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语法复习：虚拟语气和倒装句
知识总结与归纳：
虚拟语气：是一种与事实（包括过去，现在或将来）完全相反的陈述，表示假设，愿望 ，
怀疑，推测或后悔。虚拟语气主要用于条件从句，让步从句和名词性从句。
虚拟语气句型中常见的动词形式：
1.
动词过去式
2. had done
3. would/could/should/might do
4. would/could/should/might have done
5.
were
（一）虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的假设的条件句中：表示假设，后悔或推测。
句型结构：
If +
主语
+had been/done….
，主语
+should/could/might/would + have done….
1. If the illness had been diagnosed a day earlier, it might have made all different.
2. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.
3. If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped him.
（二）虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反的假设的条件句中：
句型结构：
If +
主语
+were /
动词过去式，主语
+should/could/might/would +do
1. If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick.
2. If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug.
3.
虚拟语气用在与将来的结果相反的假设的条件句中：
句型结构：
If +
主语
+were to do,
主语
+should/could/might/would +do
If +
主语
+should do
If +
主语
+
动词过去式
（
1
）
If we were to panic, we would not be able to help.
（
2
）
If the little girl should take piano lessons, she would have less free time.
（
3
）
If I were to live long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor, helping these
AIDS patients.
注意：
虚拟条件句的从句中如果有助动词
were; had
或
sh ould
可以去掉
if
以后用倒装句语
序。
例句：
①
Had I not helped him, he would have failed in business.
②
Should I be free, I would come .
③
Were she my daughter, I could suggest a different plan .
注意：有时候，主，从句所描述的时间范围不一致，则根据具体语境调整动词的形式。
例句：
①
If he had caught the train, he would be here by now.
②
You would speak English well enough, if you had practiced every day.
（四）虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用：
1.
用在与
without, but for, but, otherwise
短语连用的句型中：
例句：
The ship would have sunk with all on board but for efforts of the captain.
The rescue arrived in time, otherwise They would have been frozen to death.
2.
用在
It’s time
句型中：
It’s time that
主语
+
动词过去式
……
It’s time that I went to school and picked up my daughter.
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3.
在句型
…as if /though+
主语
+
动词过去式
/were/had done……
例句：
He looked at me as if I were mad .
“I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “ and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous
person.”
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
4.
用在
If only
句型中：表示：要是
……
该多好啊！
（
1
）
If only you hadn’t told Jackie what I said, everything would
have been all right.
（
2
）
If only you would listen to reason.
5.
与
“
命令，建议，要求
,
有必要
/
重要
”
有关的名词性从句中的谓语动词结构：
（
1
）主动结构：
should do
（
2
）被动结构：
should be done
；
（
should
可以省略）
①
I suggest that he should come another day.
②
The suggestion that the students should learn something practical is worth considering.
③
I though it necessary that I should stay in the room till he came back.
（五）情态动词（
should / ought to; could; needn’t; would like to
等）
+have d one
：表示
“
本
来应该
/
能够
/
没必要
/
很愿意
”
1. You could have told us earlier.
2. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.
3. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
4. We need not have been in a hurry to catch the train.
倒装 句：倒装句是英语中常见的语法现象，他的使用一是出于语法结构的需要，再就是
为了强调句中的某一部 分。
（
1
）当否定副词
never; hardly; seldom; nor; neither; little; few; not; not only
在句首，后面
接助动词
/be +
主语
……
的倒装语序。
Never have I realized that water is so precious.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
（
2
）
Only+
介词短语
/
状语从句，后面接助动词
/be +
主语
……
的倒装语序。
Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
（
3
）
Not until +
时间状语（从句）后面接助动词
/be +
主语
……
的倒装语序。
Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.
（
4
）
as / so / neither / nor
在句首表示另一个人或另一种情况也是如此。
后面接助动词
/be +
主语
……
的倒装语序。
Without
international
cooperation,
developing
countries
cannot
prosper,
nor
will
sustainable
development be possible.
A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.
（
5
）
在以
here; there; now; out; in; up; down; away
或表示地点的介词短语为句首后面接完
全倒装结构（谓语
+
主语）
Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality
and fairness in the world.
On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.
（
6
）倒装句在结果状语从句；让步状语从句；时间状语从句中的使用：
①
so / such ….that….
（如此
……
以致于
……
）将
so / suc
h….
部分
置于句首：
So loudly did he speak that people upstairs could hear him.
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②
表示：
“
虽然
……”
：名词
/
形容词，副词
/
动词
+as +
主语
+
谓语
……
Cold as it was, we went out .
Bravely as they fought, they had no chance of winning.
Child as he is, he knew what was the right thing to do.
③
表示：
“
一
……
就
……”
：
No sooner had …done …than +
陈述句（过去时）
Hardly had…done…when+
陈述句（过去时）
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
No sooner had we started lunch than the door bell rang.
【典型例题】
1. Y
ou didn’t let me drive. If
we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
A. drove; didn’t get
B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; wouldn’t get
D. had driven; wouldn’t have got
答案：
D
分析：
本题考查虚拟条件句的运用。
题干
You didn’t let me drive.
告诉我们后面的条件句是
一个与过去事实相反的假设，
有后悔，< br>埋怨的意思。
在这种条件句中主句用
would have done
，
从句用
had done
结构。
2. ___ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were
B. Should
C. Would
D. Will
答案：
B
分析：本题 考查虚拟条件句与倒装句的结合运用。句中时间状语
tomorrow
以及主句中的
w ould
表明该句是对明天天气情况的虚拟假设，表示将来的虚拟条件句的结构为
If it should/
were to rain tomorrow
。
但是条件从句可以 去掉连词
if
，
从句用倒装句结构，
即：
Should it rain
tomorrow.
3. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident ____.
A. couldn’t be prevented
B. mustn’t have prevented
C. wouldn’t have been prevented
D. shouldn’t prevent
答案：
C
分析：本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句。根据句义：船长在暴风雨中非常镇静，不然的话一
场事故早就不可避免了。
前半句描述了事实，
而后半句则与过去的事实相反，
虽然这部分没
有以条件从句的形式出现，但是其内容包含在由连词
but; otherwise
连接的陈述句中。
4. When the pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it ____.
A. breaks
B. has broken
C. were broken
D. had been broken
答案：
C
分析：
本题考查
as if
后从句中的虚拟语气的运用。
As if/though
后面的从句根据句子的 语
境可以叙述为真实陈述，
也可以是与现在或过去事实相反的虚拟陈述。
本句描述的内 容是与
现在事实相反的虚拟陈述应当用一般过去时。
5. Why didn’t
you
tell
me
there was no
meeting today ? I ___ all the w
ay here through the
heavy snow.
A. needn’t have driven
B. can’t have driven
C. mustn’t have driven
D. shouldn’t have driven
答案：
A
分 析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多
路。
Needn’t have done
表示本来没必要。
6. I was really anxious about you. You ___ home without a word.
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