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1970-01-01 08:00
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2021年1月23日发(作者:衔怎么读)

英语翻译

第一课

第一段

1.

Information
is
part
of
all
human
experience.
Acquiring
and
processing
information
are
fundamental aspects of life itself. Current interest in a “science” of information has developed
as the result of the complexity of life’s problems. The rapi
d development of technology, the
growth of knowledge, and the fast pace of the modern world create an increasing awareness of
the
importance
of
information
and
the
need
for
professionals
dedicated
to
studying
and
understanding it.
第十段

10. As the definitions above point out, the word information can be applied to a continuum of
cognitive state, from sensory awareness to synthesis of ideas. If we are to deal scientifically with
ambiguous
words
such
as
data,
information,
and
knowledge
we
need
a
more
thorough
understanding
of
what
they
mean.
In
defining
such
words
we
face
problems
inherent
in
the
definition of all terms. One problem is that it is difficult to say that what anything is, in terms that
will
stand
up
to
rigorous
tests
of
logic.
Determining
the
basic
nature
of
something
requires
considerable study and effort. Another difficulty concerns the problem of consensus: definitions
based on consensus depend on agreement among those who use the term. Individual viewpoints
and opinions can lead to great differences in how we view terminology.
第二课

第五段

5. The following definitions of information management are useful:




The aim of information management is to promote organizational effectiveness by enhancing
the
capabilities
of
the
organization
to
cope
with
the
demands
of
its
internal
and
external
environments in dynamic as well as stable conditions.
Information
management
includes
organization-wide
information
policy
planning,
the
development and maintenance of integrated systems and services, the optimization of information


flows and the harnessing of leading edge technologies to the functional requirements of end-users,
whatever their status or role in the parent organization.
Information management has two dimensions, the management of the information process and the
management of data.
第六段

Information
management
is
viewed
as
the
planning,
organizing,
directing
and
controlling
of
information within an open system (i.e. organization). Information management is viewed as using
technology (e.g. computers, information systems, IT) and information resources and assets from
internal
and
external
sources
for
meaningful
dialogue
and
understanding
to
enhance
pro- active
decision
making
and
problem
solving
to
achieve
aims
and
objectives
on
personal,
operational,
organizational and strategic level of the organization for the competitive advantage and to improve
the
performance
of
the
system
and
to
raise
the
quality
of
life
of
the
individual
(by
teaching
him/her information skills, of which information management is one, to become a global citizen).
第三课

第三段

A professional career implies activity requiring an education at or above the baccalaureate level.
Such
activity
is
guided
by
certain
standards.
Professionals
adhere
to
standards
that
may
be
self- imposed, or be established by a community of individuals who share common theoretical and
technical interests and who agree on their own ethics. Professionals usually
view themselves as
such, implying commitment to excellence and adherence to the ethics of the profession.
第八段

8. This description stresses that the information professional is concerned primarily with users of
information,
and
secondarily
with
logistics
of
handling
(acquiring,
storing,
retrieving)
material
that has the potential for informing individuals. With this description as a framework for analysis,
the survey yielded some important statistics on the relative numbers of information professionals.
For example, in 1980 there were approximately 1.64 million information professionals working in
nine specified categories in the United States. In a corresponding study (Svenonius and Witthus


1981), it was estimated that over half the United States labor force are information workers.
第四课

第三段

3.

In some ways, at the most technical core of traditional library science, it (classification) also
stands as a bridge builder between the past and the future of our field,

Susan L. Star and Geoffrey
C.
Bowker
commented
in
their
introduction
to
How
Classifications
Work:
Problems
and
Challenges in an Electronic Age, 1998.
第五段

From the day when a man first assembled documents and records of any kind or form, men have
been interested in ways of arranging them. It is merely a part of the divine instinct that

order is
Heaven

s first law

: for systematic grouping, that is to say classification, lies at the base of every
well-managed
life
and
occupation.
The
act
of
classification
in
libraries
and
government
information
departments
may
be
briefly
defined
as:
The
systematic
arrangement
by
subject
of
books and other material on shelves or of catalogue and index entries in the manner which is most
useful to those who read or who seek a definite piece of information. Library classification, then,
is a tool for very simple but infinitely important purposes. Its whole object is to secure an order
which
will
be
useful
to
readers
and
to
those
who
seek
information
with
the
smallest
of
complication of search or other effort.
It is a technique designed to expedite the full use of the
knowledge stored in books and other material housed in the collection.
第五课

第十七段

The process of translation from one language to another, as carried out by human abstractors, may
result
in
considerable
variation
in
the
size
and
quality
of
the
abstract.
Such
variations
depend
largely on the abstractor

s facility with both the source language and the target language. It seems
unlikely that an abstract prepared by an abstractor whose facility with one of the languages is poor
will be of as good quality as that prepared by one fluent in the language. The fault is most serious
when the source language is not well understood by the abstractor. Then the abstract may be well


written (grammatically), but may not represent the content of the original document. On the other
hand,
when
the
target
language
is
the
source
of
difficulty,
the
abstract
will
show
this,
and
the
reader will be alerted to the possibility of error or misinterpretation on the part of the abstractor.
第十八段

18.
A
second
factor
that
influences
the
selection
of
material
for
the
abstract
is
the
abstractor

s
knowledge of the subject area of the document being abstracted. The abstractor who is expert in
the subject area will likely produce an abstract that is shorter and more general and that requires
more knowledge on the part of the reader than an abstract produced by an abstractor with marginal
knowledge of the subject area. On the other hand, the latter type of abstractor is perhaps less likely
than the subject expert to get the main thrust of the document into the abstract. What is probably
needed
is
an
abstractor
whose
qualifications
lie
between
the
extremes
of
expertise
and
passing
knowledge in a subject area.
第六课

第八段

8. Indexing may be thought of as a process of labeling items for future reference that involves a lot
of
care
and
skills.
Considerable
order
can
be
introduced
into
this
process
by
standardizing
the
terms
that
are
to
be
used
as
labels.
This
standardization
is
known
as
vocabulary
control,
the
systematic selection of preferred terms. In a sense, we all exercise vocabulary control whether we
are conscious of it or not. The fact that this book is written in English rather than French, Russian
or
Swahili
is
evidence
of
control,
standardization,
and
introduction
of
order
into
the
communication
process.
Similarly,
when
people
converse,
they
normally
do
so
in
a
natural
language
that
is
mutually
agreeable
to
them.
However,
for
indexing
purposes,
the
problem
of
vocabulary control is not solved by choosing one particular natural language and sticking with it.
There are several linguistic problems that have to be taken into consideration. Probably the three
most
important
considerations
are
(1)
synonymy,
(2)
semantic
ambiguity,
and
(3)
the
proper
choice of generic levels of meaning.
第九段



9.
Synonyms
are
two
or
more
words
having
the
same
meaning;
and,
obviously,
the
use
of
synonyms
in
an
index
will
lead
to
the
scattering
of
information
throughout
the
alphabet.
For
example, employing two identical terms forces users of the index to examine both places to make
sure that they have found everything that might be of interest.
第七课

第六段

6.
Civilization
can
be
traced
to
the
time
when
humans
began
to
associate
abstract
shape
with
concepts and with the sounds of speech that represented them. Early recorded representations were
those of visually perceived objects and event as, for example, the animals and activities depicted
in
Paleolithic
cave
drawings.
The
evolution
of
writing
systems
proceeded
through
the
early
development of pictographic language, in which a symbol would represent an entire concept. Such
symbols would go through many metamorphoses of shape in which the resemblance between each
symbol and the object it stood for gradually disappeared, but its semantic meaning would become
more precise. As the conceptual world of humankind became large, the symbols, called ideographs,
grew
in
number.
Modern
Chinese,
a
present-day
result
of
this
evolutionary
direction
of
a
pictographic writing system, has upward of 50, 000 ideographs.
第十五段

15. The versatility of modem information systems stems from their ability to represent information
electronically
as
digital
signals
and
to
manipulate
it
automatically
at
exceedingly
high
speeds.
Information
is
stored
in
binary
devices,
which
are
the
basic
components
of
digital
technology.
Because these devices exist only in one of two states, information is represented in them either as
the
absence
or
the
presence
of
energy
(electric
pulse).
The
two
states
of
binary
devices
are
conveniently designated by the binary digits, or bits, zero (0) and one (1).
第九课

第十一段

11. The process of recording information by handwriting was obviously laborious and required the
dedication of the likes of Egyptian scribes or monks in monasteries around the world. It was only


after mechanical means of reproducing writing were invented that information records could be
duplicated more efficiently and economically.
第十八段

18. While the volume of information issued in the form of printed matter continues unabated, the
electronic
publishing
industry
has
begun
to
disseminate
information
in
digital
form.
The
development
of
the
microcomputer
has
provided
the
main
impetus.
Not
only
is
such
a
system
almost as versatile and efficient as larger computers in information retrieval, but it carries out this
operation relatively economically. Certain types of information media lend themselves particularly
well
to
distribution
in
digital
form.
These
include
catalogs,
handbooks,
indexes,
databases,
and
reference materials designed to be consulted rather than read in toto. Computer software also is
well suited for distribution via electronic publishing.
第十一课

第四、五段

4.
Without
records,
a
business
cannot
function.
They
contain
all
the
information
vital
to
the
day- to-day
operation
of
the
business
or
organization.
Numerous
studies
have
shown
those
businesses
that
lose
their
records
through
fire,
disaster,
or
negligence
cease
to
operate.
When
government agencies lose records, it often creates a hardship for private individuals who may need
these records to prove date of birth, date of military discharge, or ownership of property. Medical
records may be essential years later for reference or for identification purposes. An individual may
want to return a defective piece of merchandise. Without the original sales slip to prove the price
paid and the date of the purchase, this may not be possible.
5. Individuals who lose certain records may experience merely an annoyance. However, when a
business cannot find records, it costs money and often goodwill. Businesses as well as individuals
need to keep complete, accurate records for tax purposes. Failure to comply with the tax laws may
result in expenses, and deductions can result in substantial savings by avoiding the overpayment
of taxes.
第十四课



第三段

The ready availability of computers has meant an information explosion for society in general and
businesses
in
particular.
Managing
computer-
generated
information
differs
from
managing
manually
generated
information
in
significant
ways.
There
is
usually
a
greater
quantity
of
computer-generated information to manage: the origination and maintenance costs of computer-
generated
information
are
more
apparent;
computer-generated
information
can
multiply
at
alarming
rates;
and
computer- generated
information
is
often
treated
less
skeptically
than
information created in other ways.
第十八段

18. The systems analyst systematically assesses the functioning of businesses by examining the
inputting
and
processing
of
data,
and
the
output
of
information,
with
the
intent
of
improving
organizational
processes.
Many
improvements
involve
better
support
of
business
functions
through the use of computerized information systems. The emphasis in this definition is on taking
a systematic, methodical approach to analyzing, and potentially improving, what is occurring in
the specific context created in a business.
第二十九段

29. About all, the analyst is a problem solver. He or she is a person who views the analysis of
problem as a challenge and who enjoys devising workable solutions. When necessary, the analyst
must
be
able
to
tackle
systematically
the
situation
at
hand
through
skillful
application
of
tools,
techniques,
and
experience.
The
analyst
also
must
be
a
communicator
capable
of
relating
meaningfully
to
other
people
over
extended
periods
of
time.
Systems
analysts
need
enough
computer experience to program, to understand the capabilities of computers, to glean information
requirements from users, and also to communicate what is needed to programmers.
第十七课

第一段

1. Computer science is concerned with information processes, with the information structures and
procedures
that
enter
into
representation
of
such
processes,
and
with
their
implementation
in

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