2021年1月23日发(作者：英语病假条)
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一
.
现在完成时的构成
:
现在完成时由助动词

h ave(has)+
动词的过去分词构
成。
has
用于第三人称单数
,have
用于其他各种人称
.
二
.
现在完成时的用法
:
其用法主要有三种


I.
“已完成”用法
:
表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况。

1
）表示开始于过去的动作刚刚 结束。常和
just
，
now
，
already
，
yet
，
not…yet
等不确定的时间状语连用。

Li Ming has just turned off the light.
李明刚刚把灯关上。
（说明现在灯关上了）

I've finished my homework now.
现在我已经做完作业了。
（说明可以交作业或做
别的了）

2
）表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着。一般不用时间状语。

I have lost my pen.
我把笔丢了。

（
说明过去某时丢的，
现在我还没找到这支笔）

She has become a teacher.
她已经当了老师。
（说明她现在仍是老师）


II.
“未完成”用法。表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能继续< br>下去，也可能刚刚结束。
常和表示一段时间的状语连用。如
today
，
this
week
（
month
）
，
lately，
recently
，
these days
，
in the past few days
，
during the last two
weeks
，
since
，
since yesterday
，
since 2 days ago
，
since 1991
，
for a long time
，
for
a month
，
so far
，
up to now
，
till
（
until
）

now
等。

He has lived here for 30 years.
他住在这儿三十年了。
（现在还住在这儿）

They've known each other since childhood.
他们从小彼此相识。
（现在还在往来）

How long have you studied English
？

你学英语多久了？（现在仍在学）

III.
经验性用法
:
表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多
次出现的状态。

常与频度副词如
often,always,every week,twice
等连用。

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I have been to the Summer Palace twice.
我曾经去过颐和园两次。

He has always said so.
他总是这么说
.
三
.
现在完成时的时间状语


I
现在完成时属于现在时范围，
故不能和过去的时间状语连用。
如 ：
yesterday,last
Sunday,in1990,three
years
ago
等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可
以和一些 表示不确定的时间状语连用。

a.

用副词
already
和
yet
。
already
一般用于肯定句中，
yet
一 般用于否定句和疑
问句中。

如：
We have already finished our homework.
我们已完成作业了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.
他们还没有完成作业。

b.

用
ever
和
never.
多用于否定或疑问句中，表示
“
曾经
”
或
“
从未
“
等。


如：
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你曾经去过长城吗
?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.
我从未去过长城。

c.

用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如
just,
before,
up
to
now,
the
past
few
years
等。

例如：
I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.
我以前见过她，但记
不起在哪里见过。

He has been there three times the last few days.
近几天他去过那里三次了。

d.

用包括
“
现 在
”
在内的时间状语，如
now,today,this
morning(month,year,term)
等。
例如：
-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.
今天你见过他吗？我没有。

How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去过那里多少次？


II
短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用。
如：
come, go, arrive, reach,
hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall, join, die, get up
等。但如果要保留表
一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词。

现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换

如：


fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill)

get to know→ know







begin,(start)→ be on


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open →be open










buy→ have


get up→ be up












die→ be dead


go out→ be out










come→ be in

close→be closed










arrive→be here


join→be in, be a +
名词






finish( end )→be over


leav
e, move →be away,








borrow →keep


go to school→be a student





catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)

begin to study→study









come back→be back


put on→wear
或
be on
如：
He has been a soldier for three years.
他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.
他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for 5 minutes.
电影已开始五分钟了。

We have studied English for three years.
我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

四
.
几点注意事项


I
. have been(to)
与
have gone( to)
的区别：

have been(to)
表示
“
去过 某地（现在已经回来了）
”
，可用于各人称；

have gone(to)
表示
“
去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）
”
，常用于第三人称，
前者可与
once ,never,several times
等连用，后者则不能。

如：
They have been to Beijing twice.
他们去过北京两次。

He has gone to Beijing .
他去北京了。

II
.
不 可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式，
已变成一种可以延续的状态，
因此可
以和表示一段 时间的状语连用。

如：
I haven't left here since 1997.
自从
1997
年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

（错）
I have received his letter for a month.
（对）
I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
练习

一
.
用
since
和
for
填空

1.______two years











2.____two years ago
3.___last month













4.______ 1999
5._______yesterday










6._______ 4 o’clock

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7


4 hours
















8._____an hour ago
9.___we were children







10._____ lunch time
11.____ she left here
12. He has lived in Nanjing ___ the year before last.
13. I’ve known him ______ we were children.

14. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years.
15. She has been away from the city ______ about ten years.
16. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.

二
.
单项选择。

1
、
Both his parents look sad . Maybe they

______what's happened to him .


A.

knew




B.

have known



C.

must know




know
2
、
He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
A. already
















3
、
Have you met Mr Li ______
？



A. just



B. ago









D. a moment ago
4
、
The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .


A. is writing



writing














written
5
、
—
Our country

______ a lot so far .



—
Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .


changed well d good changed better d better

6
、
Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .


A. was studying




B. will study

C. has studied




D. are studying


7
、
We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .


A. know




B. had known





C. have known





D. knew
8
、
Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice .

see



seen







9
、
—
These farmers have been to the United States .





—
Really ? When _____

there ?


A. will they go



B. did they go

C. do they go

D. have they gone

10
、
—
______ you ___ your homework yet ?



—
Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .


do finished

done finished


done have finished


do finish
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11
、
His father ______ the Party since 1978 .


A. joined



B. has joined




C. was in




D. has been in
12
、
—
Do you know him well ?


—
Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .


A. were



B. have been






C. have become





D. have made

13
、
—
How long have you

____ here ?


—
About two months .


A. been



B. gone






C. come




D.

arrived
14
、
Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .


A. has begun




B. had begun

C. has been on



D. began
15
、
It _____ ten years since he left the army .


A. is




B. has








C. will







D. was
16
、

Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .


gone




B. went





go









D. has been
17
、
My parents ______

Shandong for ten years .


A. have been in

B. have been to

C. have gone to




D. have been
students have cleaned the classroom,





?


A. so they





B. don’t they




C. have they




D. haven’t they

19
、








has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he







to
China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

C. How long, came

D. How far, arrived

he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.
A. has left



B. had left


C. has been away




D. had been away
factory ____ since the February of 1988.


A . has been open

B. has opened

C. was open

D. opened
and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000.


A. have made



B. have been



C. made



D. have become
mustn't_____ until he comes back.



A. be away


B. leave


C. be left
meeting _____ for a week now.

A. has finished


B. has ended

C. has been over
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