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1970-01-01 08:00
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2021年1月23日发(作者:youth)
2010

1
月考研英语真题及答案(一)

S
ection I Use of English



Dnecclious:


Read the following the bcsl word(s) for each numbcred mark[A]

[B]

[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)


In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise
监督

a series of
experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago It hoped

they
would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity
生产率

Instea
d

eg: I don

t like
I please have tea instead?


他们想通过 实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生
产率的,
the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the―Hawhthome

effect‖the
extremely
非常

inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented
upon changed subjects’behavior



The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the mg to __5__of
the output rose when hghtmg was also when it was dimmed.
It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was hnty rose
A(n) __8__ that they were bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor
__10__ uself


After
several
decades

the
salile
data
were
__11__to
econometric
the
analysis
Hawthorne
experiments has another surprise store j2

the descnpuons on record

no systematic __13__was
foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lighting
It
turns
out
that
peculiar
way
of
conducting
the
c~enments
may
be
have
let
to
__14__interpretation of what happed.__15__

tighring was always changed on a Sunday When
work
started
again
on
Monday,
output
__16__
rose
compared
with
the
previous
Saturday
and
__17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere
was
no
expenmentation
showed
that
output
always
went
up
On
Monday,
workers
__19__to
be
duigent for the first few days of the week in any case

before __21__a plateau and then slackening
off This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect―is hard to ptn down

1.[A] affected
影响

2[A]at


3[A]Wuth






[B]achieved

[C]exlracted
提取。榨出
[D]restored
恢复。重建



[B]up

end up
最终成为。



[C]with


[B]sight



[C]act






[D]Off
[D]proof
4.[A]convoversial

5.[A]reqtttrents

6[A]conclude

7[A]as faras




















[B]perplexing


[c]mischieous

[C]accounts


[C]indicate


[C]in casethat

[C]sentiment

[C]enough


[C]on











[D]ambiguous
[D]assements
[D]work
[D]so long as
[D]illusion
[D]abundant
[D]by
[D]conveyed
[D]pealliar to
[D]source
[D]wasleadmg
[D]As usual
[D]suddenly
[D]continued
[D]hiting
[B]cxplanalions


[B]matter








[B]for fearthat

[B]expectation

[B]excessive

[B]for


[B]shown



8.[A]awarerress


9.[A]suitale


10.[A]about




11[A]compared


12.[A]contrary to


13.[A]evidence


[C]subjected


[B]consistent with

[B]guidance



[C]parallel with


[C]implication

[C]retiable




14.[A]disputable


15.[A]In contast


16.[A]duly


17.[A]failed


20.[A]breaking




[B]enlightening


[B]For example


[B]accidentally

[B]ceased





[C]In consequence

[C]unpredictably


[C]started




[B]chrnbing


[C]surpassmg

Section

Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions




Read the following four the questions below each text by choosing[A]

[B]

[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)


Text 2


Over the past decade,thousands of patents
专利

He took a patent on his design.

have seen
granled for what are called business methods
办法
,
方法
,
条例(
eg: I don

t like his methods of
training workers.

Amazon com received one for its―one
-
click‖online payment
systern Merrill
Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation invenlor patented a tochnique for
lying a box


Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business
-method
patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were first


authorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court
of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case to conduct a broad review of
business-
method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is―a very big deal‖


says Dermis'D
Crouch of the University of Missoun


School of ―has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts‖

Curbs
on
business-method
claims
would
be
a
dramatic
about-face
because
it
was
the
federal
circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank
case,
approving
a
patent
on
a
way
of
pooling
mutual-fund
assets.
That
ruling
produced
an
explosion
in
business-method
patent
filings,
initially
by
emerging
internet
companies
trying
to
stake
out
exclusive
pinhts
to
specific
types
of
online
transactions.
Later,
move
established
companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that
might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more
than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact
that it questioned the legal basis
for granting
them.
Similarly,
some
Wall
Street
investment
films
armed
themselves
with
patents
for
financial
products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice




The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.
The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the
court’s judges, rather than a ty
pical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether
it should ―reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling




The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.
Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the
justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. The
judges
on
the
Federal
circuit
are
―reaction
to
the
anti_patent
trend
at
the
supreme
court‖
says
Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School


26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of


[A] their limited value to business


[B] their connection with asset allocation


[C] the possible restriction on their granting


[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?


[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions


[B] It involves a very big business transaction


[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit


[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S


28. The word ―about
-
face‖(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably means



[A] loss of good will


[B]increase of hostility


[C]change of attitude


[D] change of auiuled
learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats


[A] are immune to legal challenges


[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued


[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders


[D] increase the incidence of risks
of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?


[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents


[B]Protection for business- method patent holders


[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents


[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patents


Text 3


In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in
largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often calledin flu entials who are
unusuall
informed,
persuasive,
or
we
connect
The
idea
is
intuit
ively
compelling
but
it
doesn't
explain howideas actually spread




The
supposed
importance
of
inftuentials
derives
from
a
plansible
sounding
but
largely
untested
theory
untested
thelry
called
the

flow
of
communication
Information
llows
from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the
two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the in fluent ials, those
select people will do most of the ork for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and
unexpected
popularity
of
people
was
wearing
promoting
or
developing
whaterver
it
is
before
anyoneelse paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain
special people call drivetrends


In
their
recent
work
howeyer
some
researchers
have
come
up
with
the
finding
that
in
fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed In
fact they don’t
seem to be required of all


The
researchers'
argument
stems
from
a
simple
obserrating
about
social
influence
with
the
exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function
of
media
not
interpersonal
influence-enen
the
most
influential
members
of
a
population
simply
don't
interact
with
that
many
others
Yet
it
is
precisely
these
non- celebring
influentials
who
according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their
friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected
must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and
just
how
many
others
pay
attention
to
each
of
these
people
has
little
to
do
with
the
initial

people
in
the
network
just
two
degrees
removed
from
the
initial
influential
prove
resistant
for
example
from
the
initial
influential
prove
resistant,
for
example
the
casecade
of
change won't propagate very far or affect many people




Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics
of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number
of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to


[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics


[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas



[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics



[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32. The author suggests that the ―two
-step-
flow theory‖



[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems


[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends


[C] has won support from influentials


[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that


[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions


[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media


[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public


{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention
underlined phrase ―these people‖in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who



{A}stay outside the network of social influence


{B}have little contact with the source of influence


{C}are influenced and then influence others


{D} are influenced by the initial influential
is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?


{A}The eageiness to be accepted


{B}The impulse to influence others


{C}The resdiness to be influenced


{D}The inclination to rely on others
Text 4


Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they
have
been
taking
aim
at
someone
else
the
accounting

rules,moan
the
banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not
rules say they must
value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would
like them to fetch




Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be details may be unknowable,but
the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being
,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking
system will be a bruising encounter with a;s Financial Accounting
Standards
Board(FASB)rushed
through
rule

gave
banks
more
freedom
to
use
models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in
their income Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ‖question our
motives

‖Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls‖the
use of judgment by management





European
ministers
instantly
demanded
that
the
International
Accounting
Standards
Board(IASB)do IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the
pressure
to
fold
when
it
comletes
it
reconstruction
of
rules
later
this
year
is
strong
Charlie
McCreevy,a
European
commissioner,warned
the
IASB
that
is
did‖not
l
ive
in
a
political
vacuum‖but‖in the real word‖ and the Europe could yet develop different rules




It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued
they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because htey


Largerly
reflect
the
temporary
illiquldity
of
markets,not
the
likely
entent
of
bad

truth will not be known for bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that
investors are dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell
assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains




To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt a’s new
plan to buy up toxic assets
will not work unless banks mark assets to levels
which buyers find
attractive.
Successful
markets
require
independent
and
even
combative
standard-setters.
The
FASB
and
IASB
have
been
exactly
that,cleaning
up
rules
on
stock
options
ang
pensions,for
example,against
hostility
interests.
But
by
giving
in
to
critics
now
they
are
inviting
pressure
to
make more concessions


36. Bankers complained that they were forced to


[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules


[B]collect payments from third parties


[C]cooperate with the price managers


[D]reevaluate some of their assets
ing to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in


[A]the dimingishing role of management


[B] the revival of the banking syestem


[C]the bank’s long
-term asset lossers


[D]the weakening og its indepentdence
38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to



[A] keep away from political influences


[B] evade the pressure from their peers


[C] act on their own in ruli-setting


[D]take gradual measures in reform
39

The author thinks the banks were―on the wrong planet‖in that they



[A]mis interpreted market price indicators


[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets


[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts


[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40

The author’s attitude towards standard
-setters is one of


[A]satisfaction


[B]skepticism


[C]objectiveness


[D]sympathy


Part B


Directions:


For
Questions
41-45,choose
the
most
suitable
paragraphs
from
the
first
A-G
and
fill
them
into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is
one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10
points)


[A]The
first
and
more
important
is
the
consumer’s
growing
preferenc
e
for
eating
out;
the
consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total
consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year
Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is
looming
large,
people
are
getting
anxious.
They
tend
to
keep
a
tighter
hold
on
their
purse
and
consider eating at home a realistic alternative




[B]Retail
sales
of
food
and
drink
in
Europe’s
largest
markets
are
at
a
standstill,lesving
European
grocery
retailers
hungry
for
opportunities
to

leading
retailers
have
alteady
tried
e-commerce,with
limit
success,and
expansion

almost
all
have
ignored
the
able
opportunity
in
their
own
backyard
the
wholesale
food
and
drink
trade,whoch
appears to be just the kind of market retailers need




[C]Will
such
variations
bring
about
a
change
in
the
overall
structure
of
the
food
and
drinkmarket?Definitely functioning of the market is basrd on flexible
Trends dominated by potential other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to
decide
what
to

any
rate
this
change
will
ultimately
be
acclaimed
by
an
ever-growing
number
of
both
domestic
and
international
consumers
regardless
of
how
long
the
current
consumer pattem will take hold




[D]
All
in
all,this
clearly
seems
to
be
a
market
in
which
big
retailers
that
master
the
intricacies
of
wholesaling
in
Europe
may
well
expect
to
rake
in
substantial
profits
there

least,that
is
how
it
looks
as
a

inspection
reveals
import
differences
among
the
biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as
the
competitive
dynamics
of
individual
food
and
drink

retailers
must
understand
these
differences
before
they
can
identify
the
segments
of
European
wholesaling
in
which
particular
abilities
might
unseat
smaller
but
enerenched

skills
and
unfamiliar
business models are needed too




[E]
Despite
variations
in
detail,wholesale
markets
in
the
countries
that
have
been
closely
examined

France,Germany,Italy,and
Spain

are
made
out
of
same
building

comes
mainly
from
two
sources:independent
morn- and-pop
grocery
stores
which,unlike
large
retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from
snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in
the trade as ―horeca‖

hotels,restaurants,and l, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but
the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends




[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $$268 billion in France, Germany,
Italy,
Spain
and
the
United
Kingdom
in
2000-more
than
40
percent
of
retail
sales.
Moreover,
average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food
service
sector
is
growing
quickly
as
more
Europeans
eat
out
more
often;and
changes
in
the
competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to
considerate




[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good
producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of
wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains




41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45



Part C


Directions:


Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10


Points)


One basic
weakness
in
a
comservation
system
based
wholly
one
economic
motives
is
that
most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of
the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuance


When
one
of
these
noneconomic
categories
is
threatened
and
if
we
happen
to
love

incert
excuses
to
give
it
economic
importance
At
the
beginning
pf
century
songbiras
were
supppsed
to
be
disappearing

(46)Scinentists
jumped
to
the
resure
with
some
distimctly
shaky
evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had
to be conbmic in order to be walid




It is pamful to read these round about accounts have no land ehtic yet

(47)but we
have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic
right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us




A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48)Time was
when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game
by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on ―worthless species‖




Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici

minded fpresters they
grow
too
slowty
or
have
a
sale
vate
to
pay
as
imeber
crops
(49)In
europe,where
forestry
is
ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native
forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason




To
sum
up;a
system
of
conservation
based
solely
on
econominc
self-interest
is
hopelesstly
lopsided(50)It
tends
to
ignore,and
thus
eventually
to
eliminate,many
elements
in
the
land
community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy t the
uneconomic pats


Section III Writing


Part A


ions:


You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for
an intemational conference on globalization,

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