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Dictation
Talk
Survival of English Language
Ⅰ. Introduction
—
(1) show(s) how English survived
Ⅱ. Five periods of its survival
1) 410 CE to the mid-8th century
—
(2)
mercenaries
coming
and
spreading
their
language
among
the
Britons
—
center of (3): York in Northumbia
2) Mid-8th century to 899
—
The
Danes
replaced
the
Anglo-Saxons
to
rule
Northumbia,
but
were
(4) by Alfred of Wessex.
—Alfred’s
(5)
enabled
most
of
the
existing
laws
and
literary
works to be in English.
3) 959 to 1066
—
England was divided into (6) and English speaking areas.
—
Canute became ruler of a united kingdom.
—
Center was moved to London.
—
Edward succeeded Canute and English gave way to (7)
4) 1080 to the 17th century
—Written English (8) before the advent of “Provision of
Oxford”.
—
(9) English appeared in the 17th century.
5) 1837 to today
—
English was used widely as a result of (10).
对话
1
1. [A] Illustration of lies in marriage.
recognize lies in marriage.
[C] Classification of lies in marriage.
a successful marriage.
2. [A] We intentionally do so.
to live in truth.
[C] We are afraid to lose the one we love.
[D] No one permits
us to know CHIT real self.
3. [A] What we’re good at.
[C] What works for us or not.
[B]
What
we’re
bad
at.
[D] What age we are in.
[B] No one tells us how
[D]
Advice
on
[B]
Ways
to
4. [A] It helps future couples know themselves better.
[B] It helps people recognize lies in marriage.
[C] It helps people build a good life and marriage.
[D] It helps married couples save their marriage.
5. [A] Disgusted.
Subjective.
Conversation Two
[B] Hateful.
[C] Objective.
[D]
6. [A] They are too busy working.
[B] They aren’t aware of the impo
rtance of sleep.
[C] They have some health problems.
[D] They don’t think sleep can influence health.
7. [A] To sleep at any time in a day as long as one wishes.
[B] To sleep at the time when one plans to sleep.
[C] To sleep at a very early time at night.
[D] To sleep at a very late time at night.
8. [A] Putting sleep ahead of any other things.
[B] Preventing having caffeine after breakfast.
[C] Making the bedroom comfortable.
[D] Preventing taking a long nap in the day.
9. [A] As long as you sleep no more than an hour
[B] As long as you sleep one and half hours.
[C] As long as you sleep two hours.
[D] As long as you sleep two and half hours.
10. [A] Differentiation of problem sleepers.
[B] Advice for the insomnious people.
[C] Necessity of having a good sleep.
[D] Different sleep habits of people.
Eco-tourism
Nowadays
，
many of us try to live in a way / that would damage
the environment as little as possible. / And we want to take these
attitudes on holiday with us. / This is why alternative forms of
tourism
are
becoming
popular
in
the
world.
/
Most
people
agree
that
these new forms of tourism should do the following. / First, they
should
conserve
the
wildlife
and
culture
of
the
area.
/
Second,
they
should
benefit
the
local
people.
/
Third
，
they
should
make
a
profit
without destroying natural resources, / and finally they should
provide an experience that tourists want to pay for.
Survival of the English Language
Good morning. Death is a common fate of unwritten languages.
(1) But written records of the languages spoken on the island of
Britain
show
us
how
the
English
language
became
the
language
of
the
island how it survived. We now turn to those written records.
There are five critical periods in the survival of the English
language.
1) 410 CE to the mid-eighth century
Early in the fifth century, Rome recalled its legions and told
the
Britons
to
defend
themselves.
(2)
Rich,
unprotected,
and
attacked from all sides, King Vortigern on the East coast invited
Germanic mercenaries: cross the channel to defend him against his
enemies
within
and
without.
These
mercenaries,
mostly
Ami
and
Saxon
clans
of
Germanic
peoples,
called
their
language
“englisc”
(pronoun
ced “anglish”).
The
language of the
Germanic
mercenaries became the
language
of
the conquered area. (3) From the seventh through the mid-eighth
centuries York in Northumbria, famed for its schools and for its
literary
productions
was
the
center
of
the
English-speaking
world.
2) Mid-eighth century to 899
By the mid 700’s, the Anglo
-Saxons were on the receiving end
of
slaughter
and
ruined
by
Danish
(4)
Eventually,
Alfred
forced
the
Danes back. Danish Northumbria submitted to Alfred in 886.
(5)
Due to Alfred’s education programs，
most of the existing
laws
，
poems,
songs
and
stories
were
m
West
Saxon
dialect
of
his
Wessex.
Alfred died in 899.
3) 959 to 1066
In 959, King Edgar, the great-grandson of Alfred, ruled both
Danes and Saxons in England. The incompetent King Ethelred the
Unready succeeded Edgar. He could not control the Danes. (6) More
Danes
invaded;
civil
war
followed.
This
second
time
，
violent
battles
ended in a tie. The Danish leader, Canute, and Saxon King- elect,
Edmund
Ironsides
，
divided
the
country
into
Danish
and
English
speaking areas. Two years later, Edmund died
；
Canute became King
of
all
England
in
1018.
With
Canute
the
center
of
literary
production
moved to London. English remained a written language.
Widower Canute wedded Emma, daughter of the Duke of Normandy.
She was the mother of Ed who became king after Canute’s heir from
his
marriage
to
Emma
died.
(7)
Raised
in
Normandy,
Edward
preferred
the
French.
In
1066,
the
French-speaking
Normans
conquered
England.
Norman
French,
based
in
London,
became
the
only
language
of
literature, law, and court. This third time, English became the
language of the brutally oppressed illiterate. The language again
seemed heading for extinction.
4) 1080 to the 17
th
century
(8)
After
1080,
only
a
few
written
documents
in
English
appeared:
a last chronicle entry in 1134; a manual for religious women from
around
1200.
During
the
twelfth
and
most
of
the
thirteenth
centuries,
we
have
no
written
records
of
English
laws,
poetry,
songs,
or
stories.
In
1258
the
bilingual
French-
English
“Provisions
of
Oxford”,
granting
some
rights
to
barons,
showed
up
as
the
first
public
document in English in more than 200 years.
In
the
fifteenth
century,
English
gave
further
signs
of
renewed
life.
In
1413,
King
Henry
Ⅳ
wrot
e
the
first
royal
will
in
English.
Religious plays were in English. By the late sixteenth century, we
see the flowering of English theater with Shakespeare and Marlowe
and
Jason.
(9)
Modern
English
arrived
in
the
17
th
century.
The
English
language won this
“
Battle of Britain
”
.
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