2021年1月23日发(作者：months)
1. Computer Organization

A computer is a programming, electronic device that accepts input, performs operations
or processing on the data, and outputs and stores the results. Because it is programmable,
the
instructions
—
called
the
program
—
tell
the
computer
what
to
do.
The
relationships
between these four main computer operations (input, processing, output, and storage) are
shown in Figure 1-1.
1.
计算机的组成



计算机是一种可编程的电子设备，
它接收输入、
完成对数据的运 算或处理，
并输出和存
储结果。
因为它是可编程的，
这些被称为程序的指令告 诉计算机去做什么。
计算机的这
4
种
主要操作（输入、处理、输出和存储）之 间的关系如图
1-1
所示。




The
corresponding
devices
to
perform
these
tasks
are
input
devices,
processing
devices,
output devices, and storage devices.
（
1
）
Input Devices



An input device is any piece of equipment that supplies materials (input) to the computer.
The
most
common
input
devices
are
the
keyboard
and
mouse
(see
Figure
1-2).
Other
possibilities include image and bar- code scanners, joysticks, touch screens, digital cameras,
electronic pens, fingerprint readers, and microphones. Input devices for a stereo system might
be a CD player and antenna.
完成这些任务的相应设备是输入设备、处理器、输出设备和存储器。

（
1
）输入设备



输入设备是任一种给计算机 提供资料的设备。
最常用的输入设备是键盘和鼠标，
如图
1-
2
所示 。其他的有图像和条形码扫描器、操作杆、触摸屏、数码相机、电子笔、指纹阅读器
和麦克风等。立体系 统的输入设备是
CD
播放器和天线。

（
2
）
Processing Unit



The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU), located inside the
computer
’
s main box or system unit.


A processor is composed of two functional units
—
a control unit and an arithmetic/logic
unit
—
and a set of special workspaces called registers.





Figure
1-3
depicts
its
structure,
in
which
the
Internal
CPU
Interconnection
provides
communication among the Control Unit, ALU, and Registers.

（
2
）处理器



任何计算机系统的核心都是中 央处理器（
CPU
）
，放在计算机主机箱或系统单元中。



处理器由两个功能部件
（控制部件和算术逻辑部件）
与一组称为寄存器的特 殊工作区组
成。



图
1-3
描述了处理器的 结构，其中，
CPU
的内部互连机构提供了控制部件、算术逻辑
部件和寄存器之间的通 信。

The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the
entire computer system.


The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their types or decodes
them. It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing
this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system
控制部件是负责监控整个计算机系统操作的功能部件。



控制部 件从存储器中取出指令，
并确定这些指令的类型或对其进行译码。
然后将每条指
令都分 解成一系列简单的小步骤或动作。这样，它就控制了整个计算机系统的步进操作。

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with
logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and
the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the
[1]
instruction
.

算术逻辑部件（
ALU
）是为计算机提供逻辑及计算功能的部件。控制部件将数据送入算术逻
辑部件，然后由算术逻辑部件完 成指令所要求的某些算术或逻辑运算。

A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to
keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store
information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed,
[2]
and the operands of the instruction
. In the ALU, registers store data items that are added,
subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic
and logic operations.
寄存器是处理器内的存储单元。控制部件中的 寄存器用来跟踪正在运行的程序的总体状态。
控制器寄存器存储诸如当前指令、下一条将要执行的指令地 址以及该指令的操作数等信息。
在算术逻辑部件中，寄存器存放要进行加、减、乘、除以及要比较的数据 项。而其他寄存器
则存放算术和逻辑运算的结果。

（
3
）
Output Devices

Like
input
units,
output
devices
are instruments
of interpretation
and communication
between humans and computer systems of all sizes. These devices take output results from
the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people
[3]
(e.g. a printed and/or displayed report) or (b) as machine input in another processing cycle
.

（
3
）输出设备



与输入设备类似，
输出设备也是人与各类计算机系统之间进行解释和通信的设备。
输出
设备从
CPU中取出机器代码形式的输出结果，然后将其转换成人们可读的形式（例如打印
或显示报告）或另一处 理周期的机器输入代码。

In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices.
Larger and faster printers, many online workstations, and magnetic tape drives are commonly
found in larger systems.


（
4
）
Storage Devices



Storage is a computer section used primarily for storing information such as instructions,
programs and data.
在个人计算机系统中 ，
常用的输出设备是显示器和台式打印机。
比较大型的计算机系统通常
要配备更大、更 快的打印机、多台在线工作站和磁带机等。



（
4
）存储设备



存储设备是计算机的一部分，主要是用于存储诸如指令、程序和数据信息的。

There
are
two
types
in
storage
devices,
one is
the memory
(sometimes
called
as
primary
storage), another is the secondary storage. Primary storage is located within the system unit
[4]
that houses the CPU and other components
. Secondary storages include the storage media
and drives, We will describe them in section 1-4 of this textbook.

存储器 有两种类型，一是内存储器（有时称作主存储器）
，另一种是二级存储器。主存储
器置于系统单 元内，那里还有
CPU
和其他部件。二级存储器包括存储介质和驱动器，我们
将在本书
1.4
节中叙述。