药盒八年级英语下册全册笔记【人教版要点、考点】

2021年1月24日发(作者：四棱锥)
2018
八年级英语下册
（人教版）全册笔记【要点、考点】

超详细！八年级下册考点、要点一网打尽，一份在手，全册都有！

Unit 1. what’s the matter?

一．重点知识归纳

1. foot---
feet

脚
<
复
> tooth---
teeth
牙齿
<
复
> 2. have a cold
感冒

3. have a stomachache
胃疼
4. have a sore back
背疼
5. have a toothache
牙疼

6. have a sore throat
喉咙疼
7. have a fever
发烧
8. hot tea with honey
加蜜的热茶

lots of water
多喝水
10
. That’s a good idea
好主意

11. lie down and (have a)rest
躺下休息
12. see a dentist
看牙医

have a rest
休息
see a doctor
看医生

13.
lots of ,a lot of, a lot
的区别

a lot of=lots of
，可以修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词，一般用在肯定句中。

There are lots of
（
a lot of
）
books in our library.
There is a lot of water on the ground
a lot,
是一个副词词组，跟动词连用；表示十分，很等意思
；

Thanks a lot.
14. go to bed
去睡觉
go to bed early
早上床睡觉

15. feel
well
感到好
feel ill
感到不舒服


I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well
我感觉不舒服
.


16. start doing/ to do sth
开始做某事

TO DO
是一件事情完成了，开始做另外一件事情

DOING
是原来的那件事情做到一半，现在又开始做了，是同一件事情。

17. two days ago
两天前
18. get some rest
多休息
,
休息一会儿

19. I think so
我认为是这样
20. be thirsty
口渴
21. be hungry
饥饿
22. be stresse
d out
紧张

23. listen to music
听音乐
24. healthy lifestyle
健康的生活方式

25. traditional Chinese doctors
传统中医

26.
need to do sth
需要做某事

I have a toothache. I need to see a dentist.
我牙痛
,
我需要去看牙医
.
We need to keep our classroom clean.
我们需要保持教室的干净
.
27. a balance of yin and yang
阴阳平衡
28. for example
例如

29. too much yin
太多的阴
,
阴气太盛

too much +
不可数名词

太多的
…

much too +
形
/
副

实在太
…

极其，非常

too many +
可数名词复数

太多的
…

good for sth./ doing sth.
对什么有益

，对什么有好处

be bad for sth./ doing sth.
对什么有害

be good to
对
…
好


be good at =do well in
在
……
方面好，擅长


be good(bad) for
、
be good at
的相关用法



good for
对
......
有益




Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操对你们的建康有益。



good at
擅长于
......



Li Ping is good at basketball.



李平擅长于篮球。




= Li Ping is good at playing basketball.



李平擅长于打篮球。



be good at = do well in
如：




I'm good at math. = I do well in math.



我擅长于数学。



good to
对
......
好




Parents are always good to their children.
父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。

good grades
取得好成绩

32.
angry
用法

be angry with sb
生某人的气

I was angry with him for keeping me waiting.
我对他很生气，因为他让我等了好久。

be angry
at/ about
sth
就某事生气

e medicine
中药

popular in + some place
在某地很流行

Chinese medicine is now popular in many western countries.
现在中药在许多西方国
家受欢迎。

western countries
在西方国家

36.
It’s easy to do sth
做某事是容易的。

It’s important to do sth .
做某事很重要。

ed diet
平衡饮食

tired
感到疲倦
be/get tired
out at night
在晚上出去

When you are tired, you shouldn’t go out at night.

疲倦时，晚上你不该外出

healthy
保持健康
=keep healthy=keep in good health
the moment
此时，此刻
= now
I’m not feeling very well at the moment

42.
enjoy sth. =like sth. (
名词
)
喜欢某物
,
enjoy doing sth.
喜欢做某事
=like dong sth
enjoy oneself (myself, yourself,herself, himself, themselves, ourselves, itself
反身代词
)
玩得高兴，过得愉快
=have a good time = have a wonderful time =have fu
n
43. conversation practice
会话练习

44. host family
寄宿家庭

45. have a lot of headaches
经常疼痛

I’m tired and
I have a lot of headaches.
我很疲劳，而且经常头痛。

46.

a few +
可数名词复数

少许
…
a little +
不可数名词
/
形
/
副

一点
…

shouldn’t eat anything

=He should eat nothing.
他不应当吃任何东西
.
sb some advice
给某人建议
give advice
提出建议

advice
是不可数名词

a piece of advice
一则建议

take one’s a
dvice
采纳或听从某人的建议

He gave me some good advice.
他向我提了一些很好的意见。

8 hours a night
每晚睡眠八小时

medicine
吃药

服药

I have to take medicine three times a day for my cold.
因为感冒，我不得不一天吃三次药。


二

、固定结构

It’s +
形
+ for sb. + to do sth.
做某事对某人来说是
…
的。

It’s important
to do sth .
做某事很重要。

It’s important for me to eat a balanced diet.

平衡饮食对我来说是很重要的
.
It’s easy to do sth
做某事是容易的。

It’s easy for us to find out the answer.

找出答案对我们来说是容易的


三、重点句子

1.
What’s the matter ? What’s the mater with you ?
你怎么啦？


=What’s the trouble with you?=What’s wrong with you?

I have a cold / have a sore back / have a stomachache
’s too bad. You should / shouldn’t

…

那太糟糕了
.
你应该
/
不该
…

You should lie down and rest / drink hot tea with honey / see a dentist / see a doctor .

He shouldn’t eat anyt
hing = He should eat nothing.
他不应当吃任何东西
.
3.I’m not

felling well .
这里
well
表示身体状况，不能用
good
代替

I don’t feel well= I’m not feeling well
我感觉不舒服
.
did it start ? About two days ago .
什么时候开始的？大约两天前

5.I hope you fell better soon .
我希望你很快好起来

这里
better
是
well
的比较级

ional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy.
传
统中医认为我们需要阴阳调和以保持身体健康。



这里
to be healthy
是动词不定式短语，作目的状语

should eat hot yang foods, like beef.
你应该吃一些像牛肉之类的阳性食物。

Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good for this.

吃党参和黄芪等草本植物也对这有好处。

who are too stressed out and angry may have too much yang.

太紧张易怒的人或许吃了太多的阳性食物。
too much
后跟不可数名词，而
too man
y
后跟可数名词复数

’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle ,and it’s important to eat a balanced diet .
有一个健
康的生活方式很容易，饮食平衡是很重要的。

→ It’s easy to do sth .
做某事容易

/ It’s important to do sth .
做某事重要

should rest for a few nights.
你应该休息几个晚上

12.I study late every night, sometimes until 2 am, but I don’t think I’m improving.

我每天晚上学到很晚，有时到凌晨
2
点钟，但我认为我没有提高。

13believe in
信任某人，强调品质，
believe sb.
相信某人的话


I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.

他的话是真的，但是我不信任他这个人。

14 .I have a toothache . I need to see a dentist .

→ need
意思为

“
需要
”
，作实义动词时，后跟动词不定式，否定式为
don’t /doesn’t

/ didn’t need (to do sth.)
；作情态动词时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，否定式为
n
eedn’t(do sth.)
，除有过去式外，没有其它的形态变化

四．知识结构

1.
情态动词
should
的用法

should
是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有
人称和数的变化，意为

应该
......
。

should
（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。

eg. You should wait a little more.
你应该再多等一会儿。

--- I have a very bad cold.
我感冒很厉害。

--- You should lie down and have a rest.
你应该躺下，多喝水。


与
may be


1.
maybe
是副词，译为
“
也许、可能
”< br>，相当于
“perhaps”
。

如：

Maybe he can answer the question.



也许他能回答那个问题。




He maybe is from the USA, too.



他可能也来自美国。



2
.
may be中的
may
为情态动词，译为
“
可能是
......”
。
如：




He may be from the USA, too.




他可能也来自美国。




She may be our English teacher.



她可能是我们的英语老师

3.
too many,too much
与
much too



many
意为
“
太多
”
，用于修饰 可数名词的复数。
如：




There are too many students in our class.


我们班上有太多的学生。



much
意为
“
太多
”
，用于修饰不可数名词。
如：




We have too much work to do.



我们有太多的工作要做。



too
表示
“
太
”
，用来修饰形容词或副词。
如：




The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.



箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。

4
、
few
、
a few
、
little
、
a little
的区别和联系：

1.

few / a few
用来修饰可数名词，
few
表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有；

a few
表示有肯定意思，

有几个。

例如：

He has few friends here, he feels lonely.
他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。

There are a few eggs in the basket.
篮子里有几个鸡蛋。


/ a little
用来修饰不可数名词，
little
表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。< br>
a little
表示肯定意思，有一点儿。

例如：

There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink?
我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗？

5.
not…until

直到

…(
否定句
)
才，动词为短暂性或瞬间性动词

She d
idn’t leave until we came.

He went shopping after he got up.
=He didn’t go shopping until /before he got up.

……until/till

直到
·
·
·

（肯定句）动词为延续性动词

We stayed here till/until 12 o’clock.


Unit 2 I'll help clean the city parks.

一、短语动词小结

常见短语动词结构有下面几种：

1.
动词
+
副词

如：
give up
放弃
turn off
关掉
stay up
熬夜

这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动

词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放

在短语动词后。

2.
动词
+
介词

如：
listen of
听
look at
看
belong to
属于


这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。

3.
动词
+
副词
+
介词

如：
come up with
提出，想出

run out of
用完，耗尽


4.
动词
+
名词
(
介词
)

如：
take part in
参加
catch hold of
抓住


二．知识要点总结：

(sb.) up
使
(
某人
)
高兴、振作

如：
cheer me up
使我高兴

clean up
打扫
clean-up n.
打扫

2. homeless adj.
无家可归的
a homeless boy
一个无家可归的男孩
home n.
家

4. sick adj.
生病的


作表语、定语

ill adj.
生病的


作表语

，不能作定语

5. volunteer to do v.
志愿效劳、主动贡献

volunteer n.
志愿者

6.
come up with
提出

想出
=== think up
想出

catch up with
赶上

追上

7.
put off doing
推迟做某事
put on
穿上

(
指过程
)

put up
张贴

8. write down
写下

记下

9. call up
打电话

make a telephone call
打电话

10. set up
成立

建立

The new hospital was set up in 2000.
这座医院是在
2000
年成立的。

11.
each
每个

各自的

强调第一个人或事物的个别情况

常与
of
连用


every
每个

每一个的

一切的

则有
“
全体
”
的意思不能与
of
连用

12. put …to use
把
…
投入使用，利用

They put the new machine to use.
他们把新机器投入使用

13.
help sb. (to) do
帮助某人做某事
help him (to) study
help sb. with sth.
帮助某人做某事
help him with English
help do
帮助做某事
help study
14.
plan to do
计划做某事

plan +
从句

I plan to go to Beijing. === I plan (that) I will go to Beijing.
我计划去北京。

15.

spend … doing
花费
…
做
… I spent a day visiting Beijing.

我花了一天的时间去参观北京。



spend…
on sth.

花费
…
在
… I spent 3 years on English.

16.
not only … but (also) …
不但
…
而且
…
用来连接两个并列的成分

(1)
引导以

not only …but (also)…
开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。因此

⑴
Not only
do
I
feel
good
but
(also)….
是倒装句。也是说得要把前面的句子中的助动词或者是
情态动词放在主语的前面。如：


①
Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best.
我不仅能做到而且做得最好。


⑵
Not
only…but
(also)…
接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化

也
就是就近原则

如：


①
Not only Lily but (also) you like cat.
不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。


②
Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat.
不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。

常见的就近原则的结构有：


①
Neither… nor…
即不
…
也不
… (
两者都不
)Neither you nor I like him.
我和你都不
喜欢他。


②
Either… or…
不是
…
就是
… (
两者中的一个
)Either Lily or you are a student.

③
Not only …but (also)…


④
There be
17.
join
参加
(
指参加团体、组织
)

如：
join the Party
入党


take part in
参加
(
指参加活动
)
如：

take part in sports meeting
参加运动会

18.

run out
与
run out of

①
run
out
(become
used
up).
其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有
被动意义。

His money soon ran out.
他的钱很快就花光了。

My patience has completely run out.
我没有一点耐心了。

Our time is running out.
我们剩下的时间不多了。


②
run out of
主语为人，表示主动含义。

He is always running out of money before pay day.
他总是在发工资的日子还没有到
就把钱花完了。


两者在一定条件下可以互换


如：
The petrol is running out.
汽油快用完了

= We are running out of petrol.
我们快把汽油用完了。

Our time is running out.
我们剩下的时间不多了。
= We are running out of time
19.

take after (< br>在外貌、性格等方面
)
与
(
父母等
)
相像

be similar to
与
..
相像
take after
相像
look after
照顾
take care of
照顾

20.
work out v. + adj.

①结局，结果为

The strategies that he came up with worked out fine.
他提出的这个策略效果很好。


②算出，制订出，消耗完（精力等）

He never seems to be worked out.
他好像永远不会疲乏似的。

He worked out a plan.
他制订了一个计划。

I have worked out our total expenses.
我已经算出了我们总的费用。

21.
hang out
闲荡

闲逛

I like to hang out at mall with my friends.
我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。

22.
be able to do
能

会


be unable to do
不能

不会

23
. thank you for doing
谢谢做某事

如：

thank you for helping me
谢谢做帮助我

24.
for sure
确实如此，毫无疑问


You don’t have money. That’s for sure.
你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。

25.

fill… with…
使
…
充满
…
用
…
填充
…

She filled the bowl with water.
她用水填满碗。

26.
like prep.
像
…

27.
help sb. out
帮助
…
做事，解决难题
(
摆脱困境
)

I can’t work out this math
problem. Please help me out.
我不能算出这道数学问题，请
你帮我解决。

28.
train n.
火车
train v.
训练

train sb. to do.
训练某人做某事

She trains her dog to fetch things.
她训练她的狗去取东西。

29.

at once == right away
立刻

马上

如：

Do it at once.
马上去做。


I’ll go there at once/ r
ight away.
我马上去那里。

30.
one day
有一天
(
指将来
/
过去
) some day
有一天
(
指将来
)
如：

One day I went to Beijing.
有一天我去了北京。


Some day I’ll go to Beijing.
有一天我将去北京。

31. specially adv.
特意地

专门地

特别地
special adj.
特别的

32. donation n.
捐赠物
donate v.
捐赠

赠送

33. part of speech
词性

词类

34. disabled adj.
肢体有残疾的
disable v.
不能

35. hand out
分发
hand out bananas
give out
分发
give out sth to sb.
分
….
给某人

give up doing
放弃
… give up smoking
放弃吸烟

give away
赠送

捐赠

give away sth. to …. give away money to kids

give sb. sth.
给某人某东西
give me money
给我钱

give sth. to sb.
给某人某东西
give money to me
给我线

36. volunteer
①可数名词

“
志愿者
”
②
adj.
自愿的

vi. volunteer to do sth
They are the Chinese People’s Volunteers.
他们是中国人民志愿军。

I volunteer to help you.
我自愿帮助你。

37.
no longer = not …
any longer
指时间上不再延续。


no more = not … any more
指动作上不再延续。


二．短语

up
清扫
out
分发，发放
3.
cheer up=make…happier
使
...
高
兴，使
...
振作

school study program
课外学习班
up with=think up
提出，想出


off
推迟

down
写下，记下
up
张贴
out
分
发，发放

up
打电话
up=establish
建立
home to sb
是某人的家园

eer one’s time to do sth
自愿花时间干
...
…to use…
把
...
投入使用

tary school
小学
to do sth
计划干
...
打算干

a football team for kids
训练少年足球队

a Chinese History club
开办一个中国史俱乐部

out of
用完，耗尽
after
在性格或长相方面与父母相象

up
修理

away
捐赠

similar to
与
...
相似

for
索要


25.a call-in center for parents
家长热线
out
闲荡


up signs asking for singing jobs
张贴寻求唱歌工作的广告

out of money for singing lessons
学唱歌的钱用完了

ed people
残疾人

sure
确实如此，毫无疑问

…with...
用
...
填充
... be full of
装满了
...
...out
帮助
...
做事，解决难题（摆脱困境）

33.a specially trained dog
一只经过特殊训练的狗

sb to do sth
训练某人干
...
my book
把我的书拿来

of speech
词性





三．句子

1
．
We can’t put off making a plan. Clean
-up Day is only two weeks from now.
我们不
能推迟制订计划，清洁日离现在只有两周了。

2
．
She puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care centre at her local
elementary school.
她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作，使这个爱好得到较
好的利用

3
．
Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what
I love to do.
帮助别人不但自己感到快乐，而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事
了。

4
．
The three students plan to set up a student volunteer project at heir school.
这三个学
生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。

also put up some sign asking for old bikes.
他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的告。

strategies that he came up with worked out fine.
几米想出的这个办法很效。

7
．
He did a radio interview.
他接受了电台的采访。

8
．
We need to come up with a plan.
我们需要指定一个计划。

9
．
You could help clean up the city parks.
你可以帮助打扫城市公园。

10
．
He now has sixteen bikes to fix up and give away to children who don’t have bikes.


他现在有16
辆要修理的自行车，并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行
车的孩子。

Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?

一．重要词组及短语

1. Could you please do sth.?
你能……吗？
/
请你干……好吗？

2. do the chores
做杂务
3. do the dishes
洗餐具
4. sweep the floor
清扫地板

5. take out the trash
倒垃圾
6. make one's bed
铺床
7. fold one's clothes
叠衣服

8. clean the living room
清扫客厅
9. stay out late
晚归
10. come over
过来
11.
have a test
考试

12. get a ride
搭车
13. use one's computer
使用某人的电脑

14.
hate sth. / hate to do sth. / hate doing sth.
讨厌某事
/
做某事

like to do (doing) sth.
15. do the laundry = do some washing = wash clothes
洗衣服

16. make breakfast / make dinner = do some cooking
做饭

17. wash the car
刷车

18. work on
从事，忙于

work at
学习、致力于、在……上下工夫

19. borrow some money
借一些钱


borrow sth. from sb.
向某人借某物
(
借入
)
lend sb. sth.= lend sth. to sb.
借给某人某物
(
借出
)
You can borrow some money from your brother.

你可以向你哥哥借些钱。

Can you lend me your bike?
你能借给我你的自行车吗？

20.
invite sb. to do sth.
邀请某人做某事

They invited me to join their club.
他们邀请我参加俱乐部。

invite sb to a place
invite you to my party
21. go to the store
去商店

22.
agree sb. to do sth.
同意某人做某事

agree with sb.
同意某人的意见

disagree sb. to do sth.
不同意某人做某事

disagree with sb.
不同意某人的意见

23.
take care of = look after
照顾、照看、照料


take good care of = look after
…
well
把……照管得好

26. take sb. for a walk
带某人去散步

27. play with sb.
和某人玩

28.
forget to do sth.
忘记去做某事
(
未做
)
forget doing sth.
忘记做过某事
(
做过
)

（
1
）
do, make
短语归类

do the dishes
洗餐具
do my homework
做我的家庭作业

do chores
做家务，处理琐事
do the laundry
洗衣
do the shopping
购物

do some reading
读书

make your bed
铺床
make breakfast
做早餐
make dinner
做晚饭

make tea
泡茶，沏茶
make a cup of coffee
冲一杯咖啡

（
2
）
关于
to
的短语总结：

have to do sth.
不得不，必须做某事
need to do sth.
需要做某事

hate to do sth.
讨厌做某事
like to do sth.
喜欢做某事

love to do sth.
热爱做某事
want to do sth.
想做某事

start to do sth.
开始做某事
begin to do sth.
开始做某事

ask sb to do sth.
请某人做某事
forget to do sth.
忘记做某事

二．重点句型

1. Could you please clean your room?
Yes, sure. / Sorry, I can't. I have to do my homework first.
2. Could I please use the car?
Sure. / Certainly. / Of course. / No, you can't. I have to go out.

在表示请求帮助或请求允许的疑问句中，常用

could
代替

can
，以表示礼貌，委婉
或不确定的语气，而
can
则不具备这些语气。这种情况下不能把
could
看作
can
的
过去式。以上两句中用

could
是为了表示礼貌的请求。表示请求帮助或请求允许
时，除了
can, could
之外，还可以用
may
，句子的表达方式也各有不同，可以用不
同的方式来表示同一个概念。例：

Could / Can / May I use your car for a day?

作允答可以各种各样：

如同意可以说
Yes
，或
Sure
或
Certainly
，还可说
Yes, (do)
please.
或
Of course. (you may / can).
或
That's OK / all right.

如果不同意，可以说
I'm sorry you can't.
或
I'm really sorry, but I have to use it today.
要避免说
No, you can't.
这样显得很不礼貌。否定回答通常用委婉语气。




Unit4
Why don’t you talk to your parents?


一
.
重要词汇和句型

1.
get ( 1 )
买


get sth. for sb. == get sb. sth.
为某人买某物

Can you get some fruit for me when you go shopping ?
== Can you get me some fruit when you go shopping ?
( 2 )
得到
,
到达

Where did you get the book ?
When did you get the letter ? He got home late last night .
(3)
使
,
让


get +
宾语
+
宾补

使某人

某物

怎么样

Please get you coat clean . Get your mouth closed .

get sb. to do sth.
使某人

某物做某事

I got him to call Jim yesterday .
(4) (
逐渐
)
变得
…The weather
gets warmer and days get longer .
Why did the teacher get angry ?
2.
how about what about
后跟名词

代词

动词
ing
形式。

( 1)
向对方提出建议或请求

How about going out for a walk ?How about something to eat ?
(2)
向对方征求意见或看法

How about the TV play ? How about buying the house now ?
( 3 )
询问天气或身体情况

How about the weather in Hainan Island ?
How about your parents ? Are they living with you ?
( 4 )
谈话中承接上下文


I’m forty years old . How about you ?


I’m
from Beijing . How about you ?
3.
receive
收到
（客观）



The

girl

was

happy

to

receive

many

gifts

on

her
birthday .

receive a letter from == get a letter from == heard from
收到某人的信

I received a letter from my parents last Sunday .
== I got a letter from my parents last Sunday .
== I heard from my parents last Sunday .

accept
接受（主观）

He couldn’t
accept our suggestions but our gifts .
She was very glad to receive the invitation .

He didn’t
receive a good education at university .
I received an invitation to the party , but I refused to accept it .
4. a 6--year
–
old child
一个六岁的孩子

6--year
–
old
是由

“
数词
+
名词
+
形容词

”
构成的复合形容词
,
作前置定语
,
修饰后
面的名词
child .
数词
+
名词
+
形容词

构成的复合形容词，中间的名词要用单数形式：

a five-year-old girl
一个五岁的女孩

a six-foot-deep hole
一个六英尺深的洞

a two-meter-long ruler
一把两米长的尺子
a 100-meter race
一场百米赛跑

a ten-story-high building
一栋十层高的楼房

a two-inch-thick dictionary
一本两英寸厚的词典

5.

too … to…
太
……
而不能

……

too
后跟形容词或副词原形
,
to
后跟动词原形
,
构成不定式
.
句子的主语与动词不定
的主语不一时
,
可以在动词不定式前加逻辑主语
for sb.
He is too young to join the army (
军队
) .
The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out .


表示否定意义的
never not
和
too … to…
连用时表达肯定一样
.
One is never too old to learn .

too … to…
可以与
enough to
和

so… that …
转换
.

与
enough to
转换

时
, enough
前的形容词
,
副词必须是
too
后面形容词
,
副词的反

义词
,
并使用其否定句式
.
She is too young to do the work .
== she is
n’t old e
nough to do the work .

与

so… that …
转换时
, that
后面的从句要用否定形式
.
Tom is too tired to walk any farther .
== Tom is so tired that he
can’t
walk any farther .
6.
cost 1)
动词
,
花费

价值
(
多少钱
)
How much did it cost ?

I didn’t buy it because it
cost too much .
The meal cost us about 100 yuan .
(2 )
名词
,
成本
,
费用
,
价钱
.
at all costs
不惜任何代价
; at the cost of
以

……
为
代价
.
Living costs are higher in cities than that in the country .
We must stop it at all costs .
After the earthquake , the soldiers tried to reach the area at the cost of their
lives .
7.
pay , spend , cost , take
的区别



pay
花费
(
多少钱
) ,
主语是人
.

Sb. pay some money for sth.
I paid 5000 yuan for the computer last week .

Spend
花费
(
多少钱或时间
),
主语是人
.
Sb. spend some money on sth.
Sb. spend some time ( in ) doing sth.
I spent 5000 yuan on the computer last week .
She spent 2 hours ( in ) doing her homework .

cost
花费
(
多少钱
) ,
主语是物
.
Sth. cost sb. some money .
This jacket cost him 200 dollars .

take
花费
(
时间
),It takes sb. some time to do sth .
花费某人多少时间做某事

How long does it take sb. to do sth ?
花费某人多少时间做某事
?
It took Liu Hong 2 hours to do her homework .
It takes me 10 minutes to walk to school from home .
It will take them 6 months to build the building .
How long does it take him to plant the trees ?
8.
sleep , sleeping, sleepy , asleep , fall asleep , be asleep
的区别


sleep
动词
,
睡觉
,
强调动作
.
I am very tired . I want to sleep .
He slept for 12 hours yesterday .
s
leeping , Sleep
的现在分词
,
表示

“
正在睡觉
”


Don’t make so much noise . The baby is
sleeping .
They woke up the sleeping girl and asked her where her parents were .

sleepy
想睡觉的
,
困倦的
.
I am a little sleepy
. I’d like to go to bed .


asleep
睡着了的
.
The teacher found Tom asleep in class and kept him behind after school .
Would you mind turning down the TV ? The baby is asleep .
fall asleep
强调从没有睡着到睡着的过程
,
不能接一段时间


I couldn’t
fall asleep until it was very late last night .
He listened to music and fell asleep .
be asleep
表示睡着后的状态

, “
睡着了
”,
可以接一段时间
.
He was asleep for three hours .
9.
choose
动词
, “
选择
,
挑选

” ,
过去式
chose,
过去分词
chosen
choose to do sth.
选择做某事

can’t Choose but
只得
……

pick and choose
挑挑拣拣

There are many books to choose from .
We choose mike as our leader (
领导
).
Will you help me choose a dictionary ?
Everyone
can’t choose but
obey (
服从
) .

It’s her habit (
习惯
) to pick and choose while shopping .
10.
present (1)
礼物
,
礼品

== gift Why not give him a card as a present ?
what can I get him for a birthday present ?

( 2 )
目前
,
现在


I’m sorry he is out
at present .
You have to forget the past and start living in the present .
11. open ( 1 )
动词
,
打开
,
开业
,
开张
,
展现


It’s not right to
open
other people’s letters .

Would you mind opening the window ?
The door opens to the south .
This factory opened in 1998.
( 2 )
形容词
, be open
开着的
,
开放的

In his dream the flowers are all open .
Most shops are closed but several are still open .
On weekends the swimming pool is open to the public .
close
动词
,
关闭
,
关上
,
合上

Please close the door to keep the cold out .
closed
形容词
, be closed
关着的
,
关闭的

when we got to the shop it was closed .
12 . give away
赠送
,
分发
give away sth to sb
Aunt Wang gave away the candies (
糖果
) to the kids .
John gave away his notebook to me .

其它短语
give up
放弃
give back
归还
give off
放出
,
发出
(
气味
)
give sth to sb == give sb. sth .
把某物给某人

13. rather than
而不是

……
后面跟名词
,
代词
,
从句

The color seems green rather than blue .
If you ran rather than walked , you would have arrived earlier .
We depend on you rather than on him .
You should help them rather than they should help you .

prefer to do sth rather than do sth .
宁愿
…… ,
也不

……

She preferred to stay at home rather than go with us .
He preferred to listen to music rather than play games .

Would rather do sth than do sth .
宁愿
…… ,
也不

……

He would rather play than work .
I would rather take the slowest train than go there by air .
14. instead (1)
位于句首
,
表示

“
反而
,
相反
”

I didn’t go to the
cinema last night . instead, I watched a football match on
TV.

The boy didn’t sing to the music . Instead , he sang his own way .

( 2 )
位于句尾
,
表示

“
作为代替
,
而是
”

Mr smith was ill , so mr green was taking his class instead .
I don’t like this one , please give me that instead .

instead of
后跟名词
,
代词
,
动名词
,
介词短语
.
表示

“
代替
,
而不是
”

I have come instead of my brother . He is ill .
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator (
电梯
) .
He studies in the evening instead of during the day .
15.

enter
(1)
参加
== take part in join
More than one thousand sportsmen entered took part in the games .
My brother hopes to enter join the army next year .

( 2 )
进入
==come into go into
She entered came into the room with these words .
Did you see someone enter go into the house ?
16. encourage
动词
,
鼓励
,
激励

encourage sb. to do sth
.
鼓励某人做某事

Parents should encourage children to do things by themselves .
Our English teacher encourages us to keep a dairy in English .
17. progress
名词
, “
进步
,
进展
” make progress “
取得进步
,
取得进展
”

My parents are pleased with my progress in lessons .
Tom is now making much great progress at school .
They made no progress in the heavy snow .
18. suggest
动词
,
建议
,
提议
.
后跟名词
,
代词
,
动名词和从句

she suggested a way out of the difficulty .
he suggested going home .
who suggested you staying here ?
I suggested we ( should ) hold a meeting .
19
. take an interest in ( doing ) sth.
对
(
做
)
某事感兴趣


否定表达是
take no interest in ( doing ) sth.
对
(
做
)
某事不感兴趣

Do you take an interest in English ?
Most children take an interest in playing computer games .
He takes no interest in playing basketball .
be become interested in ( doing ) sth
对
(
做
)
某事感兴趣

I
’m
deeply interested in swimming .
She became interested in singing when she was only 7 years old .
20. Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
提到了三种提高英语的好方法
.
of improving English
是介词短语作定语修饰
ways .
它相当与

动词不定式
.
Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
=== Three good ways to improve English are mentioned .
Can you find a way to work out the problem ?
==Can you find a way of working out the problem ?
Fast is another way of saying quick .
== Fast is another way to say quick .
Mention (1)
动词
, “
提到
,
提及
,
说起

”

as mentioned above
如上所述

He often mentioned his past to me .
Nobody mentioned anything to me about it .
Did she mention where she was going ?
You mentioned in your letter that you might be moving abroad .
As mentioned above , there are many good ways to learn English well .
( 2 )
名词
, “
提及
,
说起

”

The newspaper made no mention of him .
21.
make friends with sb.
和某人交朋友

Would you like to make friends with us ?
I find it difficult to make friends with Ben .


二
.

形容词、

副词

一、形容词


（一）形容词的含义：表示人或事物的特征、性质、状态的词叫形容词。


（二）形容词的用法及位置：

1
．
作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。

The nice girl is my sister .
I have something important to tell you .
2
.
少数形容只能作表语不能作定语：
alone
,

afraid
,
ill
,
asleep
,
awake
,
alive
,
well
。

3.
作表语，放在系动词之后。
He looks happy .
4.
作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，常与
make , leave , keep
等动词连用。

You must keep your eyes closed .

Don’t
make your hands dirty .
5.
某些形容词放在定冠词
the
之后，表示一类人。常见的词有：
good
,
bad
,
rich
,
poor ,
young , old , deaf , blind , black , white , living , dead
。

The young should be polite to the old .

Please don’t laugh at
the poor .
6.
某些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式（
to +
动词原形）：

glad , happy , pleased

be sorry , sad , sure , kind + to do sth .

ready , afraid , able

easy , difficult
(
三
)
形容词比较级和最高级的构成：

1
．规则变化

（
1
）一般情况，直接在词尾加
er est
。

(2)
以不发音的字母
e
结尾时，

加
r st
。

（
3
）以
“
辅音字母

+y ”
结尾时，

把
y
变为
i
，再加
er est
。

( 4)
部分形容词，先双写最后一个辅音字母，再加
er est
。
big , hot, fat , thin , red ,

(5)
部分形容词，

在前面加
more most
。

beautiful , careful , important , delicious , difficult , dangerous
(6)
以
ly
结尾的形容词，在前面加
more most
。

friendly(
友好的
) , lonely
（孤独的）
, lovely
（可爱的）

Likely
（有希望的）
, daily
（日常的）
, lively
（有生气的）

2.
不规则变化

good well --- better--- best many much --- more--- most
bad ill --- worse --- worst little --- less --- least
far ---farther (
较远的
) further (
进一步的
) ---farthest (
最远的
) furthest
（最大程度
的）

old
---older(
年纪较大的
)

elder
（年纪最大的）
---oldest
（较年长的）

eldest
(
最年
长的
)
(
四
)
形容词原级的用法：

1
．说明人或事物自身的性质、特征或状态时用形容词原形。

The flowers in the garden are beautiful .
2.
有表示程度的副词
very , so , too, enough , quite
等修饰时，用形容词原形。

The boy is too young .
3.
表示
A
与
B
在某方面程度相同或 不同时，用形容词原形。

肯定句：
A +
动词
+ as +
形容词原形
+ as + B
。


English is as interesting as Chinese .

Xiao Ming is as tall as Jim .
否定句：
A +
动词
+ not as so+
形容词原形
+ as + B
。


This book is not as so new as that one .
I am not so careful as Lucy .
否定句的结构相当于
A +
动词
+ less +
形容词原形
+ than + B
。

He thinks Chinese is less interesting than English .
4.
表示
“A
是
B
的几倍
”
：
A +
动词
+
倍数
+ as +
形容词原形
+ as + B
。

Our school is three times as big as theirs .
This table is twice as long as that one .
5
．“
A +
动词
+Half + as +
形容词原形
+as + B
”表示“
A
是
B
的一半”

Her room is half as big as yours .
(
五
)
、形容词比较级的用法：

1
．表示两者进行比较时，用形容词比较级：
A +
动词
+
形容词比较级
+ than + B

Lily’s room is bigger than mine .

This mooncake is nice than that one .
2
．

有表示程度的副词
a little , a bit , a few , a lot , much , even , still ,

Far , rather , any
等修饰时，用形容词比较级。

I feel even worse now . It is much colder today than before .
3.

表示两者之间
“哪一个更……”
：
which who is +
形容词比较级
, A or B ?

Who is taller , L i Ming or Wang Tao ?
Which sweater is more beautiful , the yellow one or the pink one ?
4.
表示
“几倍于……”
时，

用
“
A +
动词
+
倍数
+
比较级
+ than + B
”

I am three years older than you .
5
．表示
“两者之间较……的一个”
，常用

“
the +
比较级
”
结构

。

Mary is the taller of the twins .
6.

表示
“越来越……”
时，用比较级重叠结构，即
“
比较级
+and +
比较级

”
，多音
节词和部分双音节词用
“more and more +
形容词原形

”


It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring .

Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .
7
.
表示
“
越……就越……
”
时，用
“
the +
比较级
, the +
比较级

”

The harder he works , the richer he is .

The more we get together , the happier we’ll be .

(
六
)
、形容词最高级的用法：

1
．三者或三者 以上的人或物进行比较时，用形容词最高级。形容词最高级前必须
加定冠词
the ,
句末常跟一个
in of
短语来表示范围。

He is the strongest of the three boys .
Shanghai is the biggest city in china .
2.
表示
“
三者或三者以上的人或物，哪一个最……？
”
用句型：

Which who is + the +
最高级
, A , B , or C ?

Which city is the most beautiful , Beijing , Shanghai or Fuzhou ?
3.
表示
“
最……的……之一
”
时，用句型：

主语
+ is + one of the +
形容词最高级
+
名词复数

。

Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers .
4.
形容词最高级前面可加序数词，表示“第几大
/
长
/
高

等”

Changjiang River is the first longest river in China .
5.
形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，此时不用
the
。


This is our last lesson . Yesterday was his busiest day .
6.
形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。

Li Lei is the tallest student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class .
==No one is as tall as Li Lei in his class .
==No one is taller than Li Lei in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any of the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the rest of students in his class .
（七）、
--ing
形容词与
--ed
形容词：

--ing
形容词表示
“
令人……的
”
，

表示主动意义，多 指事物对人的影响，一般修饰
或说明事物。
如：
surprising
（令人 惊讶的）

,
exciting
（令人兴奋的）
,
interesting
（有趣的）

等。