2021年1月23日发(作者：几点了)
Chapter 2

Linguistics
语言学

2.1 The scope of linguistics:
语言学的研究范畴


Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.
语言学是对语言的科学研究。

It may be a study of the structure of language
，
the history of language
，
the functions of language
，
etc.
它可能研究语言的及结构
,
语言的历史、语言的功能等。

It is a scientific study beacause
“
it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data
，
conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure
”
（
Dai Wei dong
，
1988:1
）

这是一个科学研究因为
“这是基于语言数据的系统考察
,
和语言结构一般理论的研究之上的
”


2.1.1
Lyons
’
distinctions
莱昂斯的区分

1)
General linguistics and descriptive linguistics
.
普通语言学与描写语言学
：

The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular
language.
前者处理一般语言，而后者涉及一个特定的语言。

2)
Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
.
共时语言学与历时语言学
：

Diachronic
linguistics
traces
the
historical
development
of
the
language
and
records
the
changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics
presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.
历时语言学追溯 了语言的历
时发展和记录了发生的连续时间点间的变化，共时语言学提供了一个账户的语言，因为它是某 个特定的时
间点。

3)
Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics
.
理论语言学与应用语言学
：

The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and
functions
whereas
the
latter
is
concerned
with
the
application
of
the
concepts
and
findings
of
linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.前者处理语言，
以求建立一个理论的结构和功能，
而后者涉及概
念和应用语言学研 究的各种实用的任务。

4)
Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
.

微观语言学与宏观语言学
：

The
former
studies
only
the
structure
of
language
system
whereas
the
latter
deals
with
everything
that
is
related
to
languages
.
前者只研究语言结构的系统而后者处理所有的与语言相关的事< br>物。


2.1.2 wang gang
’
s dichotomies
王刚的二分法
.
1
）
specific linguistics and general linguistics

具体语言学和普通语言学

2
）
descriptive linguistics and historical linguistics
描写语言学和历时语言学

3
）
comparative historical linguistics and contrastive linguistics
历时比较语言学和对比语言学

4
）
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
微观语言学和宏观语言学

5
）
theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics
理论语言学和应用语言学


（
1
）
specific linguistics and general linguistics

具体语言学和普通语言学

specific linguistics
focuses on the study of any particular language such as Chinese.
“具体语言学”
以某一具体语言（如汉语）为研究对象。

The study of language as a whole is often looked upon as
general linguistics
，
which deals with
the basic concepts
，
theories
，
decriptions
，
models and methods applicable in any linguistic study
，
in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.
作为一
个整体来学习语言被看成是普通语 言学。内容涉及到基本概念，理论，学科，例子和方法可适用于任何语
言研究，与那些其他领域的研究语 言学的分支研究相对照。

（
2
）
descriptive linguistics
（
Synchronic linguistics study
）

and historical linguistics
（
diachronic
linguistics study
）
描写语言学和历史语言学

（
3
）
comparative historical linguistics and contrastive linguistics
历时比较语言学和对比语
言学

comparative
historical
linguistics
draws
on
the
special
historical
comparison
in
linguistics
to
study
the
historical
development
of
some
related
languages.
（
languages
originating
from
a
uniform
anc estry
）
历时比较语言学”利用语言学中专门的历史比较法研究具有共同来源的所谓“亲属
语言”的历史发展。

contrastive linguistics
focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages
（
relevant or unrelated
）
by means of comparison and contrastive study.
“对比语言学”是对两种以
上的语言（不论亲属）通过 比较来研究其结构的异同。

（
4
）
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
微观语言学和宏观语言学

microlinguistics
concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects of a language system.
“微观语
言学”是对语言系统内部各个方面进行的研究。

macrolinguistics

falls
on
the
verge
of
linguistics.
It
includes
the
following
disciplines
：
philosophical linguistics< br>，
sociolinguistics
，
psycholinguistics ,etc.
“宏观语言学”位于语言学的外
围，它包括以下学科：哲学语言学、社会语言学、 心里语言学等。

（
5
）
theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics
理论语言学和应用语言学

theoretical linguistics
，
dealing with the general theory of a language
，
is in effect a second term
of general linguistics.
“理论语言学”研究语言的一般理论，是普通语言学的雅称。

applied linguistics
can be interpreted in two dimensions .
“应用语言学”有广义和狭义之分。


In
its
broad
sense
，
it
involves
all
the
flexible
applications
of
linguistic
theories
and
principles
to
the
solution
of
such
practical
problems
as
machine
translation,
storing,
transmitting
and
handling
of
information and
the recovery of speech ability and so on. .
广义的应用语言学包括所有的灵活应用语< br>言学理论和原则来解决方案这样的实际问题，比如机器翻译、
存储、
传输和信息处理和语 言恢复能力等。
In its narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles
to
language
teaching,
especially
foreign
or
second
language
tea ching
狭义的应用语言学是指语言学
理论和原则的应用语言教学，特别是外国或第二语言教 学。


2.2 linguistics
：
the science
语言学的科学性

The scientific method of linguistic study involves the following steps(Wen Qiufang)
一般说来，
语言学研究的科学程序包括以下几个步骤（ 文秋芳
1995
：
9
）
：

1
）
gather data concerning languages
收集语言数据

2
）
construct a tentative rule based on the data obtained
根据所得数据建构一个初步规则

3
）
examine the tentative rule against the further data and make necessary changes
通过更多的
数据验证初步规则，并作出必要的修正

4
）
finalize the rule which must be able to account for all the relevant data
最后提出一个能够解
释或说明有关数据的规则或理论

★
The scientific process of linguistic study:
It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a
hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.
总结：科学的语言研究 的过程
:
它包括四个阶段
:
收集数据
,
形成一个假说
,
测试假说并得出结论。


Mei Deming gives a similar summarization of the process of linguistic study
与此类似，
梅德明
（
2003
：
2
）就 语言研究的科学步骤总结如下：

1
）
linguistic facts observed
观察语言事实

2
）
generalizations made about the linguistic facts
概括语言事实

3
）
hypotheses formulated to explain the linguistic facts
提出假设解释语言事实

4
）
the hypotheses tested and examined by more and further observations
通过更多的观察检验
假设

5
）
a certain linguistic theory of language constructed
建构某一个语言理论


consistency, adequacy and simplicity
.
语言学的三个要素：一致性，充分性，简洁性

1)
Consistency
means that
there should be no contradictions between different
parts of the
theory and the description.

”
一致性
”
指在分析过程中前后观点要一致，至少不能前后矛盾。

2)
Adequacy

means
that
the
theory
must
be
broad
enough
in
scope
to
offer
significant
generalizations.

”

充分性
”
指语言学家应收集并分析所有既得资料或数据，并给予充分的解
释，不能丢三落四。

3)
Simplicity
requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.

”
简洁性
”
指字进行复杂的分