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Sentence fragments
：
句子碎片：
sentences
are
complete
thoughts
because
they
are
have
subjects
and
verbs
and
because
they
require no other elements to complete their meaning.
句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。
When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a
full
stop
（
period
，
exclamation
point
，
or
question
mark
）
at
the
end
，
it
is
called
a
sentence
fragment.
当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，
感叹号，问号）
，
他被称为句子片段
A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways
：
句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正
a. by joining it to another sentence
把它加入进另一个句子
b. by supplying a subject and a predicate
提供一个主语和谓语
c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs
在不改变句意的范围内重写
Any verbless or subjectless
fragment of a sentence
，
whether you can classify it or not
，
should
not be allowed to stand as a sentence.
任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。
A.
A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly
；
by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it
，
whichever makes sense
；
or by rewriting the fragment entirely. 一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正；
或通过把句子
碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重写句子碎片。
B.
Added
—
detail
fragments
also
lack
a
subject
and
a
verb .They
often
begin
with
one
of
the
following words.
；
for example
，
also
，
except
，
such as
，
including
，
especially
，
namely 额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包
含，特别 ，即
An added
—
detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below
：
额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正
a.
Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.
附加到他之前的完整意思中
b.
Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.
在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子
c.
Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.
改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子
Run
—
on sentence
连写句
A run
—
on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts
（
or independent clauses
）
without adequate
sign given to mark the break between them.
连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思（独立句）
They may be corrected in four principal ways
：
连写句的四种主要的改正方法：
a. Use a period and write two separate sentence.
用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。
b. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction
用逗号和适合的连词
c. Use a semicolon
用一个分号
d. Make one of the clauses dependent
使其中的一个句子变为从句
Misplaced and dangling modifiers
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语
A modifier is a word
，
a phrase
，
or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify
，
that is
，
to
limit
，
qualify
，
or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.
Misplaced and dangling
modifiers
break
a
fundamental
rule
that
all
modifiers
must
be
near
the
word
they
modify.
Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all
。
错位修饰语和
悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。
错位修饰语
和 悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。
错位修饰语和悬垂修
饰语都 修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。
Misplaced modifiers
错位修饰语
A
modifier
is
misplaced
when
it
appears
so
far
from
what
it
is
supposed
to
modify
that
the
connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else
当一个修饰语出现在离 他要修饰的词很远的地方时，
修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的
什么。
Squinting modifiers
偏斜修饰语
A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and
follow it. Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at result is a sentence
with two possible meanings
。
偏斜修饰语就 是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词
,
看起来是在一次修饰两个
方向，结 果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。
Split infinitives
分裂不定式
A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive
“
to
”
has been separated from
the verb with which it is associated.
分裂不定式是将
to
和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。
Dangling modifiers
悬垂修饰语
A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the
sentence.
悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。
There are five kinds of dangling modifiers
：五种悬垂修饰
a.
dangling participles
悬垂分词
b.
dangling gerunds
悬垂动名词
c.
dangling infinitives
悬垂不定式
d.
dangling elliptical clauses
悬垂精简句
e.
dangling prepositional phrases
悬垂介词短语
Correcting dangling modifiers
校正悬垂修饰语
a. One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what
the writer meant to modify
。
一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。
b.
Another
way
to
correct
sentence
containing
dangling
modifiers
is
to
change
the
dangling
construction into a subordinate clause.
另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。
c.
The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.
第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。
Pronoun reference
指示代词
Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns
（
persons
，
places
，
or things
）
，
which
otherwise would have to repeated over and over.
指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。
Antecedent
先行词
代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词
Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.
代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权
a.
more than one possible antecedent
不可以有多个先行词
b.
it has no antecedent at all
没有先行词
Weak reference
暗示指代
Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied
or unspecified.
暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型
Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for
different implied antecedents.
暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型
Broad reference
宽泛指代
There are two ways to improve broad reference
：两种改善宽泛指代的方法
a. Eliminate the pronoun
不要使用代词
b. Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify
把代词变为指示形容词
Parallelism
平行
排比
Parallelism
is
the
rhetorical
principle
that
sentence
elements
having
the
same
grammatical
function should be put in the same grammatical form. It is the writer
’
s technique of balancing like
with like
—
noun with noun
，
verb with verb
，
infinitive with infinitive
，
phrase with phrase
，
clause
with
clause
，
and
so
forth.
平行的修辞 原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同
的语法结构中。
这是作家们对类似物的平衡 技巧，
名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定
式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。
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