百舸争流四级长难句分析讲义

2021年1月24日发(作者：feeling是什么意思)
长难句分析

在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。 长难句通常含有较
多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解 的困
难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

1
、四级难点

2
、攻克长难句对于四级的意义

3
、如何攻克

一、

理解长难句两个关键性问题、三个要素

（一）

两个关键问题

1
、

理解不到位

A
．简单句
Over the years, tools and technology themselves has been largely ignored by people.
B
．复合句
The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he
was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
2
、

表达不通顺

A
．主线结构顺线走

a.

主语从句

例
1
、
What he told me was only half-truth.
例
2
、
How he is going to do it is a secret.
b
．宾语从句

例
1
、
Can you hear what I say?
例
2
、
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
C
．表语从句



例：
One difficulty is that we don
’
t have money
.
B
．

定
语状语往前勾

a
．定语

例
1
、
the course of reasoning which led him to his decision
例
2
、
things which easily escape attention
b
．状语

例
1
、
Let’s take a walk in the Garden at 5 o’clock.

例
2
、
前因后果多主动

例
1
、
We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent. (
先因后果
)
C
．名词从句依序翻

（二）

三个要素

1
、

词汇

A
．专有名词

a
．

人
名、
地名、
国家名、
组织机构名
Galileo
（家里裂）
Darwin


Clinton



Bush


Pentagon
b
．专业术语


疯牛病



禽流感




B
．

代
词

a
．

句
内指代

1
．
that
的指代作用


that
指代不可数名词和单数可数名词
（如是复数，
用
those
）
，
后面通常跟有修饰语，
如出现在
比较结构中的
that of
。

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener.
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2
．
one
的指代作用


one
指代单数可数名词，复数为
ones
。

A good writer is who can express the commonplace_____ in an uncommon way
.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

3
．
do
的替代作用。


do
代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。

For
him to be
re-elected, what
is essential
is
not that
his policy works, but that
the public believe
that it does.

C
．动词习惯用法

Time was when /
好久不见
/
人山人海

D
．多义词
school
E
．熟词生意

It invite you to think
F
生词

a.
分析词根词缀

multimedi a/methodology/anthropological/ungelivable /copycat(Shanzhai)
b.
知词看伴

（
03
年
61
题）
Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live
C.
汉语搭配
deal with aspects/challenges/adults
2
、

翻译技巧

A.
词义选择（知词看伴、汉语搭配）

delicate skin/ differences/ diplomatic relations
B.
词序调整

behavioral science/ natural selection/ perhaps never before
C.
词性转换（汉语喜欢使用动词）

Jane is out.
A week after the president’s visit
to China, China was in in America.
D.
增词法


He ate and drank, for he was exhausted
He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.
in evolution
3
、
具体句型

A
、定语从句

一、什么是定语从句？

例
: A rich person is not the one
who has the mos
t, but is the one who
needs the leas
t.
1.
名词或代词做先行词。

例：
He laughs best who laughs last.
2.
短语做先行词。
Many
of
life’s
problems
which
were
solved
are
beyond
the
capability
of
the
extended family to resolve.
3.
用句子做先行词。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of
language had some connection with
the process of thought, which took root in Europe.
二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。

1.
常用的关系代词：
which, that, who, whom
。< br>Whom
现在用的很少。
前面有介词只能用
which
，
不能 用
that
。

2.
关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。
< br>What:
它是子母同体。
相当于一个关系代词加一个先行词。
What
前面不应该在出现先行词。

如
果前面已经有一个关系词，
就不能用
what
来引导。
例如：
Y
ou can have everything what you like.
what=all that,
所以这儿不能用
what.
All ______is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life

A.

what is the need
B.

the things need
C.

for our needs
D.

that is need
as
1.
作为、
like
2.
当
…….(
时间
)
；因为（原因）
；尽管（让步）

3.
引导定语从句。

(1)
引导限制性定语从句固定用法：
the same
…as, such…as
考试中往往考固定搭配。

例如：
Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.
(2)
引导非限制性定语从句
As is so often pointed out, knowledge
is a two edge weapon
which can
be used equally for good or evil.
than

作为关系代词可以引导定语从句

Children
are
likely
to
have
less
supervision
at
home
____
was
common
in
the
traditional
family
structure.
A. than



B. that

C. which


D. as
特点：
1)than
作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主 语或者作宾语。

2)than
前面的主句必须要有比较级

3)
比较级所修饰的名词就是
than
指代的对象

三、关系副词

When
1)
先行词必须是表示时间的名词。

2)
如何区分
whe n
引导的定语从句和状语从句。
用句子表示状语就是状语从句。
例如：
Whe n I
go to school, I will work hard.
从两方面区分：

When
引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；
When
引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时
间的名词。

从翻译的角度看如果是引导的 定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当
……
时
候。

When=on which
Where
where=in which
where
引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：

I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.
先行词表示地点
,
不一定用
where
来引导。例如：

I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.

A.
where I’d
like to visit


B.
in which I’d like to visit

C.I most want to visit




D. that I want to visit it most
B
、状语从句

一、状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果 状语、目的状语、条件状语、
让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。

例句：
Strangely
,
some
people
find
that
they
can
smell
one
type
of
flower
but
not
another,
____
others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
A. when




B. since



C. for





D. whereas



1.
时间状语从句

常考的句型：
Hardly…when;
Scarcely…when;
No
sooner
…than;
when
it
comes
that;
when
it
comes to

例句：
____to speak when the audience interrupted him.
A. Hardly had he begun

B. No sooner hardly had he begun


C. Not until he begin



D. Scarcely had he begin
例句：
Doing
your
homework
is a sure way
to
improve
your
test scores, and
this
is especially true
________ it comes to classroom tests.
A. before



B. as



C since



D. when
2.
地点状语从句

Where

引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。例如：
A
driver
should
slower
down
where
there are schools.
3.
原因状语从句

Since
自从
……
；因为
……

比较特殊的连词：
now that…
既然、
in that
因为。
例句：
The girl is like her mother in that she also
has very delicate feeling.
4.
目的状语从句

Lest =in case=for fear that
以防，以免，引导的是虚拟语气。谓语是
should +
动词原形。
should
常省略。

5.
结果状语从句



有两种引导法
so…that;

so that;

such…that;

such that

把
so…that; so that; such…that; such that
中的
so
或
such
放在句首形成倒装句。例如：

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine it’s speed.

to the extent (that)
表示结果

to some extent
在某种程度上

6.
条件状语从句


unless
除非，如果不；

if

难点：
only if if only
only if
是
“
只要
”
的意思
; if only
是
“
要是
…
就好了
”
意思。

例句：
He can continue to support himself and his family ____ he produces a surplus.
A. only if


B. much as


C .long before



D. ever since
要记住：
supposing that
…;supposed that…; providing that…; provided that…;on condition that…

例如：
He will surely finished job on time ____he has left to do it in his own way
.
A. in that



B. in case



C. as far as

D. so long as
7.
让步状语从句


although;

though;

even if;

even though

例句：
__
__
its
economy
continues
to
recover,
the
US
is
increasingly
becoming
a
nation
of
part
timers and temporary workers.
A. Even though









B. Now that








C.

If only






D. Provided that
表示让步转折的介词：
in spite of; despite

例句：
______what he achieved in medicine he remained modest.
A. Despite




B. Although




C. If




D. Whereas
However; nevertheless; nonetheless

例句：
This view, ____,is generally thought to be wrong.
A. however





B. meanwhile





C. therefore




D. more over
While
当
……
时候
(
不考
)
；尽管，然而< br>
重点：与
as
有关的让步状语从句

由
as
引导的倒装句

adj., adv
.,
分词，名词，短语
+as+
主语
+
谓语。

例如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
as
或
so+adj+as+
主谓结构

例如：
As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.
8.
比较状语从句

重点讲倍数为题

1.
倍数
+
比较级
A is three times bigger than B.
2.
倍数
+as…as
结构。
A is three times as big as B.
3.
倍数
+
名词结构
A is Three times the size of B.
比较结构
:

一些拉丁文形容词既具有原级又具有 比较级的含义，
但在用法上不同于英语形容词：
（作比较
级用时，前不能加
m ore,
后不能加
-er,
且不能接
than
比较状语从句，而只能接
to
n.
或宾格
代词。
）

(1)superior……





比
……
好的、优于

(2)inferior……





比
……
（地位）低的、低于


(3)senior……






比
……
年长的

(4)junior……






比
……
年幼的

(5)prior
anterior……
比
……
早的
,
先于
/
早于

(6)posterior………….

比
…
晚
,

迟于


，

1
、
as… as









e.g.: He can speak English as well as a native speaker.
not so …as

2
、
not so much as
结构上有两种：
not A so much as B/not so much as B.

例如：
It
wasn’t
so
much
that
I
disliked
her
________
that
I
just
wasn’t
interested
in
the
whole
business.
A. rather





B. so





C. than




D. as
3
、
rather than
4
、
less…and more…

5
、
more than

A
．

more than+
数词

We have been close friends for more than 20 years.

B
．

more than+
名词或是动词

He is more than a friend to her.

They may teach very well
，
and more than earn their salaries.
C
．
more than+
形容词、副词或是分词

My teacher is more than strict with me.

D.
no more ... than ... =not any more …than…

Chairman Mao is no more a god than we are.

no less…than…= not any less…than…

She is no less beautiful than her sister.

E. no more than

I will stay here not more than 5 days.

no less than

There are no less than 50 person killed in the accident.

C
、名词性从句


一、名词从句的本质。

1.

概念：
就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。
那么从句就 具备了名词所具备的所有性
质，即可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。

2.

引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：
1
）
that; 2)whether, if; 3)when, where ,how
等连接副词
或
what, who, whose
等连接代词。
That
引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。
w hat
一定
在从句中充当主语或者宾语。
Which
和
whose
后面必须接名词。

3)
多重的名词从句现象。例如：

I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say
.
二、主语从句

主语从句有如下几种表示方式：

1.
用
which, that
放在句首引导主语从句。例如：

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
3.
用
it is +ved /adj.
+that…
例如：

It is hoped that…
希望，有人希望

It is claimed that…
据说，有人主张

It is report
ed that…
据报道，据通报

It is said that…
据说，有人说

It has been announced that…
已经宣布

It is rumored that…
听说，谣传

It is assumed that…
假设，假定

It is believed that…
有人相信，大家相信

It is considered that…
人们认为，据估计

It is supposed that…
据推测，人们推测

It is asserted that…
有人主张

It is noticed that…
有人指出，人们注意到

It is suggested that…
有人建议，建议

It is learned that…
据说，据闻，已经查明

It is estimated that…
据估计，有人估计

It is proposed that…
有人提出

It is will be seen from this that…
由此可见

It is stressed that…
有人强调说

It is sometimes asked that…
人们有时会问

It is alleged that…
据说

It is has b
een proved that…
已经证明

It is still to be hoped that…
我们仍然希望

It must be admitted that…
必须承认，老实说

It is universally accepted that…
人们普遍认为

It is unanimously agreed that…
大家一致同意

It should be realized that…
我们应该认识到

It can be
said
without
exaggeration
that…
可以
毫不夸张的说

It i
s reputed that…
人们认为，可以认为

It is demonstrated that…
据证实，已经证实

It is pointed out that…
有人推荐，有人建议

It was told that…
有人曾经说