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星期虚拟语气的用法及经典练习题(附答案)

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来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-24 10:25
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2021年1月24日发(作者:truffe)
虚拟语气

概念

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事
实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通
过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、
祈使语
气、虚拟语气三类 。

应用条件



在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实 现的情况时用虚拟语
气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个
人说话时欲 强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,而不是根据
客观实际,就用虚拟语气。

在非真实条件状语从句中的用法

真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句

条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件
句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实 际可能性不大的情况,故采
用虚拟语气。



例:
If
he
doesn

t
hurry
up,
he
will
miss
the
bus.

果他不快点,他将错过巴士。
(
真实
)

If
he
is
free,
he
will
ask me to tell stories.
如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
(真实)


If I were you, I would go at once.
如果我是你,
我马上就会去。

(非真实,
虚拟语气)


If
there
were
no
air,
people
would
die.
如果没有空气,人就会死亡。
(非真实,虚拟
语气)

用法及动词形式



从句

主句


If+
主语
+did

与现在事实相反


be
动词
were



+should/would/

could/might+do



+should/would/

与过去事实相反

If+
主语
+had done

could/might+have
done

1.
If+
主语
+did



与将来事实相反

2.
If+
主语
+were to

+should/would/

could/might+do

3.
If+
主语
+should

例句:

1

表示与现在事实相反的情况:



例:
1.
If
I
were
you,
I would take an umbrella.

如果我是你,我会带把伞。
(事
实:我不可能是你)


I
knew
his
telephone
number,
I
would
tell
you.

如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。
(事实:
不知道)


there were no air or water, there would be no
living things on the earth.

如果没有水和空气, 地球上就
不会有生物。
(
事实:地球上既有空气也有水
)

I had any
money with me, I could lend you some.

如果我带钱了,我
就会借给你些。

事实:
没带钱)


he
studied
harder,
he
might
pass the exam.

如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。
(事实:
没有努力)



2
、表示与过去事实相反的情况


例:
1.
If
I
had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her.

果我早到那儿,
我就会见到她。


(事实:
去晚了)


he
had
taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.

果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。


(事实:没
有听我的话)



3

表示对将来情况的主观推测,
与将来事实相反

例:
he
should
come
here
tomorrow,
I
should/would
talk
to
him.


果他哪天来这儿的话,
我就跟他谈谈。

(事实:
来的可能性很小)



there
were
a
heavy
snow
next
Sunday,
we
would
not
go
skating.

如果下周日下大雪,
我们就不能去滑冰了。
(事实:
不知能否下雪)



she
were
to
be
there
next
Monday,
I
would
tell
her
about
the
matter.

如果她下周一来这儿的话,
我就会告诉她这件事的始
末。



4


有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不
是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整




① 从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在
发生的事实不符



如:


If
I
had
worked
hard
at
school,
I would be an engineer, too.

如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,
我现在也会成为一个工程师了


If they had informed us, we
would not come here now.

如果他们通知过我们的话,我们
现在就不会来这里了。


②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符



如:


If he were free today, we would have sent him to
Beijing.

如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。


If he knew her, he would have greeted her.

要是他认识
她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。


5

当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有

were, should, had
时,
if

以省略,这时条件从句要用
倒装语序
,即 将
were, should, had
等词置于句首,
这种多用于书面语。


如:


Should
he
agree
to go there, we would
send him
there.

要是他答应去的话,
我们就派他去。


Were she here, she would agree with us.

如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。


Had
he
learnt
about
computers, we would have hired him to work here.

如果
他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。



6

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、
介词短语、 上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做
含蓄条件

,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在 短语中,如
without

., but
for

.



如:

But for his help, we would be working now.

要< br>不








还< br>会







Without
your
instruction, I would not have made such great progress.

要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。


We didn

t
know
his
telephone
number;
otherwise
we
would
have
telephoned
him.

我们不知道他的电话号码,
否则我们就会给
他打电话。



7

有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示
说话人的一 种强烈的感情




①省略从句


He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。


You could have passed this exam.
你应该能通过这次考试了。


②省略主句


If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多
好啊。


If only I had got it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。


虚拟语气的其他用法


用在
wish
后的宾语从句

a
、表示与
现在
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用
过去式



eg. I wish I
had
your brains.

我希望我有你那样的头脑。
(
事实:我根本比不上你
)


b
、表示与
过去
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:
had+done



eg: I wish I
had known
the truth of the matter.

我希
望我原来知道这件事的真相。
(事实:原来不知道)



c
、表示
将来
难以实现的愿望,谓语动词:
should/would
+

词原形

eg. I wish I
should have
a chance again.

我希望我还
能有一次这样的机会。
(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)


(
注:
if only

as if/as though
也有相同用法)

用在目的状语从句中



1.

for fear that, in case, lest
引导的从句中,若用
虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:
should
+
动词原形。并且
should

能省略

examined the door again for fear that a thief should come
in.

她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。


He
started
out earlier lest he should be late.

他很早就出发了以防
迟到。


2




so that, in order that
所引导的目的状语从句中,从句
中的谓语为:
can
/
may
/
could
/
might
/
will
/
would
/
should
+
动词原形。



goes
closer
to
the
speaker
so
that
he
can
hear
him
clearer.
他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。


He read the letter
carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信
读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

其他用法

1

一想要
(desire)
二宁愿< br>(prefer)
三命令
(order,
command)
四建议
(advice. Suggest, propose)
五要求
(demand , require,
request
,
desire
,
insist)
中,无论主句谓语动词为何 种时态,
从句的谓语动词都用


should
+
动词原形

或只用

动词原形




如:


He
suggested
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s
advice.

He
insisted
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.

He
demand
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.

He
ordered
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.


insist
如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;
翻译成坚持
某种观点就不用虚拟语气。





如:
He insist he is a student.

他坚持说他是个学
生。


这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚
拟语气。



suggest
意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用
虚拟语气。


如:
His
face
suggests
that
he
looks
worried
.

他的表情暗含着他很担心。


这个句子本身是事实,因此它就
没有用到虚拟语气。



2
、表情绪
.
观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气
.

:n ecessary

important

impossible

natural

strange

surprising

funny

right

wrong

bet ter

a pity
等。

句型:
It is.......that +
主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用
should+
原型

或只用动词原型。


3



even if, even though
所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚
拟语气,主句、从句的结 构与
if
所引导的条件从句结构相同

如:


Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he
should
not
know
what
to do.

即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办

(事实:他没来



Nobody
could
save
him
even
though
Hua
Tuo
should
come
here.

即使华佗在世也救不了他。
(事实:华佗不在世)


4



whatever

whic hever

whenever

whoever, wherever

however, no matter wh-word
等引导的让步状语从句中,从句
虚拟语气结构为:


指现在或将来:

may
+
动词原形



如:


We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.




















We
will
find
him
wherever
he
may
be.

无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。


I
will wait for him no matter how late he may come.

不管
他来的多么晚,
我都会等他。


指过去:

may
+
完成式








You mustn

t be proud whatever great progress you may have
made.

不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。


We
must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.

不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。



5
、一般
would rather, had rather, would so oner
等之后的宾
语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。
其 虚拟语气的结构为:



过去
:
had
+
过去分词

现在
:
过去时
(be

were
)
;
将来
:

去时
(be

were
)


如:


I

d
rather
you
had
seen
the
film
yesterday.

我倒想你
昨天
看过了这场电影。


I

d
rather
you
were
here
now.

我倒想你
现在
在这儿。


We

d
rather
you
went here
tomorrow.

我们倒想你
明天
去那儿



6

虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:
“早该做某 事了”时,
定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:
It
is (high / about) time that
+
主语
+
动词的
过去式
/ should
+
动词原形
,即从句用虚拟过去式






It
is
time
that
I went to pick up my daughter at school.

我该去学校接
我的女儿了。


It
is
high
time
you
should
go
to
work.


早该上班了。



7

简单句中的虚拟语气




1


说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用
虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:
would / could / might
/
should
+
动词原形



如:


Would
you
mind
my
shutting
the
door



把< br>门









You should
always
learn this lesson by heart.

你要把这个教训牢记于心。


I should agree with you.

我应该同意你的观点。



2


表示“祝愿”时,常用

may +
主语
+
动词原形



如:


May
you
have
a
good
journey!

祝你一路顺风。


May
your
youth last for ever!

祝你青春永驻。




3

表示强烈的 “愿望”

“祝愿”时,常用
动词原形



如:


Long
live
the
Communist
Party
of
China.

中国共产党万岁。


God bless us.

上帝保佑。




4


习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。



提出请求或邀请。
如:


Would
you
like
to
have
a
talk
with
us
this
evening

今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗


Could
I use your bike now

我可以用一下你的单车吗




陈述
自己的观点或看法。
如:


I
should
glad
to
meet
you.


到你我会很高兴。


I would try my best to help you.


会尽力帮助你。


③提出劝告或建议
。如:


You

d
better
ask
your
father
first.

你最好先问一问你的父亲。


You
should make a full investigation of it first.

你应该先
全面调查一番。




提出问题。
如:


Do
you
think
he
could
get
here
on
time

你认为他能按时来吗


Do
you
expect
he
would tell us the truth

你期望他会告诉我们真相吗




表示对过去情况的责备 时,
常用虚拟语气。
其虚拟语气的结构为:
情态动词
+
have
+
过去分词。


如:


You
should
have
got
here
earlier.












You
should
have
returned it to him.
你应该把它还给他了。


省略的虚拟条件句型


省略连词
if

有时可将 条件从句的连词
if
省略,
但此时应用
倒装句型


将从句中的
were,
should,
had
等提到句首:


Were
I
Tom,
I
would
refuse.
如果我是汤姆,
我会拒绝。


I
will
go,
should
it
be
necessary.
假若有必要,我会去的。


Had
it
not
been
for the bad weather we would have arrived in time.
若不是
天气坏,我们就准时到达了。



【注】




若条件从句为否定句,
否定词
not
应置于 主语
之后,
而不能与
were,
should,
had
等缩略成
Weren

t,
Shouldn

t,
Hadn

t
而置于句首。




有时省略
if
后提前的
had
不是
助动词:


Had I time, I would come.
假若我有时间,我会
来的。
(=If I had time

)

省略条件句的主语和其后的动词
be



若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词
be
,通常可将主< br>语和动词
be
省略:


If
repaired
earlier,
the
tractor
would
not
have
broken
down.

要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛
锚了。
(=If it had been repaired earlier

)

省略“
it+be




If
necessary,
I
would
send
more
farm-hands
to
help
you.

如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。
(=If
it
was
necessary,
I would

)

省略整个条件从句



这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,< br>即省略条件从句后,
所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:


I
might see her personally. It would be better.
我可以亲自
去看她,这样好一些。
(=

If I saw her personally, it would
be better.)

在含蓄条件句中的用法

(1)
条件暗含在短语中。
如:


We
didn

t
know
his
telephone
number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.

我们不
知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打 电话。
(暗含条件是
otherwise



Without
your
help,
we
wouldn

t
have
achieved
so much.

没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。


(暗含条件是介词短语
without your help



But for your
help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment.


果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。
(暗含条件是
but for
your
help



It
would
cause
great
trouble
not
to
lubricate
the bearing immediately.

不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的











not
to
lubricate
the
bearing
immediately



(2)
条件暗含在上下文中。
如:


I
would
not
have done
it
that way.

我是不会那么做的。
(可能暗含
if I
were you



I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have
come to help you.

我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。
(可能
暗含
if I hadn

t been so busy.



You might come to join
us in the discussion.

你可以参加我们的讨论。
(可能暗含
if you wanted to



I would have bought the DVD player.

我是会买下那台影碟机的。
(可能暗含
if I had the money



But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.


不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。
(可能暗含
if
it
had
not
been
for the storm










虚拟语气练习题



enjoyed the movie
very
much.
I
wish
I
_____
the
book from
which it was made.


A. have read







B. had read


C. should have read



D. are reading



are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____
him.


A. come; would meet




B. had come; would have met


C. come; will meet




D. had come; would meet



two students talked as if they _____ friends for years.


A. should be




B. would be


C. have been




D. had been



is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately.

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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