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二十一世纪(完整版)虚拟语气的用法及经典练习题(附答案)

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来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-24 10:26
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2021年1月24日发(作者:奢望)
虚拟语气

概念

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,
所说的是一个条件,
不一定是事实,
或与事实相反。< br>虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
英语中的语气分
为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟 语气三类。

应用条件



在表示虚假的、与事实相反的 或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或
某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲 强调其所说的话是基于自己的
主观想法,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。

在非真实条件状语从句中的用法

真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句

条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表
示的是假设或实 际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。



例:
If he doesn

t hurry up, he will miss the bus.
如果他不快点,他
将错过巴士。
(
真实
)

If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories.
如果
他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
(真实)


If I were you, I would go at once.
如果我是你,
我马上就会去。

(非真实,
虚拟语气)


If
there
were
no
air,
people
would die.
如果没有空气,人就会死亡。
(非真实,虚拟语气)

用法及动词形式



If+
主语
+did

be
动词
were


主语
+should/would/
could/might+do

从句

主句

与现在事实相反


1
与过去事实相反

主语
+
should/would/
If+
主语
+had done
could/might+have done

+
主语
+did
与将来事实相反

主语
+should/would/
+
主语
+were to
could/might+do

+
主语
+should
例句:

1

表示与现在事实相反的情况:



例:
1.
If
I
were
you,
I
would
take
an
umbrella.

如果我是你,我会带把伞。
(事实:我不可能是你)



I
knew
his telephone number, I would tell you.

如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会
告诉你。
(事实:不知道)


there were no air or water, there would be
no
living
things
on the
earth.

如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。
(

实:地球上既有空 气也有水
)

I had any money with me, I could lend you
some.

如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。
(事实:没带钱)


he studied
harder, he might pass the exam.

如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。
(事实:
没有努力)



2
、表示与过去事实相反的情况


例:
1.
If
I
had
gotten
there
earlier,
I
should/could
have
met
her.
如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。


(事
实:去晚了)


he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a
mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。


(事实:没有听我
的话)



3

表示对将来情况的主观推测,
与将来事实相反


例:

he
should
come
here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.

如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟
他谈谈。

(事实:来的可能性很小)



there
were
a
heavy
snow
next
Sunday,
we would not go skating.

如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。
(事实:
不知能否下雪)



she
were
to
be
there
next
Monday,
I
would
tell
her
about
the matter.

如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。



4


有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生 时,
虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整




①从句的动作 与过去事实相反,
而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符



如:


If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.


果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了


If they had informed
us, we would not come here now.

如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会
来这里了。



2
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,
而主句的动作与过去事实不符



如:


If
he
were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.

如果他今天有空的话,
我们会已经派他去北京了。


If
he
knew
her,
he
would
have
greeted
her.


是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。



5
、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有
were, should, had
时,
if
可以省略,这时条
件从句要用
倒装语序
,即将
were , should, had
等词置于句首,这种多用于书面
语。


如:


Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.


是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。


Were she here, she would agree with us.

如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。


Had
he
learnt
about
computers,
we
would
have hired him to work here.

如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来
这里工作了。



6
、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下
文或 其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做
含蓄条件句
,在多数情况下,条件会暗含
在短语中, 如
without

., but for

.



如:

But for his help, we would be working now.

要不是他的帮助,我
们还会在工作呢。


Without
your
instruction,
I
would
not
have
made
such
great
progress.

要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。


We didn

t know
his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.


我们不知
道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。



7

有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强
烈 的感情




①省略从句


He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。


You could have
passed this exam.
你应该能通过这次考试了。



②省略主句


If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。


If only
I had got it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。


虚拟语气的其他用法

用在
wish
后的宾语从句

a
、表示与
现在
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用
过去式



eg. I wish I
had
your brains.

我希望我有你那样的头脑。
(
事实:我根本比
不上你
)


b
、表示与
过去
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:
had+done



eg: I wish I
had known
the truth of the matter.

我希望我原来知道这件事
的真相。
(事实:原来不知道)



c
、表示
将来
难以实现的愿望,谓语动词:
should/would +
动词原形

eg. I wish I
should have
a chance again.

我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。
(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)



(
注:
if only

as if/as though
也有相同用法)

用在目的状语从句中



1.

for fear that, in case, lest
引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓
语为:
should +
动词原形。并且
should
不能省略


3
examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.


又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。


He started out earlier lest he should
be late.

他很早就出发了以防迟到。



2


so
that,
in
order
that
所引导的目的状语从句中,
从句中的谓语为:
can
/
may
/ could / might / will / would / should +
动词原形。



goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
他走近说
话的人以便能听得更清楚。


He read the letter carefully in order that he
should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

其他用法

1




(desire)



(prefer)



(ord er, command)



(advice.
Suggest, propose)
五要求
(demand , require, request , desire , insist)
中,无
论主句谓语动词为何种时态, 从句的谓语动词都用


should +
动词原形
”或只
用“
动词原形




如:


He
suggested
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.

He
insisted
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.

He
demand
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.

He
ordered
that we
(should) take
the teacher

s advice.


insist
如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚
拟语气。





如:
He insist he is a student.

他坚持说他是个学生。


这个语句表
示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。



suggest
意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。


如:

His face suggests that he looks worried .

他的表情暗含着他很担心。



个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。



2




.
















.

:necessary

important
impossible

natural

strange< br>、
surprising

funny

right

wrong

better

a
pity
等。

句型:
It is.......that +
主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用
should+
原型

或只用
动词原型。



3


even if, even though
所引导的让步 状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从
句的结构与
if
所引导的条件从句结构相同。如:


Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he should not know what to do.

即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。
(事实:他没
来)


Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.


使华佗在世也救不了他。
(事实:华佗不在世)


< br>4


whatever

whichever
,< br>whenever

whoever, wherever

however, no matter
wh-word
等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:


指现在或将来:

may
+
动词原形



如:


We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.

不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。


We will find him wherever he may be.

无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。


I will wait for him no matter how late he
may
come.

不管他来的多么晚,
我都会等他。


指过去:

may
+
完成式








You mustn

t be proud whatever great progress you may have made.

不管你
取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。


We must respect him no matter what
mistakes he may have made.

不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。




4
5
、一般
would rather, had rather, would sooner
等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观
事实不相 符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:



过去
: had +
过去分词

现在
:
过去时
(be

were )
将来
:
过去时
(be

were )


如:


I

d rather you
had seen
the film yesterday.

我倒想你
昨天
看过了
这场电影。


I

d
rather
you
were
here
now.

我倒想你
现在
在这儿。


We

d rather you
went here
tomorrow.

我们倒想你
明天
去那儿



6

虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:
“早该做某事了”时, 定语从句中的谓语动
词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:
It is (high / about) time that
+
主语
+
动词的
过去式
/
should
+
动词原形

即从句用虚拟过去式






It
is
time
that I went to pick up my daughter at school.

我该去学校接我的女儿了。


It is high time you should go to work.

你早该上班了。



7

简单句中的虚拟语气




1


说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用 虚拟语气。其虚拟
语气的结构形式常为:
would / could / might / should +

词原




如:


Would
you
mind
my
shutting
the
door?

我把门关起来你介意吗?


You
should
always learn this lesson by heart.

你要把这个教训牢记于心。


I should
agree with you.

我应该同意你的观点。




2


表示“祝愿”时,常用
may +
主语
+
动词原形



如:


May you have a
good journey!

祝你一路顺风。


May your youth last for ever!

祝你青
春永驻。




3

表示强烈的“愿望”

“祝愿”时,常用
动词原形
。< br>

如:


Long live the
Communist
Party
of China.

中国共产党万岁。


God
bless
us.

上帝保佑。




4


习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。



提出请求或邀请。
如:


Would you like to have a talk with us this
evening?

今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?


Could I use your bike now?


可以用一下你的单车吗?




陈述自己的观点或看法。
如:


I
should
glad
to
meet you.

见到你我会很高兴。


I would try my best to help you.


会尽力帮助你。


③提出劝告或建议

如:


You

d
better
ask
your
father
first.

你最好先问一问你的父亲。


You
should
make
a
full
investigation
of
it
first.

你应该先全面调查一番。




提出问题。
如:


Do
you
think
he
could
get
here
on
time?

你认为他能按时来吗?


Do
you
expect
he
would
tell
us
the
truth?

你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?




表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其
虚拟语气的结构为:
情态动词
+
have
+
过去分词



如:


You
should
have
got
here
earlier.
你应该早就到这里了。


You
should
have
returned
it
to
him.
你应该把它还给他了。



省略的虚拟条件句型

省略连词
if
有时可将条件从句的连词if
省略,但此时应用
倒装句型
,即将从句中的
were,
should, had
等提到句首:


Were I Tom, I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆,我会
拒绝。


I will go, should it be necessary.
假若有必要,我会去的。


Had
it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time.
若不是天气
坏,我们就准时到达了。




5
【注】




若条件从句为否定句,
否定词not
应置于主语之后,
而不能与
were,
should, had
等缩略成
Weren

t, Shouldn

t, Hadn

t
而置于句首。




有时
省略
if
后提前的
had
不是助动词:


Had I time, I would come.
假若我有时间,
我会来的。
(=If I had time

)
省略条件句的主语和其后的动词
be


若主从句主语一致,且谓 语部分包含有动词
be
,通常可将主语和动词
be
省略:


If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down.

要是早点儿
修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。
(=If it had been repaired earlier

)
省略“
it+be




If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you.

如果需要的
话我会派更多的民工去帮你。
(=If it was necessary, I would

)
省略整个条件从句



这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意< br>思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:


I might see her personally. It would be
better.
我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。
(=

If I saw her personally, it would
be better.)
在含蓄条件句中的用法

(1)
条件暗含在短语中。
如:


We
didn

t
know
his
telephone
number;
otherwise
we would have telephoned him.

我们不知道他的电话号码,否则 我们就会给他
打电话。

暗含条件是
otherwise



Without
your
help,
we
wouldn

t
have
achieved
so
much.

没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。


(暗含条件是介词
短语
without your help



But for your help, I would not have succeeded in
the
experiment.

如果没有你的帮助,
我的实验就不会成功。
(暗含条件是
but
for
your help



It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing
immediately.

不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。


(暗含条件是
not to
lubricate
the
bearing
immediately



(2)
条件暗含在上下文中。
如:


I
would
not
have
done
it
that
way.

我是不会那么做的。
(可能暗含
if
I
were
you



I
was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.

我那天很忙。
否则我会来帮你的。
(可能暗含
if
I
hadn

t
been
so
busy.



You
might
come
to
join us in the discussion.

你可以参加我们的讨论。
(可能暗含
if you wanted
to



I would have bought the DVD player.

我是会买下那台影碟机的。
(可
能暗含
if
I
had
the
money



But
for
the
storm,
we
should
have
arrived
earlier.

要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。
(可能暗含
if it had not been for
the storm










6

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