2021年1月23日发(作者：参数)

第一单元

When
the
University
of
California
at
Los
Angeles
put
Rep.
Jerry Lewis (R-Calif.) on the cover of this winter
’
s alumni
bulletin, it was a tribute to a distinguished graduate who is
so close to his alma mater that he named his dog Bruin, after
UCLA
’
s revered symbol.

美国加州大学洛杉矶分校在今年冬季毕业生期刊封面刊登美
国国会议员杰尔
.
刘易斯（加州共和党人）
，对与其母校的关系密切
得能用美国加州大学洛杉矶分校吉祥物将其 宠狗取名为布轮熊的杰
出毕业生大肆颂扬。

But
the
cover
story,
which
was
engineered
in
part
by
the
University
of
California
’
s
government
relation
office
in
Washington, was also a shrewd ploy to cement relations with a
key member of the House Appropriations Committee.
但是在某种程度上由加州大学华盛顿政府 关系办公室策划的这一封
面故事也是密切与美国国会众院拨款委员会某一关键委员的精明手
段。

As
Congress
takes
up
President
Bush’
s
fiscal
2005
budget
proposal, which cuts some basic research programs vital to
universities, the higher education community is using every
lobbying tool at its disposal to protect its interests.
在美国国会受理布什总统提交的砍掉了对大学至关重要的一些基本

1

研究计划的
2005
财政年度预算案之际，高等教育团体无不 竭尽游说
之能来保护自己的利益。

On the line
are billions of dollars in federal support for
medical,
defense,
space
and
physics
research,
as
well
as
special
“
earmarks
”

for
agricultural
research
stations,
buildings and other local projects.
列入年度预算 的是联邦支持医疗，
国防，
空间和物理研究的数十亿美
元以及农业研究站，建筑和其它 地方项目的指拨款项。

As recently as the 1980s, lobbying by higher education was a
two-horse operation, involving a few large universities and a
handful of K Street firms.
近在
20
世纪
80
年代，
高等教育团体的游说就以小规模进行，
涉及一
些规模 大的大学和少量华盛顿
K
街的企业。

Colleges
and
universities
still
shy
away
from
organized
political
fundraising
and
campaign
advertising---the
stock
in
trade
of
modern
lobbying.
Nonprofit
status
or
state
laws
prohibit many of them from engaging in it.
学院和大学仍然回避有组织 的政治性募捐活动和广告活动――现代
游说的惯用手段。
非盈利状态或国家法律使他们中的多数 望而
止步。

But that has not precluded the higher education industry from
greatly increasing its presence in Washington.

2

但是这并没有阻止高等教育业越来越多地出现在华盛顿。


“
At
the
end of
the
day, having
campaign
dollars in your back
pocket
isn
’
t
the
only
way
to
get
attention
and
help
in
Congress,
”

said
A.
Scott
Sudduth,
the
University
of
California
’
s vice president for government relations.
“在这一天 结束时，
把活动用的美元放在你的后袋里不是在国会里获
取注意和帮助的唯一办法”
， 加州大学主管政府关系的副校长
A.
斯
科特
.
沙都斯说道。

Last
year,
more
than
150
colleges
and
universities
shelled
out
tens
of
millions
of
dollars
to
lobby
on
spending
issues,
as
well
as
on
legislation
affecting
student
visas,
stem
cell
research,
student aid and homeland security.
去年，
150
多所大学和学院用了数百万美 元为经费问题，影响学生办
签证，干细胞研究，助学金和国土安全等的法规进行了游说。

Van Scoyoc Associates Inc., for instance, has 55 university
clients.
例如，范
.
斯科约克合 伙公司（美国游说公司，建于
1990
年）拥有客
户
55
所大学。< br>
Lawmakers
and
congressional
staffers
troop
to
breakfasts
several
times
a
week
at
the
firm
’
s
Constitution
Avenue
offices,
at the foot of Capitol Hill.
立法者和国会职员每周几次成群结队地前往位于美国国会山脚下立

3

宪大街的公司办事处用早餐。

These
can
be
discussion
forums
on
educational
issues,
or
fundraisers for supportive members.
这些可能是关于教育问题的讨论论坛或赞助成员的资金筹集会。

In
the
2002
election
cycle,
Van
Scoyoc
employees
made
493
donations,
totaling
about
$$250,000,
to
candidates
or
political
parties.
在
2002
年选举中，范
.
斯科约克合伙公司雇员对候选人或政党捐赠
493
次，共计约
25 0
，
000
美元。


Individual professors and college administrators have also
been increasing their political donations, according to the
Center for Responsive Politics.
从美国超党派机构“政治反馈中心”获悉，单个教授和学院行政管理
人员 也在增加他们的政治捐赠。

Gifts
by
university
employees
to
presidential
candidates
totaled more than $$2.4 million in the first three quarters of
2003, according to the center.
据该中心统计，大学雇员对总统候选人的捐赠在
2003年头三个季度
总数超过二百四十万美元。

The
leading
recipient
was
Howard
Dean,
who
collected
$$719,000,
with large amounts coming from employees of the University of

4

California, Harvard, Emory, Stanford and Dartmouth College.
主要的捐赠接受人为霍华德
.
迪安，他收到
719
，
00 0
美元，这大部
分来源于加州大学，哈佛大学，埃莫里大学，斯坦福大学和达
特茅斯学 院的雇员。

Close behind was Bush, whose $$680,000 in contributions drew
heavily from the University of Texas, Vanderbilt University,
University
of
Chicago,
University
of Cincinnati and
Stanford.
紧接着的是布什，他收 到的
680
，
000
美元捐赠款主要来源于德克萨
斯大学，
范德比尔特大学，
芝加哥大学，
辛辛那提大学和斯坦福大学。

The Washington lobby shop of PodestaMatoon received $$300,000
in
the
first
six
months
of
2003
to
represent
the
Science
Coalition
–
60 top research universities that seek increased
funding for basic research.
波德斯塔马土恩游说与公共关 系公司华盛顿游说部在
2003
年头六个
月收到
300
，
0 00
美元，为美国科学联合会――
60
个想为基本研究谋
求增加资金的高等研 究性大学代言。

It
staged
science
seminars
for
lawmakers
and
periodic
“
breakfasts
of
champions
”

honoring
members,
including
Lewis,
who have supported the cause of science in legislation.
该公司为包括刘易斯 在内的，
在立法中支持了科学事业的立法者和定
期参加“吃早餐”人员举办科学研讨会。

“
Our
message
is
our
muscle,
”

said
Michelle
Tessier,
a

5

PodestaMatoon Lobbyist.

“我们的信息是我们的力量，
”一个波德斯塔马土恩的说客米歇尔
.
泰茜尔说道。

The stakes are unusually high this year.
今年赌注异常高。

As Congress prepares to reauthorize the Higher Education Act,
many universities are gearing up for a fight.
因为国会准备重新批准高等教育法案，许多大学正准备一击。

Rep. Howard P.
“
Buck
”
McKeon (R-Calif.), who chairs the
House
Education
and
Workforce
subcommittee
overseeing
post-secondary education, has proposed barring institutions
from participating in certain student aid programs if they
increase
tuition
and
fees
at
more
than
twice
the
rate
of
inflation for three years in a row.
监督后中等教育的美国众议院教育和劳工委员会主席，
议员霍华德
.P.< br>“巴克”迈克翁（加州代表）建议，如果公共机构以连续三年的通货
膨胀率的两倍以上的速度增加 学费和杂费，
就要阻止他们参加某些助
学金计划。

“
The higher education community is up in arms over this, but
the
congressman
feels
this
is
a
crisis
and
the
current
situation
is
unacceptable,
”

said
Vartan
Djihanian,
McKeon
’
s
spokesman.

“高等教育团体对此感到愤怒，但国会议员感到这是一种危机，而

6

且当前形势不可接受，
”

迈克翁的代言人瓦尔坦
.
迪韩林说。

In the budget released Monday, Bush put the brakes on funding
for
most
basic
research,
providing
only
small
increases
for
the
National
Institutes
of
Health
and
the
National
Science
Foundation.
在星期一公布的预算中，
布什停 止了对最基本的研究的资助，
只对美
国国家健康研究院和美国国家科学基金会增加了少量资助。

Nils
Hasselmo,
president
of
the
Association
of
American
Universities (AAU), lambasted the research funding proposal,
saying it included
“
a double-digit cut in critical defense
research
programs
essential
to
the
nation
’
s
long-term
security.
”

美国大学协会主席妮尔斯
.
哈赛尔 莫严厉谴责这一研究资金提案，说
这包含了
“对国家长期安全至关重要的关键国防研究计划的两 位数削
减。
”

The
shifting
priorities
could
affect
some
of
the
nation
’
s
most
prestigious universities.
，
：这一变换的优先次序影响了国家一些最有威望的大学。

NIH, for example, funds about $$270 million a year of medical
research at Harvard.
例如，
国家健康协会每年为哈佛大学医疗研究提供约二亿七千万美元
资金。


7

The University of California system relies on Washington to
finance tuition aid for many of its 150,000 students and to
support
the
system
’
s
three
national
science
labs,
five
medical
research
centers,
agricultural
research
stations,
and
numerous
graduate and undergraduate programs.
加州大学系统依赖华盛顿为其
150，
000
名学生的多数承担学费补贴，
并且支持系统的三个国家科学实验室，五个医疗研究中心，
农业研究
院和无数毕业生及大学生计划。

“
There are concerns that we
’
re in an environment where we
won
’
t
see
growth
in
these
budgets,
and
we
’
re
certainly
worried
about
that
,”

said
Tobin
L.
Smith,
AAU
’
s
senior
federal relations officer.

“所关心的是我们处在 我们在这些预算中看不见经费增加的环境
中，我们对此的确感到担忧，
”美国大学协会的高级联 邦关系官员托
宾
.L.
史密斯说。

The growing budgetary pressures were evident last year when
Senate fiscal
conservatives blocked
Sen.
Arlen
Specter
’
s bid
to add $$1.5 billion in NIH funding to a spending bill on the
floor.
去年在参议院财政保守派阻止 参议员阿伦
.
斯百克特在参议院会议上
提出的在经费议案中给国家健康协会资金加上十 五亿美元的提案时
就可以明显看到日以增长的预算压力。


8

In
an
interview,
Specter
(R-Pa.)
bemoaned
the
genteel
approach
of the higher education lobby on such issues.
在会见时，斯百克特（宾夕法尼亚州共和党成员）对高等教育在那些
问题上游说的彬彬有礼的方式感到遗憾。

“
Universities aren
’
t as politically active as they ought to
be,
”
he said.

“大学没有他们应该的那样政治上活跃”他说。


“
They ought to be identifying the people who voted against
NIH
funding
and
going
to
work
in
their
states
?

Defense
contractors
come
in
with
all
guns
blazing,
no
pun
intended,
and
really mean business.
”


“他们应该识 别那些投票反对国家健康协会资助的人，回他们的州
去工作?”防卫承包商用咄咄逼人的方式进入，无双 关语意图，真正
是在做生意。

But
Sudduth,
who
heads
the
University
of
California
’
s
nine-person lobbying team in Washington, says his group has
rejected forming political action committees or resorting to
“
hardball
”
lobbying methods.
但是华盛顿加州大学
9
人游说团团长苏达斯 说，
他的游说团已经拒绝
了组建政治行动委员会或采用“激烈的”游说方式的提议。

Instead,
he
said,
the
university
uses
its
enormous
grass-roots
influence in California to further its interests.

9

他说，大学宁愿使用他在加州巨大的民间影响来增进它的利益。

Sudduth
said
the
UCLA
alumni
bulletin
’
s
cover
story
on
Lewis,
which
described
the
lawmaker
as
a
longtime
friend,
was
coordinated
between
his
office
and
the
UCLA
Alumni
Association.
苏达斯说，
美国加州大学洛杉矶分校毕业生期刊上关于刘 易斯的封面
故事把这位立法者描述成长期朋友，
这是他的办公室与美国加州大学
洛杉矶 分校校友会之间的配合所致。

As
chairman
of
the
House
Appropriations
subcommittee
with
jurisdiction
over
the
budget
of
the
Federal
Emergency
Management Agency, the magazine noted, Lewis was able to help
UCLA
recover
from
damage
suffered
in
the
Northridge
earthquake.
作为管辖美国联邦紧急事务管理局的预算的美国国会众议院拨款委< br>员会主席，
刘易斯有能力帮助美国加州大学洛杉矶分校从诺思里奇地
震损坏中恢复。
“
With
Lewis
’
s
assistance,
FEMA
funding
was
secured
to
assist
with the restoration of Powell Library and Royce Hall,
”
the
article said.

“在刘易 斯的帮助下，联邦紧急事务管理局资金可以保证帮助恢复
鲍威尔图书馆大楼和罗伊斯会堂，
”文 章说道。

Lewis
now
chairs
the
subcommittee
that
oversees
the
Pentagon
’
s
research budget, which supports research at UCLA on robotic
surgery and nanotechnology.

10

刘易斯现在担任监督 五角大楼研究预算的拨款委员会主席，
这会支持
美国加州大学洛杉矶分校对人工智能外科和纳米 技术的研究。

The
new
alumni
bulletin
dubs
Lewis
the
“
cardinal
from
Westwood
”

(Calif.),
a
reference
to
his
role
as
chairman
of
one
of the 13 appropriations subcommittees.
新毕业生期刊授予刘易斯“西武德（ 加州）来的红衣主教”称号，把
他的作用叫做
13
个拨款委员会之一的主席。


“
We
happen
to
think
he
’
d
make
a
great
chairman
of
the
Appropriations Committee
”
after the term of Rep. Bill Yong
(R-Fla.) ends next year, Sudduth said.

在众议员比尔
.
勇（佛罗里达共和党人）的任期明年结束后

“我们偶
尔会想到他会成为拨款委员会伟大的主席”
，苏达斯说。




1.
Dinner
was
almost
ready
when
the
killing
occurred.
Don
Wise
wandered
into
the
living
room
of
his
home
in
Leawood,
Kan.,
one
evening last September. His ten-year- old son, Mike, and a
12-year-old friend were sitting in front of a large-screen

11

television
set.
They
were
playing
a
video
game
they
had
rented
called
Goldeneye 007
, one of the top-selling titles of 1998. 1.
枪杀在晚饭之际发生。
去年九月的一个傍晚，
堪萨斯州利伍德市的
唐 ·怀斯走进家中的起居室。
他
10
岁的儿子迈克和一位
12
岁的小伙
伴坐在大屏幕电视机前，正在玩租来的《
007
之黄金眼》游戏，这是
199 8
年最畅销的一个游戏。

2. Standing behind the boys, Wise saw that the video, rated T
(Teen)
for
ages
13
and
older,
depicted
the
shooter’s
point
of
view,
with
his
large
gun
jutting
into
the
bottom
of
the
TV
frame.
After
a
few
minutes
Mike’s
friend
cornered
an
unarmed
opponent
and
held
the
gun
to
his
head
at
point-
blank
range.
“You
can’t
get away!” the boy said with a maniacal sneer, taunting the
character on the screen. “You’re mine!”

2.
怀斯先生站 在孩子的身后，看到这套级别为青少年级（
13
岁以上
少年）
的游戏展现出枪 手的视角，
一把巨型手枪连线接在电视机的底
部。没过几分钟，迈克的小伙伴将游戏中手无寸铁 的对手逼到绝境，
然后举起枪贴近对方的头部。“你跑不了啦。”男孩一边狞笑着，一
边挑衅地 朝电视机里的角色大叫，“你完蛋了。”


12

3.
The
boy
pushed
the
button
and
shot
the
character
in
the
face.
Blood splattered the lab coat of the character as he whirled
and fell. “You’re down!” the boy said, laughing.

3.
男孩按动扳钮，朝对方面部开枪。对方扭曲着身体应声倒地，鲜
血溅满身上的白大褂。“你死定 了！”男孩大笑着说。

4.
Chilled
by
the
child’s
obvious
glee,
Wise
ordered
the
boys
to turn the game off. “This game is disgusting,” he said
sternly. “I don’t want you to play with this anymore.”
Explains
Wise,
“I’m
not
going
to
invite
somebody
into
my
house
to teach kids to kill.”

4.
见到孩子开心的样子，怀斯不禁为之一震。他命两个孩子关掉游
戏，并厉声说道 ：“这游戏太恶心了。你们以后不准再玩这种游戏
了。”怀斯解释说：“我绝不会让任何人到家里来教孩 子杀人。”

Murder and Mayhem
（谋杀与重伤）

5. Video games have become a pervasive form of entertainment
in
the
1990s.
Today
an
estimated
69
percent
of
American
families
own or rent video and computer games. Most are harmless
entertainment, but in far too many of the most popular ones,
kids are acting out realistic violent experiences on their TV
and computer screens. They are
severing
heads and snapping

13

spines in
Mortal Kombat IV
. They are paying a go-go dancer to
flash her breasts and then blowing her away in Duke Nukem 3D.
They are scorching the high school band with a flamethrower
until they burn to death in Postal.
5.
电子游戏自
90
年代起，
已成为一种十分流行的娱乐。
现在大约有
69%
的美国家庭购买或 租借电子游戏和电脑游戏。其中大多数是无伤
大雅的纯娱乐游戏。
但在许多最流行的游戏中，< br>青少年面对屏幕演绎
着一幕幕真实的暴力场面。他们会在《龙争虎斗
IV
》中砍 杀人头、
断人脊骨；在《毁灭公爵
3D
》中花钱让艳舞女郎裸显胸部，然后将
她毁掉；还会在《邮差》中用喷火器将学校乐队的成员烧死。

6. “These are not just games anymore,” says Rick Dyer,
president
of
the
San
Diego- based
Virtual
Image
Productions
and
an
outspoken
critic
of
titles
with
violent
and
sexual
content.
“These
are
learning
machines.
We’re
teaching
kids
in
the
most
incredible
manner
what
it’s
like
to
pull
the
trigger.
The
focus
is on the thrill, enjoyment
and reward. What they’re
not

learning are the real-
life consequences.”

6. “这些已不再是游戏了。”圣地亚哥虚拟图像制造公司 总裁里
克·戴迪尔，
一位严厉指责暴力和色情游戏的人士指出，
“这些是学
习 机器。
我们以令人难以置信的方式教孩子开枪杀人。
游戏旨在给孩

14

子带来刺激、
兴奋和奖赏。
但孩子们却不知道这对现实生活会产生什
么样的后果。”

7. Interactive video games introduce kids to a fantasy world
that features amazingly lifelike characters, detailed images
of
brutality,
and
an
audio
mix
of
heart-pounding
music,
macabre
sound effects and authentic voices. Unlike movies and
television,
where
you
watch
the
violence,
the
game
lets
you
feel
the
sensation

of
committing
violent
acts.
When
you’re
into
the
game, you’re
in
the game.
7.
互动式游戏将孩子们带到一个神奇的世界 。那里有逼真的人物、
详尽的残暴画面、
令人心跳的音乐、
让人毛骨悚然的音响效果和 真人
原音的声响。
与电影和电视中的暴力不同，
游戏让玩者体会到实施暴
力行 为的真切感受。一旦开始玩游戏，玩者就会完全置身于其中。

8.
“The
technology
is
becoming
more
engaging
for
kids,”
says
David Walsh, president of the
National Institue on Media and
the Family
(NIMF
), a watchdog group in Minneapolis, “and a
segment
of
games
feature
antisocial
themes
of
violence,
sex
and
crude language. Unfortunately, it’s a segment that seems
particularly popular with kids ages eight to 15.”


15

8. “现在的游戏技术 越来越吸引孩子，”明尼亚波利斯市的一家监
管机构——全国媒体与家庭研究所的负责人大卫·瓦尔士说 ，
“有一
部分游戏宣扬暴力、色情和脏话。不幸的是，这部分游戏对
8
到15
岁的青少年尤其具有吸引力。”

Action Games

（
动作游戏
）

9. With the rapid evolution of game technology comes a
generation
of
titles
portraying
three-dimensional,
360-degree
environments that are virtually real. “We are moving ve
ry
close to a real cinematic experience, pushing the boundaries
of
what a
TV
set
or
computer monitor can deliver,”
says
Steve
Grossman, chairman and CEO of ASC Games. “In the next five
years there will be nothing you cannot portray.”

9.
随着游戏制作技术的发展，现在的游戏能够以三维的角度 和
360
度的视角虚拟真实的场景。
“我们制作的画面很快就可以与电影院的
效果媲美，
目前是电视和电脑屏幕所能达到的极限，
”ASC 公司主席
兼首席执行官 斯蒂夫·格罗斯曼说，
“五年之后，
没有什么我们做不
了的。”

10.
Grossman
makes
no
apologies
for
the
uptick
in
blood
and
gore,
saying these features are a way to “get people to talk about
the game.” In Grand Th
eft Auto, a 1998 ASC release, kids get

16

to assume the role of a low-level mobster and perform various
murders and other felonies to impress their boss. Because of
the cartoonlike design, Grossman insists the game is a spoof.
“If
anyone
takes
Grand
Theft
Auto
seriously,”
he
says,
“they
have a real problem separating fantasy from reality.” (The
game
has
been
taken
seriously
by
officials
in
France
and
Great
Britain, who have condemned it; the Brazilian government has
banned it.)
10.
格罗斯曼对游戏中越来越多的血腥主题并不觉得有 什么不妥。
他
说这些场面是人们“谈论游戏”的关键所在。在
1998
年该公 司推出
的一套名为《汽车大盗》的游戏中，孩子们充当低级暴徒的角色，以
一系列的枪杀和犯罪 行为取悦于上司。
格罗斯曼坚持认为由于采用卡
通人物设计，这是一个无任何伤害性的游戏。他 说：“如果有人指责
《汽车大盗》的话，那么他真是分不清现实和虚拟世界。”（此游戏
已引起 法国及英国政府部门的关注并受到指责，
另外巴西政府已明令
禁止该游戏。）

11. During Christmas 1997, Postal was another title that
generated controversy. In that game kids control a character
known
among
players
as
The
Postal
Dude
who
“goes
postal”
when
the
bank
forecloses
on
his
house.
On
their
rampage,
players
gun
down anything that moves, including parishioners leaving a

17

church. One victim wails, “My eyes! I can’t see anything!”
The
Postal
Dude
occasionally
mutters,
“Only
my
gun
understands
me.”

11. 1997< br>年圣诞节发行的《邮差》是另一套颇具争议的游戏。在这
套游戏中，
孩子充当的是一个名 为“邮差王”的角色，
每当银行来查
封他的住所时，邮差王就会“怒气冲天”。在肆意杀戮的过 程中，玩
者只要看到走动的人就狂加扫射，
包括刚刚走出教堂的教徒。
在游戏
里会听到受害者惨叫：“我的眼睛！我什么都看不见了！”而邮差王
则偶尔低声嘀咕一句：“只有我的枪 理解我。”

12. Makers of the more violent games are pushing the outer
limits of savagery and depravity. One of the most hotly
anticipated videos is the
sequel
to
Carmageddon
, in which the
player racks up points for mowing down pedestrians. In
Carmageddon 2: Carpocalypse Now, your victims not only squish
under
your
tires
and
splatter
blood
on
the
windshield,
they
also
get
on
their
knees
and
beg
for
mercy,
or
commit
suicide.
If
you
like, you can also dismember them.
12.
暴力游戏开发商将野蛮与堕落的主题发挥到极至。
目前市场上翘
首以 待的其中一套游戏是《恶车杀手》的续集。在这套游戏里，玩者
以杀死行人的数目来积分。在《恶车杀手
2
》中，受害者不但死于车

18

轮之下，鲜血溅满挡 风玻璃，而且还要跪下求饶或自杀。如果玩者乐
意的话，还可以肢解受害者的尸体。

Immoral Kombat

（不道德的争斗）

13. In 1993 Sen. Joe Lieberman (D., Conn.) and Sen. Herb Kohl
(D.,
Wis.)
held
Congressional
hearings
on
violent
video
games.
13. 1993
年参议员乔·利博曼（康涅狄格州）与赫博·克尔（ 威斯
康星州）主持了有关暴力游戏的国会听证会。

14. They successfully pressured the video-game industry to
adopt a rating system to inform parents of games featuring
violent and sexually oriented content. Started in 1994 by
video-game
developers,
the
Entertainment
Software
Rating
Board
(ESRB) divides games into five categories: EC for players in
early childhood, E for everyone, T for teens 13 and older, M
for mature players (17 and above) and AO for adults only. The
rating
appears
on
the
front
of
every
game
box,
while
on
the
back
are three or four words that describe the content.
14.
他们成功地敦促电子游戏业采用定级 制度，
以便知会家长含有暴
力和色情内容的游戏。从
1994
年开始，由游戏 开发商组成的娱乐软
件定级委员会将游戏分为五个等级：
幼儿级代表幼童适宜，
普通级 代
表全家适宜，
青少年级代表
13
岁以上青少年适宜，
成人级代表< br>17
岁

19

以上成人适宜，
只限成人级代表只 适宜于成年人。
游戏包装盒的封面
会标明有关的级别，封底印有游戏内容简介。

15. In its four-year existence the ESRB has rated over 4000
titles, 70 percent of which are rated E. But the system is not
designed to keep mature games away from children, says ESRB
executive
director
Arthur
I.
Pober.
“Our
role
is
not
to
dictate
taste,”
he
explains.
“We
give
parents
the
tools
to
determine
what they do or don’t want for their children.”

15.
在该委员会四年内 所审定的
4000
多套游戏中，有
70%
被定为普
通级。
但 是此定级制度并不能完全杜绝青少年不接触到成人游戏。
委
员会执行董事阿瑟·蒲伯解释说：< br>“我们的任务不是限定人们娱乐欣
赏的取向，
我们只是向家长提供一种工具，
让 他们能够决定什么游戏
适合或不适合孩子。”

16. In 1996 the Minneapolis watchdog group NIMF developed a
video game report card to help parents make informed choices
about the games their kids played. The latest annual report
reflects the opinions of parents who evaluate the games based
on violence, sexual content and language. Out of 90 titles
reviewed, parents concluded that one-third, or 31 in all,
deserved a more restrictive rating than the one given by the
ESRB.

20

16. 1996
年明尼亚波利斯 的全国媒体与家庭研究所推出一种游戏记
录卡，
旨在向父母提供有关孩子所玩游戏的资料。该机构最近一年的
记录中记载了父母对暴力、
色情和污秽语言内容游戏的评价意见。
在
90
套已经定级的游戏中，父母们表示起码有三分之一，或者说有
31
套 游戏的定级应该更严格一些。

17. Asked about the discrepancy, the ESRB’s Pober says that
“every
group
will
have
a
different
mind
-
set.
They’re
enti
tled
to their views.” He adds that the ESRB has not received any
complaints that the “rating was inaccurate.”

17.
当问及这类评级标准的出入时，娱乐软件定级委 员会的蒲伯说：
“不同的机构有不同评定观点，
而且都有各自的理据。
”他说娱乐软< br>件定级委员会至今还未收到有关“评级不准确”的投诉。

Easy Access

（易得的渠道）

18.
As
with
the
R
rating
on
movies,
youngsters
are
quite
astute
and
know
that
an
M
rating
on
a
video
game
means
blood
and
gore.
Moreover, they find they can easily obtain mature games
—
as
long as they elude parental supervision.
18.
青少年很清楚，
成人级别的游戏同限制级别的电 影一样通常含有
血腥暴力的场面。
而且他们也可以轻而易举地得到成人游戏——只要
避 开家长的监视。


21

19. There is no penalty for renting or selling M-rated titles
to kids, and according to an NIMF survey, only 20 percent of
stores have ratings policies that explain to cashiers which
customers can and can’t buy games.

19.
目前还没有对向青少年出租或 售卖成人游戏进行惩罚的条例。
根
据全国媒体与家庭研究所的一项调查，只有
20%< br>的影音商店制定了租
售限制的条例，告知收银员哪类顾客可以或不可以租买有关的游戏。

20. With his father’s permission, I enlisted the help of a
ten-year-old boy to
see
if
he could
rent
and
buy
M-rated
video
games.
At
Blockbuster
Video,
which
has
corporate
policies
about
game rentals, it was a cinch for him to take out Mortal Kombat
IV. At Super Software, a video-game and software retailer, he
bought Resident
Evil
II
and
Mortal
Kombat
IV,
while
at KB
Toys
he
got
Parasite
Eve,
a
new
release
that
contains,
according
to
the box, matur
e sexual themes. “Yeah, sweet game,” the
cashier told the boy. “It’s really cool.”

20.
在征得一位
10
岁男孩父亲 的同意之后，我们请这位男孩帮忙，
想看一看他是否可以租买到成人游戏。
在贴有租售限制条例 的宏影音
像店，男孩很轻易地就买到《龙争虎斗
4
》。在一家游戏和软件零售
店——超级软件店，他又买到《活恶神
2
》和《龙争虎斗
4
》。而在
KB
玩具店，他买到了新发行的《寄生夏娃》，从封面上看，这是一

22

套含有成人色情内容的游戏。收银员还对男孩说：“这游戏不错，很
酷。”

Potential for Harm

（
潜在的危害
）

21. When it comes to the effects of video games on children,
there’s a double standard in the industry: While publishers
trumpet about educational games in helping to develop kids’
learning skills, they discount that violent games can have
baser influences on behavior and attitudes. “There has been

no evidence to show that video games increase violence in
children,”
says
Pat
Becker
of
Electronic
Arts,
the
industry’s
largest publisher.
21.
在涉及电子游戏对孩子所产生影响的问题上，
业内一直有双重标
准：
一方面，
游戏开发商大肆宣传教育游戏有助于培养孩子的学习技
能；
另一方面，
他们但却很少提 及暴力游戏对孩子行为和态度可能产
生的影响。
“并没有迹象表明电子游戏会增加青少年的暴力 行为。
”
游戏业最大的一家开发商电子艺术公司的帕特·贝克尔说。

22. Video-game developer Rick Dyer, whose company makes only
E-rated titles, says the effects on children a
re “one of the
dark secrets that this industry does not want to talk about,
and
for
one
reason:
they’re
making
money
from
it.”
It’s
the

23

same
kind
of
attitude
that
has
allowed
the
tobacco
industry
to
contend
for
so
long
that
nicotine
is
not
addictive.
“There’s
no
concern
for
the
potential
price
we
may
pay
in
society,”
Dyer
says. “It’s strictly the dollar.”

22.
只开发普通级游戏的里克·戴迪尔说，
游戏对孩子的影响是“游
戏业不愿提及的一个秘 密，
因为业界靠此赚钱。
”这同烟草业一直争
辩尼古丁不会使人上瘾是同一种态度。戴 迪尔说：“（业内）根本没
有考虑这会令社会付出多大的代价，只是一心想着赚钱。”

23.
For
decades
the
public
has
decried
the
increasing
violence
in
Hollywood
movies
and on prime-time
television.
Researchers
conclude
there
is
a
measurable
increase
of
three
to
15
percent
in
an
individual’s
aggressive
behavior
after
watching
violent
television.
23.
几十年来，
公众一直呼吁反对好莱坞电影和电视黄金时段节目中
越来 越多的暴力内容。
有研究者得出结论，
当观众看完暴力电视节目
后，其攻击性行为会上 升
3%
到
15%
。

24. “With a video game kids don’t just observe an
aggressor
rewarded, they experience the direct reward,” says Stanford
communication professor Donald Roberts. “Engaging in these

24

activities rather than watching them increases the potential
for the negative effects to take hold.”

24.
“孩子们玩游戏时，不只是看到攻击者受到奖赏，而且也直接 体
会到这种奖赏。
”斯坦福大学传播学教授唐纳德·罗伯特说道，
“参
与而不 仅仅是观看这类游戏会造成潜在的负面影响。”

25. Indeed, soldiers trained to kill in combat use the same
brutalization and desensitization techniques now used to
entertain
children.
Lt.
Col.
Dave
Grossman
of
Jonesboro,
Ark.,
a
military
expert
on
the
psychology
of
killing,
notes:
“Every
time
a
child
plays
a
point-and-shoot
video
game,
he
is
learning
the
exact
same
conditioned
reflex
skills
as
a
soldier
or
police
officer in training.”

25.
事实上，
游戏中为娱乐儿童所采用的残忍和冷血的格斗技巧与部
队战 斗训练演习中所使用的技巧完全一样。
阿肯色州琼斯泊洛的陆军
上校大卫·格罗斯曼是一位枪杀 心理研究专家，
他注意到：
“孩子们
每次玩积分射击游戏时，
其实都在学习军 人或警员训练时所用的同样
的条件反射技能。”

26. “The media are probably more powerful than we realize,”
says
the
NIMF’s
David
Walsh.
“And
if
parents
are
responsible

25

for caring for their children, then our definition of
caring

has to keep pace with a changing media world.”

26.
“媒体的影响力可能远远 超出我们的想象，”全国媒体与家庭研
究所的大卫·瓦尔士说：
“如果父母要对所照料的孩子负 责，
那么我
们对‘照料’一词的定义必须赶上不断发展变化的媒体世界。”


第二单元

通用汽车有其反对者的一个惊喜：这些外国纠葛开始还清。


当通用汽车公司在
2002
年
10
月收购了破产的大宇汽 车的部分，
你几
乎可以听到世界各地的嘲笑。
韩国汽车制造商则是一场灾难。
其在家
中的市场份额已经下降了一半，为
10
％。工会变得更激进的一天，
世 界各地的大宇品牌已经褪色到默默无闻。
这里是另一个愚蠢的通用
汽车公司结盟。


通用的执行官们放低了姿态。
他们正在寻找在大宇作为一个温和的赌
博，< br>韩国和多一点的方式出售一些汽车。
但全球化可以施加强大的拉
力。
不久，通用汽车注入大宇宏大的野心，
作为整个亚洲地区的出口，
尤其是蓬勃发展的中国市场的基 地。



26

今天大宇的工厂，产生了这么几辆车， 他们拒绝了温控器，现在已经
翻番他们的产能利用率。
大宇工厂的车辆已出口到转基因有关的公 司
在亚洲，
欧洲和北美的
120
个国家。
大宇品牌可能在美国早已不 复存
在，但大宇生产的汽车销往这里的雪佛兰
Aveo
，铃木
Forenza
和铃
木维罗纳。在中国和世界其他地区的大宇设计的汽车销售在几个名
字：
大 宇，别克，
雪佛兰和铃木。通用大宇汽车和技术，
预计在
2004
年生产80
万辆，并张贴由
2005
年的利润。


亚洲的前 哨是一个讨价还价。
通用汽车把它捡起来，
为
2.5
亿美元的
股权投 资。


通用汽车公司寻求全球协同效应得到了一个开端，
和它写了大部分的
$$
3< br>亿美元它进入菲亚特
（其中，
调整资本结构已经缩水
20
％至
10
％
通用汽车公司的股份）和五十铃（在那里它后来在另一个
$$ 500
泵 浦
把万美元）
。
但是现在，
经过多年的良性忽视，
通用汽车将作品一 起，
攻其全球合作伙伴的工程，制造及分销资源。萨博将在日本进行，例
如，庞蒂亚克
GTO
的，在澳大利亚。该战略有可能节省数十亿美元，
大大加快产品的开发，给通用汽车公司 在新兴市场的优势。


走出去，或获得抨击。

“你的竞争对手不 再只是马路对面，说：”
通用汽车首席执行长
G.
理查德·瓦格纳。

“这是来自韩国，日本，
欧洲，所以我认为这是要求每个人提升自己的游戏。”


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