关键词不能为空

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1970-01-01 08:00
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2021年1月23日发(作者:penta)
定语从句



定语从句是由
关系代词

关系副词
引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句
的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为
形容词性从句
,一般跟在它所
修饰的先行词后面。在
复合句
中,修饰 某一
名词

代词
叫做定语从句。


关系词



引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词 和关系副词。关系
代词有
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
等,绝对没有
what
;关系副词有
where, when, why
等。关系词常有
3
个作用:




①连接作用,引导定语从句。




②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。




③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。




注: 关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般
whom
作为宾语。关系代词在从句
中作主语,宾语 ,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,
原因状语等。


定语



定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修 饰、限定作用的
词、
短语
(动词不定式短语、
动名词短语和分词短语)
或句子,
汉语中常用‘……
的’表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词,代词,
数词

分词

副词
,不定式
以及
介词短语
也可 以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放
在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从 句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之
后,作后置定语。


先行词



被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为
先行词



关系代词引导的定语从句举例



关系代词所代替的先行词是人或 物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、
宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语 动词的人称和
数要和先行词保持一致。


who, whom, that


这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,
who
做主语指人,< br>whom
作宾语
指人,
that
既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省 略),可以指人也可以指物。
在从句中所起作用如下:




(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?

who/that
在从句中作主语)




(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个
人。(
whom/that
在从句中作宾语)


Whose
用来指人或物



(
只用作定语
,
若指物,它还可以同
of which
互换,指人的时候也可以用
of whom
代替)




(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人
车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。




(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.
请递给我
那本绿皮的书。


which, that


它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等 ,
作宾语时可以省略,例如:




(1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the
countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(
which / that
在句中作主语)




(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come
unwrapped.
你拿那个包裹快要散开了。
(which / that
在句中作宾语)




4


as



as
可以做主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时可以省略,指人或者物。常与
such as,the same as
等短语连用。


限制性定语从句

关系代词



关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语




1. that
既可代表事物也可代表人,
whic h
代表事物;它们在从句中作主语
或宾语,
that
在从句中作宾语时常可省 略关系词,
which
在从句中作宾语也可
以省略。
[eg

This is the book

which

you want.]



2.
如果
which
在从 句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不
要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词
w hich
的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位





3.
代表物时多用
which
,但在下列情况中用
that
而不用
which





a)
先行词是
anything, everything, nothing , none

不定代词
时;




b)
先行词由
every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much
等修饰时,这时的
that
常被省略;




c)
先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;




d)
先行词中既有人又有物时;




e)
整个句中前面已有
which

who, that
时;




f)
当先行词为物并作表语时;




g)
先行词为
one
时;




h)
先行词同时又被
the only,the very,the same
修饰时;




4. who

whom
引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,
whom
作宾语时, 要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语




5. wh ose
是关系代词,
修饰名词作定语,
相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物
,
当它引导的从句修饰物体时
,
可以与

of which
调换
,
表达的意思一样。


关系副词



关系副词:在句中作状语




关系副词
=
介词
+
关系代词




why=for which



where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (
介词同先行词搭配
)



when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (
介词同先行词搭配
)



1. where
是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。




2. when
引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“
time一词
的定语从句只用
when
引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用
that
引导。




By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.
到你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期。




I still remember the first time I met her.
我仍然记得我第一次见到她。




Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities,
such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc


每一次他去出差,他带来了生活必需
品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等,很多。




3.
当从句的逻辑主语是
some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,
something, anything, everything

nothing
时,常用
there is
来引导




There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
这里有人要和你说
话。





限制性 定语从句
的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词
和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从 句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立


非限制性定语从句



1. which
引导的非限定性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句
的某一部分




2.
当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或
指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句
通常是非限制性的,例如:




Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密
斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。




My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买
的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。




This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很
动人,我已经读了三遍。




3.
非限定性定语从句
可将整个主句作为先行词
,
对其进行修饰
,
这时从句
谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:




He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。




Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为
蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。




4.
有时
as
也可用作关系代词




5.
在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词
why
和关系代词
that
,而用
who, whom
代表人,

which ,whose
代表事物,
如果需要用
why

可用
for which
代替
.





p.s: which
引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分,
as
可以


关系代词引导的定语从句

who
指人在从句中做主语



(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
在踢足球的男
孩们是一班的
.



(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
昨天,我帮助了一个
迷路的老人
.

whom
指人



在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略。(注 :
who

whom
已无太大区别,基
本可以通用。区别是
who
可以做主语而
whom
不可以,
whom
前可以加介词如to whom
,但是
who
不可以)




(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus.
刘先生就是
在公交车上和你聊天的那个人
.



(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see.
凌先生恰巧就是我想见
的那个男孩
.



(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
你刚刚见到的那
个人就是我的朋友
.



注意:关系代词
whom
在口语和非正式语体中常用
who
代替,可省略。




如果在从句中做宾语
,
就用
whom

who.
比如
: He is the man whom/who I
talk to.
他就是那个和我聊天的男人
.



如果是在从句中作主语就只能用
who.
比如
: He is the man who has an
English book.
他就是那个有英语书的男人
.

whose
通常指人也可指物



在定语从句中做定语。




(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
他有一个朋友的父亲是医生
.



(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.



whose
指物时通常以以下结构来代替




(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
那个门被
打破的教室不久会被修复。




(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
课堂
门,被打破会不久被修复。




(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
你喜欢颜色是黄色的书

?



(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
你喜欢的书的颜色,
是黄色吗
?



which
指物




在定语从句中做主语,表语,定语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。




(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩都
喜欢的游戏
.



(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
这是他昨天刚买的钢笔
.

that
指人时



相当于
who
或者
whom
;指物时,相当于
which





在定语从句中做主语
,
表语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。




(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year
rises one million.
数目的人民那个
/
谁来城市观光每年上升之一个百万




(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
那个男人在哪里
/

看见谁了今天早上
?

关系副词引导的定语从句

when
指时间



在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用




(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.



(2) The time when we got together finally came.

where
指地点



在定语从句中做地点状语




(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.



(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

why
指原因



在定语从句中做原因状语




(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.



(2) I don

t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.



注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词
+
关系代词”引导的从句替换




(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,



(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to
know what he wanted when he grew up.

介词和关系代词



1
)介词后面的关系代词不能省略。




2

that
前不能有介词。




3


某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的

介词+
关系词

结构可以同
关系副词
when ,where

why
互换。





This is the house in which I lived two years ago.




This is the house where I lived two years ago.




Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?




Do you remember the day when you joined our club?



This is the reason why he came late.



This is the reason for which he came late.



介词
+
关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时




从句常由介词
+
关系代词引导




当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用
which/whom即“介词
+which/whom
且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用
that /which/who/whom.
作介词的宾语,且可以省略。例如:




(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very
famous.
可以省略




= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
”不可省略




(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.



= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.



(3) We

ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often
talked about.



= We

ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.



注意:




1.
含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,
如:
look for, look after, take care
of





T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T
=正确
)



F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F
=错误
)



2.
若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用
w hom
,不可用
who
或者
that
;指物时用
which
,不能用
that
;关系代词是所有格时用
whose



(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)



The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)



(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)



The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)



3.
“介词
+
关系代词”前可有
some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,
each, few
等代词、数词或者名词。




(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.



(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone
bad.



(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big
cities.




4

The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous.




5

I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.

关系代词



关系代词(一般情况下)
that
可用在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不
能做介词的宾语。




which
指物,在从句中作主语,谓语或宾语;




who
在从句中作主语;




whom
在从句中作宾语;




where
在从句中修饰表地点的名词,做地点状语;




when
在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词,做时间状语;




why
在从句中做原因状语,先行词通常是




有时
why
也可用
for+which
代替。




例:
A doctor is a person

who looks after people's health.



主语

谓语

先行词

定语从句修饰先行词


判断介词和关系代词



方法一:

用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及
物 动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动
词后接宾语,则要求用关系代 词。例如:





This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.




I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.




判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)





(错)

This is the mountain village where I visited last year.




(错)

I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.




(对)

This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.




(对)

I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.




习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词

where, when
联系在一起。

两题错在关系词的误用上。




方法二:

准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
(
主、谓 、宾、定、状
)
,也
能正确选择出关系代词
/
关系副词。





1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?




A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one




2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?



A. where
B. that
C. on which
D. the one



答案:例
1 D
,例
2 A




1
变为肯定句:

This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.




2
变为肯定句:

This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.



在句
1
中,
is
后应跟表语,只有
the one
可以,而后面的
you visited a few
days ago
则做
one
的定语从句。




而句
2

,
主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可 用副词
where
,又因

in the museum
词组,可用介词
in + which
引导地点状语。而此
题中,介词
on
用的不对,所以选
A






关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语
时,选择关系代词

(who, whom, that, which, whose)





先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词

( where
地点状语,
when

间状语,
why
原因状语
)



先行词和关系词



1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever
可以用

anyone who
代替
)



2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical
school. (what
可以用
all that
代替
)



但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了 ,是
名词性从句
。因为定语从句一定要
有先行词,
而名词性从句没有。
将“
Whoever
”、

what
”分别用“
Anyo ne who
”、

all
that
”代替后,才是定语从句,先 行词分别是“
Anyone
”、“
all
”。




as,which
引导的非限制性定语从句


as, which
引导的非限定性定语从
句,
as

which
可代整个主句,相当于
and this

and that

As
一般放在句
首,
which
在句中。





As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.




The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.




典型例题




1

Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.



A. it
B. that
C. which
D. he




答案
C





此为非限定性从句,不能用

that
修饰,而用
which.

it

he
都使后句成
为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选
he
句意不通 。




2

The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could
expect.



A. what
B. which
C. that
D. it

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