误地使 用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决
c
所使用的材料的数据不全或者有些数据 不确定，
尤其是当其长期性能数据是如此
的时候
d
质量控制方法不适当和未经 验证
e
有一些不称职的人员选择材料

The essential features of a good Discussion are described below
。

1.

try
to
present
the
principles
，
relationships
，
and
generalizations
shown
by the results
。
And bear in mind
，
in a good discussion
，
you discuss
—
you do not recapitulate the results
2.

point
out
any
exceptions
or
any
lack
of
correlation
and
define
unsettled points
。
Never take the high- risk alternative of trying to
cover up or fudge data that do not quite fit
3.

show
how
your
results
and
interpretations
agree
with
previously
published work
4.

don
’
t be shy
；
discuss the theoretical implications of your work
，
as well as any possible practical applications
5.

state your conclusions as clearly as possible
6.

summarize your evidence for each conclusion
一个好的讨论章节的主要特征如下所述

1.

设法给出结果一节中的原理，相互关系和归纳性解释。应该记住，一个好的讨论应该对结果进行讨论和论述，而不是扼要重述

2.

要指出任何的 例外情况或相互关心中有问题的地方，并应该明确提出尚未解
决的问题。绝不是冒着很大的风险去采取另 一方式，即试图对不适合的数据
进行掩盖或捏造

3.

要说明和解释你的结果与以前发表过的研究结果有什么相符的地方

4.

要大胆地论述你的研究工作的理论意义以及任何可能的实际应用

5.

要尽可能清晰地叙述你的结论

Newton's
Laws
of
Motion

Law
1
If
all
the
forces
acting
on
a
body
are
balanced,
th
e
body
will
either
remain
at
rest
or
will
continue
to
move
in a
straidht
line
at
a
uniform
velocity.
Law
2
If
the
forces
acting
on
a
body
are
not
balanced
,
the
body
will
experience
an
acceleration.
The
acceleration
wi
ll
be
in
the
direction
of
the
resultant
force,
and
the
mag
nitude
of
the
acceleration
will
be
proportional
to
the
magni
tude
of
the
resultant
force
and
inversely
proportional
to
th
e
mass
of
the
body.
Law
3
The
forces
of
action
and
reaction
between
interacting

bodies
are
equal
in
magnitude,
opposite
in
direction,
and
have
the
same
line
of
action.
牛顿运动定律

第一定律

如果作用在一个物体上的所有的力平衡， 那么，这个物体将保持原来
的静止或匀速直线运动状态不变
!
第二定律
< br>如果作用在一个物体上的那些力不平衡，那么，这个物体将产生加速
度。
加速度的方向与 合力的方向相同；
加速度的大小与合力的大小成反比，
与物

体的质量成反比！

第三定律

相互作用物体之间的作用力和反作用力大小相等，方向相反，作用在
同一直线上。

翻译（
20
个共
40
分）

A mechanism typically is designed to create a desired motion of a rigid
boby relative to a reference member
机构设计的目的通常是使是一个刚体相对某一参考构件产生所需要的相对运动

Kinematic design of mechanisms is often the first step in the design of
a complete machine
机构的运动设计通常是设计一台完整的机器的第一步

The function of a
mechansism is
to
transmit or transform
motion from one
rigid body to another as part of the action of a machine
作为机器的一个组成部分，机构的作用是在刚体之间传递或转换运动

Gear systems
，
in which toothed members in contact transmit motion
在齿轮机构中，各转轴之间的运动由相互啮合的齿轮来传递

Cam
systems
，
where
a
uniform
motion
of
an
input
member
is
converted
into
a nonuniform motion of the output member
在凸轮机构中，输入件的等速连续运动被转换成输出件的不等速运动。

Plane and spatial linkages they are also useful in creating mechanical
motions for a point or rigid body
平面和空间连杆机构也是用来使机构上某一点或者刚体实现机械运动的

Linkages can be used for three basic tasks
（
1
）
rigid body guidance
（
2
）
path generation
（
3
）
function generation连杆的基本作用有三种：
1
刚体导
向
2
实现轨迹
3实现函数

One
such
grouping
divides
mechanisms
into
planar
，
spherical
，
and
spatial
categories
一种分类方式是将机构分为平面、球面和空间三类

One such grouping divides mechanisms into planar,spherical,and spatil
categories
一种分类方式是将机构分为平面，球面和空间三类。

A planar mechanism is one in which all particles describe plane curves
lie in parallel planes
在平面机构中，所有的质点在空间所走过的轨迹都是
平面曲线 ，所有这些平面曲线都位于相互平行的平面上

A spherical mechanism is one in which each link has some point which
remains
stationary
as
the
linkage
moves
and
in
which
the
stationary
points
of all links lie at a common location
在球面机构中，当机构运动时，每一
个构 件上都有一个点是静止的，所有构件上的静止点都处于同一个位置

Spatial mechanisms
，
on the other hand
，
include no restrictions on the
relative motions of the particles
从另一方面来说，在空间机构中质点的相
对运动不受约束

Design
begins
when
an
engineer
recognizes
a
need
and
decides
to
do
something about it
工程师认识到一种需要并且决定对此做一些工作时，设计就开始了

The
need
to
do
something
about
a
food-packaging
machine
may
be
indicated
by
the
noise
level
，
by
the
variation
in
package
weight
，
and
by
slight
but
perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging
。