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虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的概念:
虚拟语气(
the subjunctive mood
)又称假设语气,是谓语动词的
一种形式,表示说话人叙述 的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。
二、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
英语 中的语气
(mood)
有三种,
分别是
陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.
陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where there is a will, there's a way.
有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs
你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
How I missed the life in the countryside!
我多么想念乡村的生活啊!
2.
祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way, please!
请这边走。
Don't make any noise, will you
别吵,行吗?
Do be careful when crossing the street.
过马路时一定要小心。
3.
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round.
但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours!
祝你好运!
三、条件句中的虚拟语气
条件句分真实条件句与非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的,
句
中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气,< br>且这种句子主句是一般将来时时,
从句则要用一般
现在时表示将来时。
1
、真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.
如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property.
过去发生洪
水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.
如果你能保持车子干净,
我就让你
用我的自行车。
2
、非真实条件句
与过去事实相反
与现在事实相反
与将来事实相反
条件状语从句
Had+
过去分词
一般过去时(
be
用
were
)
一般过去时或
should
、
were to+
动词原形
主句
Would/should/could/might+have+
过去分
词
Would/should/could/might+
动词原形
Would/should/could/might+
动词原形
1
(
1
)
表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式(
be< br>动词用
were
),主句用
should
(第一人称)或
wo uld
(全部
人称)
+
动词原形。可用情态动词
could, might
代替
should, would
表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.
明天要是星期天的话,我就去看
望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try.
我要是你,我就去试试。
If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑
要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。
(
2
)表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的 过去完成时,
主句用
should
(
第一人称)
或
woul d
(
全部人称)
+have done
,
也可用
could, might
代替
should, would
。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.
如果昨天我知
道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.
今天早上要是没下雨,我就去
买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.
倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
(
3
)表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:
A
、
were/did
条件从句用动词的过去式(
be
动词用
were
),主句用
should
(第一人称) 或
would
(全部
人称)
+
动词原形。也可用
could , might
代替
should, would
。
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.
明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。
If you dropped the glass, it would break.
你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。
If she had time, she could help me.
她要是有时间,就会帮我了。
B
、
should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用
should do
,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。
If it should rain, the crops could be saved.
假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest.
如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。
C
、
were to do
条件从句用
were + to do
。
这种形式比较正式,
常出现 在书面语中,
其假设成份很大,
实现
的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.
要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同
的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him
假如校长来了,我们对他说什么
呢?
对比:
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。
(常用形式)
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。
(可能性较小)
2
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.
如果明天要下雪的话,
我就留在家里。
(可
能性最小)
3
、省略
if
的条件句
在书面语中,非真实条件句中有
were, had, should
时,可以省略
if
,而把
were, had, should
放在主语前,用倒装结构。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.
如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(
= If it
were
necessary......
)
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
你要是听了我的建议,
就不会
考试不及格了。(
= If you had taken my advice......
)
Should I have time, I would call on her.
要是有时间,我就去看她。(
= If I should have
time......
)
4
、错综条件句
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,
这时主句和从句的谓语形式应
按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。
If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.
如果你昨天不看电视,你
现在也就不会这么困了。(从句
yesterda y
说明过去,主句
now
说明现在)
If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour.
如果他们今天一早
就离开家的话,再过半 小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说明将来。)
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.
如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会
吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来)
注意:
在很多情况下,我们也可以用
was
来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的
were
。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以说成:
If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以说成:
I sish I was a bird.
但倒装句型中的
were
不可被
was
来替换。
Were I in your position,I would not do it.
如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。
5
、含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来 ,
只暗含在上下文中,
这种句子叫做含蓄条件
句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况:
(
1
)条件暗含在短语中
He would not get such a result without your help.
没有你的帮 助,
他就不会有今天的成果。
(
条
件暗含在介词短语
without your help
中
)
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.
要不是有你,
我就不会恢复得这么快。
(
条件暗
含在
But for you
中
)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.
同样的事,如发生在过去,
就会酿成大祸。
(
条件暗含在分词短语
happening in the past
中
)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.
他一定是去过那儿,
否则
他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。
(
暗含条件是连词
or)
(
2
)条件可根据上下文推理出
It would do you no good.
这可能会对你没好处。
(
条件可能是
if you should give up the job
如
果你放弃这项工作的话
)
They could have won.
他们本来是会赢的。
(
条件可能是
if they had been patient
如果他们
3
有耐心的话
)
Such mistakes could have been avoided.
这种错误完全能避免。
(条件可能是
if you had been
more careful
如果你更加小心一点的话)
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you.
为什么你不告诉我?我会帮助你
的。(条件可能是
if you had told me about it
如果你当时告诉我的话)
--- Did you go to see him yesterday
你昨天去看他了吗?
--- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.
原想去的,但有人到我家
来玩了。
(条件是
if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit
如果没人到我家来玩的话)
(
3
)条件用其他形式来表示
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.
她病了,
否则的话就会出席< br>会议了。(条件通过连词
otherwiseor
表示出来
If she had not been ill...
)
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.
我让他自己去
那里,但也许我应该和他一 道去。(连词
but
暗示条件)
Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do
假若你站在我的立场上 ,你会怎么办?
(用
supposesupposingproviding
等词表示
if
)
To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.
如果你同她交谈,你就会知道她的
听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于
If you should talk with her...
)
Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.
要是放任他的话,他是不可能完成工作
的。(动词的
-ed
形式表示条件
If he had been left to himself...
)
提示:
在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。
You wouldn't know.
你不会知道。
I would like to go with you.
我愿意和你一起去。
四、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法
虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外,还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、
表语从句、
同位< br>语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。
1
、
名词性从句中的虚拟语气
主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿 望等含义,与其相关的名词性从
句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)中的谓语动词要用虚 拟语气。
(
1
)主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句由连词
that
所引导,常用在
It is(was)+
形 容词
+that
…
句型中
。其谓语用
“should+
动词 原形
”
(或
should+have+
过去分词)或只用动词原形
( 尤其是美国英语)。常用的这类
形容词有:
advisable, desirable, desired, essential, imperative (
迫切的
)
,
important, natural,
necessary, preferable, strange, urgent
等。
①
表示建议或命令
It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.
重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。
It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.
最好我们在另一个时间见面。
It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.
有人建议每个学生都要唱一
首英文歌曲。
It is demanded that he should leave at once.
要求他立刻离开。
②
表示惊讶
It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.
真奇怪他竟看不到自己的
缺点。
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