2021年1月23日发(作者：however)
2012
Text 1
Come
on
–Everybody’s
doing
it.
That
whispered
message,
half
invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the
words
peer
pressure.
It
usually
leads
to
no
good-drinking,
drugs
and
casual sex. But in her new book
Join the Club
, Tina Rosenberg contends
that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the
social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group
dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.
得了吧
,
每个人都这样啊
.
这种说法一半 是邀请，一半是强制。
当我们听到“同辈（趋同）压力”这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这
种说 法。这种信息一般让人想到不好的事情，比如喝酒，吸毒，一夜
情。但是，在她的新书《参加这个俱乐部 》
, Tina Rosenberg
认为，纯
粹压力也是一种积极的力量，
通过她所说的社会治疗，
公司和官方人
员可以使用群体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，
而且也有可能提高
整个人类世界的生活。

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example
of
the
social
cure
in
action:
In
South
Carolina,
a
state-sponsored
antismoking
program
called
Rage
Against
the
Haze
sets
out
to
make
cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as
LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
Rosenberg
是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：
在南卡罗莱纳州，一个 州资助的反对抽烟的项目叫做“向烟雾宣战”
就旨在控制好烟草销售。在南非，预防
HIV，即众所周知的“热爱生
命”活动要求年轻人要安全性生活。



The idea seems promising
，
and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.
Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot- on:
they
fail
to
mobilize
peer
pressure
for
healthy
habits,
and
they
demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be
different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at
reducing
smoking
among
teenagers-teenagers,
who
desire nothing
more
than
fitting
in.
Rosenberg
argues
convincingly
that
public-health
advocates
ought
to
take
a
page
from
advertisers,
so
skilled
at
applying
peer pressure.
这个观点似乎很有希望，而且
Rosenberg
是个敏锐的观察家。她
对于 许多公共健康活动缺点的批评是中肯的：
他们没能动员同辈压力
来建立健康的习惯，
他 们展示的是对心理学的严重误解。
一个旨在在
青少年中禁烟的广告牌写着：
“就敢与众 不同，请勿吸烟！
”青少年最
渴望的是融入群体。
Rosenberg
认为，
公共健康建议应该效仿广告商，
广告商懂得如何应用同辈压力。

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less
persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not
enough
exploration
of
the
social
and
biological
factors
that
make
peer
pressure
so
powerful.
The
most
glaring
flaw
of
the
social
cure
as
it’s
presented
here
is
that
it
doesn’t
work
very
well
for
very
long.
Rage
Against
the
Haze
failed
once
state
funding
was
cut.
Evidence
that
the
LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
但对于社会治疗的广泛效果，
Rosenberg
就没有那么有说服力了。
《加入俱乐部》
一书写了太多无关细节 ，
没有认真探讨社会和生物因
素，
这些因素能使同辈压力变得很有影响力。
这 里说的社会治疗的明
显缺点是它有效期不长。一旦资金来源消失，那么“向烟雾宣战”的
活动就 会失败。
“热爱生命”活动能产生持久的影响这种说法的证据
不足。

There’s no doubt t
hat our peer groups exert enormous influence on
our
behavior.
An
emerging
body
of
research
shows
that
positive
health
habits-as
well
as
negative
ones-spread
through
networks
of
friends
via
social
communication.
This
is
a
subtle
form
of
peer
pressure:
we
unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
毫无疑问，我们的同龄人会对我们的行为产生巨大影响。
研究显
示，积极的健康习惯，以及负面的习惯 ，会通过社会交流在朋友之间
传播。
这是同辈压力的一种微妙的形式：
我们会无意识模 仿我们每天
看到的行为。

Far
less
certain,
however,
is
how
successfully
experts
and
bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous
directions.
It’s
like
the
teacher
who
breaks
up
the
troublemakers
in
the
back
row
by
pairing
them
with
better- behaved
classmates.
The
tactic
never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered
from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our
own friends.
但是，
很难确定的是，专家和官员能否成功选择我们的同辈，
控
制好他们的行为能在道德的道路上发 展。
这就像老师，
通过让问题学
生和好学生坐在一起的方法，
让后排学生不要 凑在一起胡闹。
这种方
法从来就没有什么收效。
这就是从外界设计出的社会治疗会产生 问题
所在：在真实的社会里，正如在学校，我们坚持会选择自己的朋友。



文章出处：



/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2061234,


herd mentality


21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as


根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：



[A] a supplement to the social cure


对于社会治疗的补充



[B] a stimulus to group dynamics


对于团队活力的刺激



[C] an obstacle to school progress


学校进步的阻碍



[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors


一些不良行为的原因



解
析
：
这
是
一
个
细
节
题
：
对
应
文
中
It
usually
leads
to
no
good- drinking,
drugs
and
casual
sex.
题干中的
often
对应原文中的
usually;
选项中
und esirable
behaviors
对应
no
good- drinking,
drugs
and
casual sex. lead
对于
cause.
完美替换，四级难度，出题人很仁慈。



22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should


罗森博格认为公共支持者应该：



[A] recruit professional advertisers


招募职业的广告人



[B] learn from advertisers’ experience



从广告人那里学习经验



[C] stay away from commercial advertisers


远离商业广告人



[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements


认识到广告的局限性



解析：
本题为细节题，
根据题干定位到：
三段最后一句：
Rosenberg
argues
convincingly
that
public-health
advocates
ought
to
take
a
page
from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
这样的句子的理
解难点是一个短语：
take a page from
向谁学习，如果不懂，可以看后
面的
so skilled at appl ying
，也能熟练的运用，一个
“
也
”
道出天机，小
词有 大乾坤啊
!


23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to



作者认为
Rosenberg
未能：



[A] adequately probe social and biological factors


足够的探究社会和生物因素



[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure


有效地逃避社会治疗的缺点



[C] illustrate the functions of state funding


例证出国家基金的功能



[D]produce a long-lasting social effect


产生长期的社会影响



解析：细节题问观点
;
对应句子
But on the general effectiveness of
the
social
cure,
Rosenberg
is
less
persuasive.
指出不足
;
后面一句中的
主语
Join the Club
为此人所写，所以后面的表述就是他的观点：

not
enough
exploration
of
the
social
and
biological
factors
that
make
peer
pressure so powerful.
：完美替换
exploration
对
probe;


24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors


第五段表明对于行为的模仿：



[A] is harmful to our networks of friends


对于朋友的网络是有害的



[B] will mislead behavioral studies


会误导对于行为的研究



[C] occurs without our realizing it


在没有意识到的时候就出现了



[D] can produce negative health habits


会产生不良的健康习惯



解析：细节题

;
对应句子
This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we
unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
对

unconsciously
完
美替换。



25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer
pressure is


作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是：



[A] harmful


[B] desirable


[C] profound


[D] questionable


解析：局部态度题对应
Far
less
certain,
however,
is…The
tactic
never really works…
表明作者对于这个事物的看法是不确定的所以选
最后一个


Text 2
A
deal
is
a
deal- except,
apparently,when
Entergy
is
involved.
The
company,
a
major
energy
supplier
in
New
England,
provoked
justified
outrage
in
Vermont
last
week
when
it
announced
it
was
reneging
on
a
longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
说好的是不能改变的
!
除非
Entergy< br>进行的交易。这个公司是新
英格兰地区主要的能源提供商，该公司引起了佛蒙特州人们的义愤，< br>因为上周它宣称它不想遵守严格的核能规定。

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised
it
would
not
challenge
the
constitutionality
of
Vermont’s
rules
in
the
federal
court,
as
part
of
a
desperate
effort
to
keep
its
Vermont
Yankee
nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

相反，
该公司一直履行了它早先的承诺过不做的事情 ：
即它不会
因为想保持其
Vermont Yankee
核电站持续经营，< br>而要在联邦法院挑战
该州相关规定的合法性（宪法）
。现在这个做法让人震惊。

The
conflict
has
been
surfacing
since
2002,
when
the
corporation
bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.
As
a
condition
of
receiving
state
approval
for
the
sale,
the
company
agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In
2006,
the
state
went
a
step
further,
requiring
that
any
extension
of
the
plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the
company went along. < br>这个冲突始于
2002
，当时该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯一一家核电
站，其实是一 个位于
Vernon
的破旧反应堆。该交易为了获得州政府
的批准，该公司同意一个前 提条件：即同意在
2012
年后征求州政府
官员的同意继续经营。
2006< br>年，州政府又提出，该核电站能否延期
经营要听从佛蒙特州立法机关的批准。当时，该公司也无异 议。

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,
or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.
A string of accidents,
including
the
partial
collapse
of
a
cooling
tower
in
2007
and
the
discovery
of
an
underground
pipe
system
leakage,
raised
serious
questions
about
both
Vermont
Yankee’s
safety
and
Entergy’s
management
–
especially after the company
made
misleading statements
about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted
26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Entergy
从来没 有打算要遵守这些承诺，也根本没有想过将来会
发生什么。一系列的事件，包括
2007
年冷却塔的部分崩溃，以及地
下管道系统泄露的发现，这些事使得人们严重怀疑
Vermon t
Yankee
电站的安全问题和
Entergy
的管理
----
尤其在该公司对其管道问题所
做的误导性言论之后。
佛蒙特州参议院对于
En tergy
的行为表示震怒，
去年以
26
比
4
的投票反对其 延期经营。

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is
invalid
because
of
the
2006
legislation,
and
that
only
the
federal
government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in
the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that
states do
have
some
regulatory
authority
over
nuclear
power,
legal
scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test
of how far those powers extend. Certai
nly, there are valid concerns
about
the
patchwork
regulations
that
could
result
if
every
state
sets
its
own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the
point.
现在该公司突然宣 称
2002
年的协定是无效的，
因为有
2006
年的
立法以 及只有联邦政府拥有核电站管理权。
该案的法律问题是模糊的：
虽然最高法院判决过，
各州的确有权管理核电站，
但法学家说佛蒙特
案为这种核电站究竟能延期多久设定了先例。显然，
如果每个州设立
自己的法规，那么关注一下各州拼凑的临时规定是必要的。但，要是
Entergy
遵守诺言，这个讨论就无关紧要了。

The
company
seems
to
have
concluded
that
its
reputation
in
Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to
war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a
nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United
States,
including
Pilgrim
Nuclear
station
in
Plymouth.
Pledging
to
run
Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it
open
for
another
20
years.
But
as
the
Nuclear
Regulatory
Commission
(NRC)
reviews
the
company’s
application,
it
should
keep
it
mind
what
promises from Entergy are worth.
该公司似乎认定其已声名狼藉，
没有什么后顾之忧，
不如和佛蒙
特州背水一战。
但不良后果还是有的。
经营核电站的许可权的问题是
一个公共信任的问题。
Ente rgy
集团在美国还经营了
11
个反应堆，包
括在普利茅斯的
Pil grim
反应堆。
该公司许诺安全经营
Pilgrim
，
要求联邦政府给予继续经营
20
年的许可。但是，核管理委员会
(NRC)
在
审查该公司的申请的时候，它要牢记到底
Entergy
公司的哪个许诺是
可 信的。



文章出处：



/201 1-04-24/bostonglobe/29469298_1_nuclear-
power- plant-vermont-yankee-older-reactors


题目为：
Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises



26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line .1) is closest in meaning to



短语
“reneging on”
最接近那个意思：



[A] condemning.


谴责



[B] reaffirming.


再次确认



[C] dishonoring.


不守信用



[D] securing.


安全



解析：词意题：
A deal is a deal
之后出现
ex cept
，表明前后相反
;
还有一次题眼：
commitment
to
abide
by;
前面出现
provoked
justified
outrage
，一个是正当的愤怒，一个是守承诺，那么中间 就只能是不受
承诺了。答案为
[C] dishonoring.


27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to


同意
2002
年的协议，
Entergy
公司希望：



[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.


获得
Vermont
监管者的保护



[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.


寻求联邦立法机关的帮助



[C] acquire an extension of its business license .


要求延长商业执照的有效期



[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.


获得购买一个电厂的许可



解析：细节题根据题干对应文中
The
conflict
has
been
surfacing
since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power
plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.

< br>冲突从
2002
年开始就出现了，那个时候公司购买了
Vermont
唯
一的一家核电站
;
在
Vernon
的一家很旧的反应堆。



As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company
agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.


作为获得州政府购买批准的条件，公司同意在
2 012
年以后的运
营需要征得州监管者的同意。
2002 agreement
对应
the company agreed
to;intended
to
对应
As
a
condition
of
因此答案为：
receiving
state
approval for the sale;[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
完美
替换。



28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with
its


根据第四段，
Entergy
存在哪些方面的问题：



[A] managerial practices.


管理实践



[B] technical innovativeness.


技术创新



[C] financial goals.


财务目标



[D] business vision


经营愿景



解析：
细节题：
A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of
a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system
leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Y
ankee’s safety and
Entergy’s management



一系列的事故，包括
2007
年冷凝塔的部分坍塌，发现地下管道
系统的泄露 ，这些都引起了对于
Vermont
Yankee
安全和公司管理的
强烈关注。



所以答案应该是
[A] managerial practices.


29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test



作者认为
Vermont
的案例将会测试：



[A] Entergy’s capacity to f
ulfill all its promises.


Entergy
履行其承诺的能力



[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.



各州补充规定的成熟程度



[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .


对于核问题的联邦权威



[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.



对于核问题各州权力的局限性



解析：
细节题：
对应句子：
whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that
states
do
have
some
regulatory
authority
over
nuclear
power,
legal
scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how
far those powers extend.


但是最高法院判定各州确实有一些对于核电站的调控权力，
法律
学者说这个案例将提供 先例设定的测试，决定这些权力能扩展多远。



作者的观点借用
legal scholars
之口说出来。



30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that


从最后一段中可以推知：



[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.



Entergy’s
在其他地方的生意可能会受到影响



[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.


NRC
的权威会受到挑衅



[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
Entergy
会撤回其在
Plymouth
的申请

[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.



Vermont
的名誉会遭到破坏



解析：段落推理题。重点对于段落中心和转折。这里没有中心却
有转折
The
company
seems
to
have
concluded
that
its
reputation
in
Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to
war with the state. But there should be consequences.


公司似乎可以得出结论其在
vermont
的名誉已经受到破坏了，
所
以它已经没有任何东西可以丢失了，
于是可以和州政府开战了。
但是
这是 有后果的。
后面句子开始描述其在其他州的生意，
可以知道对应
答案，常见的转折推理 ：且出现
might!

Text 3


In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world
are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use
the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice
of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated
route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our
unique life
experience.
Prior knowledge
and interest
influence
what
we
experience,
what
we
think
our
experiences
mean,
and
the
subsequent
actions
we
take.
Opportunities
for
misinterpretation,
error,
and
self-deception abound.


在科学研究的理想状态下，
关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观
的研究者来 观察和搜集，
研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。
但是在每天的科学实践中，
发现通常遵循一条模糊和复杂的路径。
我
们的目标是做到客观，
但是我们却不能逃离我 们所处的独特的生活经
验的环境。
之前的知识和兴趣会影响我们所经历的，
会影响我们 对于